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PRESENTED BY 



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THE 



MINERAL WATERS OF THE 
UNITED STATES 



AXD THEIR 



THERAPEUTIC USES. 

WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE VARIOUS MINERAL SPRING 

LOCALITIES, THEIR ADVANTAGES AS HEALTH 

RESORTS, MEANS OF ACCESS, ETC. 

TO WHICH IS ADDED AX APPENDIX OX 

POTABLE WATERS. 



BY 

V 

JAMES K. CROOK, A.M., M.D., 

ADJUNCT-PROFESSOR OF CLINICAL MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS AT THE NEW YORK POST- 
GRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOL J ATTENDING PHYSICIAN TO THE POST-GRADUATE HOSPITAL ; 
MEMBER OF THE MEDICAL SOCIETIES OF THE COUNTY AND OF THE STATE OF NEW 
YORK FELLOW OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, ETC. 




LEA BROTHERS & CO., 
NEW YORK AND PHILADELPHIA. 

1899. 



35596 

Entered according to the Act of Congress in the year 1899, by 

LEA BROTHERS & CO., 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress. All rights reserved. 

two oopies Received. 




DOEKAS, PRINTER, 






PREFACE. 



Centuries of experience have demonstrated that in certain 
disorders the intelligent use of mineral waters is a more potent 
curative agency than drugs. European peoples have not failed 
to appreciate the immense advantages of their national resources 
of this character, but Americans have largely overlooked the fact 
that within their own borders are found the close counterparts 
of the best foreign springs. It is not too much to say that 
for charm of scenery and surroundings, salubrity of climate, and 
facilities for comfort, many American spas will compare favorably 
with the most highly developed Old World resorts. 

A complete and discriminating work on the mineral waters of 
the United States has been distinctly needed. Though several 
excellent volumes have been written they have become antiquated 
through natural causes, such as the abandonment of certain once 
popular spring resorts and the development of a large number of 
new and important spas. In the present volume, for instance, more 
than two hundred mineral spring localities are for the first time 
described in a book of this kind. 

In the construction of the work the author's methods have been 
as follows : 1. All available literature pertaining to the American 
mineral springs has been carefully examined. This includes all of 
the preceding treatises on mineral waters and the various State and 
National Geological reports, beside numerous maps, railroad guides, 
etc. 2. Letters of inquiry have been addressed to every spring 
resort and commercial spring in the United States accessible by the 
United States post-office. Correspondence has been conducted with 
mineral spring proprietors, resident physicians, postmasters, army 
and navy officers, and others. 3. Personal visits have been made 
from time to time to many important localities in different States. 



IV 



PREFACE. 



In the elaborate and well-nigh exhaustive tabulation of the Ameri- 
can mineral springs made for the United States Geological Survey 
by Dr. Albert C. Peale, 2822 mineral spring localities are enumer- 
ated. In the course of the present investigation the author has 
learned that, while some of these springs have fallen into disuse, 
more than half of them have never been developed, and a very 
considerable number have not even been examined or named. 
These classes have been eliminated, while a few have been excluded 
on the ground of worthlessness or unadaptability to medical pur- 
poses. It is the author's belief that in the following pages the 
practitioner will find by far the most comprehensive account of the 
mineral springs of our country which has ever been written, and 
that it includes practically all the principal springs in use at the 
present day. Every known variety of mineral water is repre- 
sented, and it is hoped that the enquirer will find the essential 
facts relating to the uses of such waters in the therapeutic art. 

Acknowledgment should here be made to the many writers on 
mineral springs and cognate subjects, whose works have materially 
aided in the preparation of the present volume. Special mention 
should be made of the writings of John Bell and A. N. Bell, 
Moorman, Walton, Peale, Winslow Anderson, J. A. Irwin, Stiles 
Kennedy, J. A. Duggan and Simon Baruch on this side of the 
Atlantic, and to those of Althaus, McPherson, Carl Braun, 
J. Braun, H. Weber, Liebreich, Helfert, Reiner, Valenteiner, 
Beaumetz, Winternitz, Bartels, and Jurgensen in Europe. The 
author's thanks are also due to E. E. Smith, M.D., Ph.D., chem- 
ist, of New York, who has corrected a number of the analyses and 
who contributes the part on Potable Waters. 

36 E. Twenty-ninth St., New York, May 15, 1899. 



CONTENTS. 



PART I. 

MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 



CHAPTER I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

PAGE 

Definition of Mineral Waters — Of Hydrotherapeutics — Of Balneology 

—Historical Note 17-20 



CHAPTER II. 

ON THE ORIGIN OF SPRINGS AND THEIR SOURCES OF MINER- 
ALIZATION. 

The Unit of Measure — Thermal Springs — Geysers — Fuinaroles — 

Solfataras 21-27 

CHAPTER III. 

CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL SPRINGS. 

The German Classification — The French Classification— The English 
Classification— The American Classification — Scheme of Classifi- 
cation Adopted for this Work 28-33 



CHAPTER IY 



GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 



Skepticism Regarding Mineral Waters and the Reasons Therefor — 
Mode of Action of Mineral Waters — Hints Regarding their Use — 
Commercial and Synthetic Waters 34-37 



vi CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER Y. 

THE SOLID AND GASEOUS COMPONENTS OF MINERAL WATERS. 

PAGE 

Common Ingredients — Rare Ingredients — Some of the Therapeutic 
Properties of Pure Water — Acids— Aluminium— Ammonium — 
Antimony; — Arsenic — Barium — Borax — Bromides and Iodides — 
Cadmium — Calcium 38-43 

CHAPTER VI. 

THE SOLID AND GASEOUS COMPONENTS OF MINERAL 

waters — ( Continued). 

Carbonic Acid Gas and the Alkaline Carbonates — The Chlorides — 
Fluorine — Hydrogen Sulphide— Carbureted Hydrogen — Iodine — 
Iron — Lead — Lithium — Magnesium — Manganese — Nitrogen and 
Oxygen — Potassium — Silicon — Sodium — Strontium — The Sul- 
phates—Zinc — Organic Ingredients— Crenic and Apocrenic Acids 
— Baregine, or Hydrosin — Glairine — Sulfuraria — Algge . . 44-52 

CHAPTER VII. 

THE THERAPEUTICS OF MINERAL WATERS. 

Impeded or Imperfect Convalescence — Anaemia and Chlorosis — Gen- 
eral Debility — Dyspepsia and Diseases of the Alimentary Tract 
and Liver— Constipation— Abdominal Venosity, or the "Full 
Habit" — Diarrhoea and Dysentery— Rheumatism —Gout and the 
Uric-acid Diathesis — Uric-acid Gravel and Calculi . . . 53-60 

CHAPTER VIII. 

THE THERAPEUTICS OF MINERAL WATERS— {Continued). 

Chronic Cystitis, Enlarged Prostate, Vesical Catarrh, Gleet, etc. — 
Other Lithsemic or Uric-acid States — Diseases of the Skin — Dia- 
betes Mellitus, or Persistent Glycosuria — Syphilis — Scrofula, or 
the Strumous Diathesis — Renal Diseases — Diseases of the Nerv- 
ous System — Diseases of the Respiratory Organs — Diseases of 
the Heart — Chronic Malarial Toxsemia and the Paludal Cachexia 
— Obesity — Uterine Disorders— Chronic Metallic Poisoning . 61-66 

CHAPTER IX. 

BATHS AND DOUCHES AND THEIR MEDICINAL USES. 

Temperatures of Baths — Varieties of Baths — Purposes of the Bath — 
Functions of the Skin — The Cold Bath — The Temperate and the 
Tepid Bath— The Warm Bath— The Hot Bath— The Douche : Its 
Varieties, Physiological Action, and Therapeutics . . . 67-74 



CONTENTS. vii 

CHAPTER X. 

BATHS AND DOUCHES AND THEIR MEDICINAL USES— {Continued). 

PAGE 

The Vapor Bath— The Hot-air Bath— The Eoman Bath— Electro- 
thermal and Magnetic Baths— The Soda Bath— The Mud or Moor 
Bath — The Peat Bath — The Carbonic acid Bath — The Kneipp 
System— The Sun Bath and the Sand Bath— The Schott-Nauheim 
Treatment — Artificial Nauheim Baths ...... 75-82 



PART II. 

THE MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF THE UNITED STATES, 

WITH THE TOPOGRAPHICAL AND CLIMATIC FEATURES 

OF EACH STATE AND TERRITORY. 

Alabama 83 

Alaska 93 

Arizona 94 

Arkansas 97 

California 105 

Colorado 177 

Connecticut 194 

Delaware 199 

District of Columbia 199 

Florida 200 

Georgia 204 

Idaho 221 

Illinois 223 

Indiana 229 

Indian Territory 235 

Iowa 237 

Kansas 242 

Kentucky 248 

Louisiana 260 

Maine 262 

Maryland 269 

Massachusetts 274 

Michigan 281 

Minnesota 298 

Mississippi 300 

Missouri 307 

Montana 316 

Nebraska 322 

Nevada ... 323 



viii CONTENTS. 

Mineral Sphhstgs and Wells of the United States — (Continued). 

PAGE 

New Hampshire 325 

New Jersey 329 

New Mexico 333 

New York 337 

North Carolina . 371 

North Dakota 382 

Ohio 383 

Oklahoma 391 

Oregon 391 

Pennsylvania 398 

Rhode Island 418 

South Carolina 421 

South Dakota 427 

Tennessee 432 

Texas 448 

Utah 457 

Vermont 464 

Virginia 473 

Washington 514 

West Virginia 518 

Wisconsin 533 

Wyoming 545 

Yellowstone National Park 547 



APPENDIX. 

POTABLE WATERS .... 555 



ERRATUM. 
Page 26, for American Carlsbad Springs, read Green Lawn Springs. 



PART I. 

ON MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 



CHAPTER I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The term Mineral Waters is applied to those waters which are 
used in the treatment of disease, either by internal administration 
or by external application, and which owe their virtue to their solid 
or gaseous constituents or to their elevated temperature. The study 
of the origin and composition of these waters is embraced in the 
science of hydrology, which may properly be regarded as a depart- 
ment of geology and of physical geography. 

Hydro-therapeutics, or hydriatrics, 1 relates to the application of 
water to the treatment of disease. It is used in contradistinction to 
the somewhat invidious term hydropathy (water-cure), employed by 
those who would make the use of water a separate and distinct 
system of treatment. 

Balneology (Lat. balneum, a bath) is the science of baths and 
bathing, and balneo-therapeutics, though often used in a wider sense, 
is properly restricted to the use of baths for the relief of diseased 
conditions. 

Minerals waters constitute an important addition to the arma- 
mentarium medicorum, and a description of these agents and their 
uses is a part of materia medica and therapeutics. 

The earliest archives of the human race mention the use of waters 
for medicinal purposes. The primeval mythologies as well as the 
most ancient historical accounts refer to the bath as of supernatural 
origin. Bathing was practised among the Egyptians as a sacred 
rite, and it was made a religious duty by Moses. It was a common 
custom among the Israelites to " dip in Jordan" in order to be 
delivered from the scourge of leprosy and other hopeless diseases. 

1 Sometimes improperly called hydriatics. 

2 



18 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

This rite, however, was invested with miraculous power, and no 
specific influence was attributed to the water itself, although min- 
eral-water baths were certainly used among the early Hebrews. 
Josephus mentions the thermal baths of Calirrhoe near the Dead 
Sea, which were resorted to by Herod. Homer frequently speaks 
of baths among the early Greeks, and through Herodotus we are 
made acquainted with the intermittent spring near the temple of 
Jupiter Ammon. The historic pass of Thermopylae received its 
name from the hot sulphur springs near by, which have been in 
active use over two thousand years. OEdipus, in the Island of 
Euboea, was a favorite summer-resort of the ancient Athenians, and 
its sulphur baths are still in use. Although most of the nations of 
antiquity appear to have possessed baths, these were insignificant 
in comparison with the magnificent structures which sprang up in 
Rome after the completion of the great aqueducts. These have been 
fully described by Pliny, Tacitus, Seneca, and later Roman histo- 
rians. Enormous establishments known as thermce were erected by 
successive emperors, the most celebrated being those of Agrippa, 
21 B. C. ; Nero, 65 A. D. ; Titus, 81 A . D. ; Domitian, 95 A. D. ; 
Commodus, 185 A.D. ; Caracalla, 217 A. D., and still later those 
of Diocletian, 302 A.D. The technical skill displayed by the 
Roman architects in the various complex details of these luxurious 
baths was of the highest order. The Romans carried their love 
for this pastime to different parts of the world conquered by them, 
and whenever natural thermal springs or stufce were found they 
were utilized for bathing, thus saving the expense of heating the 
water. One of the oldest and perhaps most famous of the Roman 
hot-spring resorts was at Baiae, ten miles from Naples. In this 
charming and picturesque region, we are informed by Seneca, the 
wealthy Romans erected their villas, and during the summer months 
continued the gayeties of the capital, much as the opulent citizens of 
our own country do at Newport and Saratoga at the present day. 
Relics of Roman baths are still found at Bath, or Aqua Solis, in 
England, at Aix in Savoy and Aix in Provence, at Bagneres de 
Bigorre and Bagneres de Luchon in the Pyrenees, at Wiesbaden 
in Switzerland, and at Alhama and Caldas in Spain. 

During the decline of the Empire the aqueducts were cut off by the 
Huns (about the fifth century), and many of the larger thermae fell 
into decay. Still, bathing did not become entirely obsolete, and in 
the East it was kept in full vigor at Alexandria and at Brusa. Hot 
bathing and, more particularly, hot-air and vapor baths were adopted 
by the Mahometans, and the Saracens introduced them into Spain. 
After the commencement of the thirteenth century there were few 
large cities in Europe without hot-vapor baths. We cannot claim 
with certainty that the Turkish and Russian baths are merely the 
successors of the Roman baths. The principle of these baths has 
certainly been known to many races from a very early period of 
history. Thus, the Mexicans and Indians of America were found 



INTR OB UCTION. 1 9 

by European explorers to be using crude vapor baths. Their use 
was also understood to some extent by the ancient inhabitants of 
Ireland and Scotland, and the large vapor baths of Japan, now so 
extensively employed, are probably of independent origin. There 
are evidences that the Chinese resorted to baths for therapeutic pur- 
poses. During the present century the custom of bathing has devel- 
oped to an enormous degree. All cities of importance and many 
smaller ones are supplied with the familiar Turkish and Russian 
baths; they are found in many clubs, and even some private resi- 
dences are supplied with them. Bathing at spring-resorts for thera- 
peutic purposes or for pleasure is carried to an extent never equalled 
before, while the custom of sea-bathing is well-nigh universal among 
seaboard populations during the summer months. 

The medical annals of all ages refer to the use of mineral waters, 
either internally or by means of baths, as a recognized form of treat- 
ment. Thus, Hippocrates, in his treatise, Airs, Waters, and Places, 
prescribed rules for the treatment of acute and chronic diseases by 
water, which, it is interesting to note, are observed even at the 
present day. Asclepiades, Antonius Musa, Cornelius Celsus, Coe- 
lius Aureliauus, and Galen were the most prominent early votaries 
of hydro-therapy. In almost every century we find the names of 
one or more enlightened and educated writers on the nse of mineral 
waters amid the numerous quacks and charlatans who have clogged 
the wheels of progress in this field. Among the advocates of water 
familiar to the present generation of physicians may be found the 
names of Priessnitz, the Silesian peasant, who gave a great impetus 
to the hydriatric method; Latour, Fleury, Duval, Dujardin Beau- 
metz, Memeyer, Baruch, Bartels, Jiirgensen, and Win tern itz. Per- 
haps the first work upon the qualities and uses of water published in 
this country was a volume entitled The Cariosities of Common Water, 
or the Advantages Thereof in Curing Cholera, Intemperance, and 
Other Maladies, by John Smith, CM. This book was reprinted in 
Boston in 1725 from the London edition of 1712, and calls special 
attention to the " excellency of water as a drink, " and enumerates 
some of its therapeutic attributes. Probably the pioneer work on 
American mineral springs was issued by Dr. John Bell in 1831. 
It was entitled Baths and Mineral Waters, and was followed in 
1855 by a treatise on the Mineral and Thermal Springs of the United- 
States, by the same author. In succession came the Mineral Springs 
of North America, 1873, by Dr. J. J. Moorman; The Mineral Springs 
of the United States and Canada, by Dr. George E. Walton, editions 
of which have appeared in 1873, 1874, aud 1883, and the Clima- 
tology and Mineral Waters of the United States, by Dr. A. 1ST. Bell, 
1885. Brief compilations and enumerations of the American springs 
have been made by Dr. William Pepper, 1880; Dr. Judson Daland 
in Gould's Medical Dictionary , 1893, and Dr. Samuel T. Armstrong 
in Foster's Reference Book of Practical Therapeutics, 1897. The 
most complete enumeration ever attempted, however, was made by 



20 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

Dr. Albert C. Peale under the auspices of the United States Geo- 
logical Survey. Dr. Peale 7 s report, which is frequently referred 
to in the course of this work, appears in Bulletin XXXII. of the 
Geological Repoi*ts, Washington, 1886. Reports on mineral springs 
also appear in various State geological works, and elaborate essays 
on the springs of Virginia, Georgia, Michigan, and California have 
been issued. 



CHAPTER II. 

OX THE ORIGIN OF SPRINGS AND THEIR SOURCES OF 
MINERALIZATION. 

The Unit of Measure. Remarks on Thermal Springs, Gey- 
sers, Fumaroles, and Solfataras. The waters of mineral springs 
form a constituent part of the great aqueous circulation which exists 
in all parts of our globe. The water is evaporated from the sur- 
face, from the rivers, lakes, and seas, and, passing into the air, forms 
the rain-clouds, whence it is again precipitated to the earth. The 
greater portion is revolatilized or is drained away by the streams, 
and again enters the great natural reservoirs. A considerable quan- 
tity, however, sinks into the earth, and after an indefinite subterra- 
nean career reappears on the surface in the form of a spring. An 
examination will show that it has undergone various modifications 
in its dark ramblings through the nether world. The rain-water is 
quite pure, with the exception of a little ammonia, possibly nitrates 
and nitrites, and a small amount of carbonic acid, oxygen, and nitro- 
gen gathered from the air. On its emergence as a spring, however, 
it may be impregnated with mineral ingredients ranging from mere 
traces to many thousand grains per gallon, and, moreover, it may 
be saturated with one or more gases. 

Whence the source of this metamorphosis? It has been truly 
said that the table of contents of a mineral spring is but an index 
of the various geological strata through which it has passed and of 
the mineral bodies with which it has come in contact. " Water 
wears away a stone" is a trite but true axiom; it is the universal 
solvent. The rain-water, already containing a little carbonic-acid 
gas, which greatly enhances this solvent power, percolates through 
the upper strata of the earth, and, meeting there with the products 
of vegetable decomposition of past ages, small quantities of organic 
acids and an addition to its stock of carbonic acid, continues its way. 
Coming in contact with the igneous and metamorphic rocks, it 
abstracts from them its important mineral contents. Thus, passing 
through salt deposits the spring will contain chloride of sodium; 
filtering through iron ores, it becomes ferruginous, and permeating 
limestone or marble, the result is shown in the presence of calcium 
salts. Even the most refractory sedimentary rocks must yield their 
quota to the potent influence of the aqueous current. It is highly 
probable that chemical action and, in some localities, heat also are 
employed by nature in elaborating the components of the springs. 
These various ingredients are readily recognized by the analytical 



22 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

chemist as acids and bases and gases. These he combines accord- 
ing to certain accepted formulae, and expresses the results as so 
many grains of sulphate of magnesia, carbonate of soda, etc., per 
gallon, or so many parts per thousand, as the case may be. The 
chemist's science, however, is not sufficiently exact to define the 
precise combination in which all of these ingredients occur, and in 
making his estimates he is obliged to resort to some extent to the 
arbitrary or empirical method. The correctness of the careful 
analyst's findings have been verified in the case of many different 
springs by the subsequent observations of the physiological action 
of the waters upon the bodily functions. It is to be regretted that 
a more uniform system of stating the components of mineral springs 
has not been agreed upon by our analytical chemists. An inspec- 
tion of about one thousand analyses of American mineral waters 
shows that upward of forty different methods of expressing the 
results have been used. They range from parts per hundred to 
grains per gallon (imperial or United States); from grammes per 
litre to parts per million. Some give only the radicals actually 
found, while in many instances the analyses are only qualitative, 
with no attempt to determine quantities. To bring some degree of 
order out of this chaotic state of affairs, we have adopted in the 
course of this work the standard gallon of the United States, con- 
taining 231 cubic inches, or 58,372 grains of pure distilled water 
at a barometric pressure of 30 inches and a temperature of 62° F., 
as a unit of measure. The solids are presented as so many grains 
or fractions thereof, and the gases as so many cubic inches or frac- 
tions of a cubic inch, per gallon. It is quite true that the weight of 
a gallon of water varies a little at different barometric pressures and 
at varying temperatures, but this is not a consideration of para- 
mount importance in this connection. Everyone is acquainted 
with the familiar gallon-measure, which equals eight wine pints. 
With the quantitative analysis before us and a knowledge of 
the capacity of the vessel from which the patient drinks, we can 
make, under any circumstances, a fairly close estimate of the 
amount of mineral water which he is taking. With the exception 
of a few very strong springs, concerning which specific instruc- 
tions should always be given, it is not necessary to be absolutely 
exact in the dosage of mineral waters, and if the patient should 
imbibe a gill or two more or less than the amount prescribed, no 
harm is done. Perhaps two-thirds of the analyses of the American 
mineral springs already conform to this standard; those which do 
not have been converted in accordance with recognized rules. We 
present the following conversion table, arranged by Messrs. Leff- 
niann and Beam, and published in their work on the examination 
of water for sanitary and technical purposes: 1 

i Philadelphia, 18S9. 



SPRINGS AND THEIR SOURCES OF MINERALIZATION. 23 

Parts per 100,000 X 0.7 = grains per imperial gallon. 
Parts per 1,000,000 X 0.07 = grains per imperial gallon. 
Parts per 100,000 X 0.583 = grains per United States gallon. 
Parts per 1,000,000 X 0.058 = grains per United States gallon. 
Parts per 1,000,000 X 0.00833 = number of pounds per 1000 United States 
gallons. 

Grains per imperial gallon -=- 0.7 = parts per 100,000. 
Grains per imperial gallon -t- 0.07 = parts per 1,000,000. 
Grains per United States gallon -f- 0.583 = parts per 100,000. 
Grains per United States gallon -r- 0.058 = parts per 1,000,000. 

The redaction from the imperial to the wine or United States 
gallon is made by multiplying by 0.833. To convert from the 
United States to the imperial gallon, multiply by 1.19. 

Certain peculiar phenomena in connection with the formation of 
mineral springs remain to be described. These relate to thermal or 
warm springs, to geysers or spouting springs, and to fumaroles and 
solfataras. 

A thermal spring is one whose temperature is higher than the 
average annual temperature of the circumambient atmosphere. 
Thus, a mineral water may be thermal in one portion of the coun- 
try, while in other warmer regions it could not properly be so classi- 
fied. For practical purposes, however, it is customary to term all 
springs above 70° F. as thermal, and those below as cold. Ther- 
mal springs having a temperature between 70° and 98° F. are 
designated as warm; those above 98° F. as hot springs. 

Thermal springs are common in California and the States trav- 
ersed by the Rocky Mountains, but much less so in the East and 
South. The only representative of this class found in the Middle 
or New England States is the Lebanon Thermal Spring of New 
York, with a temperature of 75° F. Several of the Saratoga springs 
have a somewhat higher temperature than the average heat of the 
air, but cannot be classed as warm. The Hot Springs of Virginia, 
110° F.; the Warm Springs of the same State, 96° to 98° F. ; the 
Hot Springs of North Carolina, 92° to 117° F. ; the Warm Springs 
of Georgia, 70° to 90° F., and the Hot Springs of Arkansas, 76° 
to 157° F., are the principal members of this group east of the 
Rocky Mountains. The San Bernard in a Hot Springs of California 
attain a temperature of 172° F. , the Splendid Geyser of the Yel- 
lowstone National Park 199.8° F., while the Witches' Caldron 
and the Steamboat Geyser of Sonoma County,, California, range 
from 212° to 214° F., their waters escaping in the form of steam. 

The phenomenon of heat in mineral waters may be referable to 
one of several causes : 

1. The Interior Heat of the Earth. It is a well-known fact, estab- 
lished by artesian borings and by the excavations of mines, that 
there is a rise in temperature as the descent becomes greater. This 
was once supposed to amount to one degree of temperature (F.) to 
every fifty-five feet of depth. Thus, a spring having a temperature 
of 100° in a locality where the average temperature of the air was 



24 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

50°, was reckoned as proceeding from a depth of 2750 feet. The 
thickness of the earth's crust varies, however, and the downward 
increase of heat is not the same in all localities. We cannot, 
therefore, accurately judge of the depth of a spring by its tem- 
perature. According to Dr. Hal lock, of Columbia College, New 
York, the deep well at Wheeling increases 1° to every 81.5 feet 
down to 3200 feet gradient ; whereas in the last few hundred 
feet the increase is 1° to every 60 feet. Other factors also serve 
to render the depth of a warm spring uncertain. Thus, the water 
from low down may mingle with that from the colder strata 
above, or a vein supplying a well of moderate depth may have its 
origin far below. It is no doubt correct to attribute the heat of 
some of the less fervent thermal springs to the interior heat of the 
earth, but in most cases other influences are doubtless more potent. 

2. Chemical Action. This is probably a source of heat in some 
mineral springs. It is well known that while certain chemical reac- 
tions have the effect of producing cold there are many which evolve 
a high degree of heat. Thus, sulphur may be oxidized to sulphur 
dioxide (S0 2 ), thereby giving rise to a considerable elevation of 
temperature. This substance dissolves in water, forming sulphurous 
acid (H 2 S0 3 ), which is capable of still further oxidation and the 
formation of sulphuric acid (H 2 S0 4 ), heat again being produced. 
If this powerful acid comes in contact with suitable substances, 
such as limestone or other carbonates, the ensuing reaction is 
attended by a still further liberation of heat. According to Dr. 
Winslow Anderson, chemical action may, under favorable condi- 
tions, raise the temperature of water to 212° F., or the boiling- 
point. It has not been clearly established, however, that this is a 
very fruitful source of the heat of the waters of mineral springs. 

3. Volcanic Action and Mountain Corrugation. It is in these 
phenomena that we find the most efficient and satisfactory explana- 
tion of the cause of hot springs. By far the greater number of 
thermal springs throughout the world are found in volcanic moun- 
tain districts. Although active eruptions may not have occurred in 
hundreds, possibly thousands, of years, evidences of their former 
existence may still be seen in the presence of old craters, lava beds, 
etc. In such regions less violent, secondary phenomena, in the 
form of hot springs, geysers, and fumaroles, linger on to attest the 
slumbering fires within. Water coming in contact with these heated 
volcanic rocks far beneath the surface often attains a very high 
degree of temperature. 

In the Rocky Mountain region, as well as in other portions of 
the far West, we have areas of more recent volcanic disturbance 
than that of the Appalachian in the East, and in these zones vol- 
canic and igneous rocks are widely diffused. This fact accounts for 
the more frequent occurrence of hot springs in the Rockies than in 
the eastern section of the country. It has long been a well-known 
fact that the lines of junction between the sedimentary rocks and the 



SPRINGS AND THEIR SOURCES OF MINERALIZATION. 25 

older formations, especially along the bases of mountain ranges, are 
locations favorable for the development of thermal springs. These 
lines of junction are naturally weak points and feel the stress of an 
uplift first, and they are, therefore, the points at which the greatest 
number of fractures and fissures occur, thus giving exit to subter- 
ranean water-channels. When two or three axes of elevation cross 
each other the disturbance is greater, the fractures and fissures more 
numerous, and springs, consequently, of greater frequency. 

Examples of this condition are found at Aix in France, Leuk in 
Switzerland, Mont Blanc, and other localities famous for their 
thermal waters. 

It is to these two phenomena — viz., the presence of igneous and 
volcanic rocks to heat the water, and the occurrence of cracks and 
fissures to give it exit — that the existence of hot springs is due in a 
majority of instances. 

Some cold springs are also associated with profound faulting of 
strata. Those at Saratoga may be taken as a prominent example. 
In this case, however, there is no connection with igneous rocks, 
and the water, which has its source primarily in the mountains to 
the eastward of the town, is probably tapped at too short a distance 
from the surface to have acquired a high degree of terrestrial heat. 

The statement is commonly made that thermal waters are less 
highly mineralized than those of lower temperature. Some writers 
even go so far as to classify them among chemically indifferent or 
neutral waters. Not only is this idea fallacious, but, on the con- 
trary, heated or superheated waters exert a far more powerful influ- 
ence on most solids than do cold. Thus, it will be observed by 
numerous analyses in this work that many American hot springs are 
densely charged with mineral ingredients, and if others are but 
lightly so impregnated it is because the water in its journeyiugs 
failed to come in contact w r ith rocks or strata containing soluble 
matter. Hot waters often deposit some of their mineral contents 
on cooling, forming at times quaint and fantastic shapes at their 
exits. The temperature of hot springs is usually persistent and 
invariable, but some of those due to volcanic action have been 
observed to present curious fluctuations. In one case cited by 
Peale, 1 viz., the Hot Springs of Salt Lake City, a considerable fluctu- 
ation of temperature has been noted. Ordinarily these springs show 
a heat of 122° F., but in 1889, for one month, June to July, and 
at irregular intervals in preceding vears, the springs became as cold 
as 50 o< F. 

Geysers. So called from the Icelandic word geysir or f/eysa, to 
gush, or to be impelled. These are peculiar spouting or intermit- 
ting hot springs, which take their name from the remarkable group 
in Iceland. In the Yellowstone National Park as well as in Cali- 
fornia we have equally wonderful exhibitions of these fantastic 

1 United States Geological Reports, 1892-93. 



26 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

freaks of nature. Many theories have been offered to account for 
the formation of geysers, but that of Prof. Benson is now com- 
monly accepted. It is as follows : In order to produce a geyser 
effect the outlet of the spring must consist of a natural tube, pos- 
sibly of earth, rock, or deposits from the water itself, from forty 
to sixty or more feet in length, extending down into the earth. 
The tube being filled with water the pressure exerted on that at the 
bottom increases its boiling-point. Thus, while the water boils in 
the open air at 212° F., it would require a temperature of 251° F. 
to boil at the bottom of a tube at sixty feet of pressure. When a 
stratum of water at the bottom reaches this temperature it evolves 
steam, but the bubbles passing to the cooler water above are at once 
condensed. As the succeeding layers of superincumbent water 
become gradually heated to the boiling-point, the escaping steam 
bubbles are condensed in turn in the layers of water higher up. 
The time comes, however, sooner or later, when the entire column 
of water to the top of the tube or to the surface reaches the boiling- 
point, when much of the water throughout the entire tube is sud- 
denly converted into steam, and the explosion occurs. Beautiful 
and impressive phenomena are often developed in this way. At 
some of the Yellowstone geysers the column of boiling water and 
steam is thrown to a height of 250 feet, this being accompanied by 
weird and sepulchral noises which reverberate through the sur- 
rounding earth. Some geysers observe absolute periodicity, so that 
the time of their eruptions may be foretold with exactness. 

Prof. Tyndall has demonstrated the truth of the foregoing expla- 
nation of these curious springs by constructing a miniature artificial 
geyser in which all the conditions were carried out, the results on 
heating the water being identical with those described. 

Several of the Saratoga cold-water artesian springs, notably the 
Champion and Geyser Springs, show an intermittent spouting char- 
acter. According to Irwin, 1 these artificial geysers were produced 
by boring into the water cavity at a point below its highest part, 
thus leaving a kind of pocket above the level of the aperture in 
which free gas, of which the water contains a great quantity, collects. 
This continues until the tension becomes so great that forcible expan- 
sion takes place and the tube is siphoned out, as it were, and the 
process of aqueous and gaseous accumulation is renewed. Other 
intermittent springs owe their character to connection with the tides, 
to rainfalls, melting snows, etc. Some springs are frozen up all the 
winter aud flow during the summer months. Others are peculiarly 
affected by seismic disturbances, great storms, etc. The American 
Carlsbad Springs of Illinois are said to become turbid after such 
perturbations even at remote points; the water remains red from an 
excess of iron for a short time, and then becomes acrid and harsh 
from a superabundance of alkaline ingredients. 

1 Hydrotherapy at Saratoga, 1892. 



SPRINGS AND THEIR SOURCES OF MINERALIZATION. 27 

Fumaroles. (Italian, fumarola from fumo, Latin fumus, smoke.) 
These are holes or small apertures in the earth seen in volcanic 
regions, from whence vapors issue. They are numerous at the gey- 
sers of Sonoma County, California. 

Solfataras. So called from a dormant volcanic crater near Naples. 
The term solfatara refers to an area or to a phase of latent volcanic 
action characterized by the escape of steam, various gases and sub- 
limates. 1 Such phenomena are observed at several of the hot spring 
localities in the far West. 

1 Standard Dictionary, 1897. 



CHAPTER III. 

CLASSIFICATION OF MINEEAL SPBINGS. 

The importance of a proper classification of mineral waters is 
shown by the various tables and schemes which have been presented; 
almost every writer on the subject having his own peculiar method 
of designating the different varieties of these therapeutic agents. 
Considerations of a geographical, geological, therapeutical, or chem- 
ical character have been made a basis for the various groupings. 
In the days of Aristotle mineral waters were classified according to 
the vapors or gases they contained, or the predominant characters or 
qualities which appealed to the sense of taste or smell. Pliny, in 
the first century, divided them into acidulous, sulphurous, saline, 
martial, or chalybeate, nitrous, aluminous, and bituminous. Some 
of our modern classifications have advanced but little beyond these 
early schemes. An arrangement based upon the chemical ingredi- 
ents of spring waters has found most favor, although a combined 
chemical and therapeutical grouping is in vogue in some countries. 
Geographical and geological classifications have not been used to 
any great extent by medical writers. 

The following are examples of the principal classifications in use 
at the present day : 



THE GERMAN CLASSIFICATION. 



Simple carbonated. 
I. Alkaline . ■{ Alkaline. 

Alkali and common salt. 
II. Glauber salt. 

Pure. 
III. Iron . . . -I Alkaline and saline. 



Earthy and saline, 
f Simple. 
IV. Common salt . . < Concentrated. 

( With bromine. 
V. Epsom salts. 
VI. Sulphur. 
VII. Earthy and calcareous. 
VIII. Indifferent. 

THE FRENCH CLASSIC ATION. 2 

t a,,i„v,„,. ^o+^.c f With salts of sodium. 

I. Sulphur waters . . j m ^ galtg of }[m ^ 

II. Chloride of sodium f Simple. 

waters < With bicarbonates. 



Sulphureted. 

1 McPberson, John. The Baths and Wells of Europe. London, 18G9, p. 94. 

2 Dictionnaire des Eaux Minerales. Paris, 1860, Tome i. n. 403. 



CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL SPRINGS. 



29 



III. Bicarbonated waters 

IV. Sulphated waters . 
V. Ferruginous waters 



Bicarbonate of soda. 
Bicarbonate of lime. 
Mixed bi carbonates. 

f Sulphate of soda. 
J Sulphate of lime. 
j Sulphate of magnesia. 
^ Mixed sulphates. 

Bicarbonated. 

Sulphated. 

With salts of manganese. 



THE AMERICAN CLASSIFICATION. 
(Mixed chemical and therapeutical.) 



I. Alkaline waters 



II. Saline 



III. Sulphur waters 



IV. Chalybeate 



V. Purgative waters 



VI. Calcic waters 



VII. Thermal water: 



Pure. 

Acidulous (carbonic acid). 

Muriated (chloride of sodium). 

Pure. 

Alkaline. 

Iodo-bromated. 

Alkaline. 

Saline (chloride of sodium). 

Calcic. 

f Pure, 
j Alkaline. 

-J Saline (chloride of sodium). 
| Calcic. 
L Aluminous. 

Epsom salt (sulphate of magnesia). 
Glauber salt (sulphate of soda). 
Alkaline. 

f Limestone (carbonate of lime). 
{ Gypsum (sulphate of lime). 

f Pure. 

| Alkaline. 

\ Saline (chloride of sodium). 

I Sulphur. 

[ Calcic. 



THE ENGLISH CLASSIFICATI 

I. Simple thermal waters. 
II. Common-salt or muriated waters. 

III. Alkaline waters. 

IV. Sulphated alkaline waters. 
V. Iron or chalybeate waters. 

VI. Arsenic waters. 
VII. Sulphur waters. 
VIII. Earthy or calcareous waters. 



T 2 



We meet with several difficulties in a study of the above schemes. 
For example, we cannot regard it as proper that an evanescent gas 



Walton's Mineral Springs of the United States and Canada. 1872, p. 33. 
Herman Weber, in Allbutt's System of Medicine. 1896, p. 319. 



30 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

like sulphureted hydrogen should give the name of sulphur to a 
separate and distinct group of waters, as shown in each of the fore- 
going classifications. Many of the so-called sulphur waters of this 
country are used commercially, but the gas from which they receive 
their distinguishing designation is often entirely lost by volatiliza- 
tion before reaching the consumer. 

More important defects, however, are found in the fact that none 
of these tables is sufficiently simple on the one hand or sufficiently 
comprehensive on the other. A truly scientific scheme ought to be 
broad enough to include any mineral water which may hereafter be 
analyzed. It is our belief that the following scheme of classifica- 
tion is applicable not only to our own waters but to all others, no 
matter from what part of the world they may come. With certain 
modifications, we are indebted for this tabulation to Dr. Albert C. 
Peale, of the United States Geological Survey. 1 

All mineral waters are divided primarily into two great groups : 
(1) Non-thermal or cold; (2) thermal; and are then treated precisely 
alike with reference to their chemical ingredients. 

SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION. 

Group A. Non-thermal or cold springs. 
Group B. Thermal springs. 

Class I. Valine . . . {*£££* 

Class II. Alkaline-saline j ^nated^ 

ci-iiLSaiine {Ktef 

Alkaline. 
Class IV. Chalybeate -I Sulphated. 



Class V. Neutral or indifferent. 



Muriated. 



Peale gives the name " acid " to Glass IV. to embrace a group of 
waters containing free sulphuric, hydrochloric, or silicic acids. We 
prefer to substitute " chalybeate/ 7 for several reasons : 

(1) An examination of the various analyses will show that springs 
containing free acids are by no means common in the United States; 
(2) all those containing such acids also contain iron in considerable 
quantities; (3) iron springs are among the most common as well as 
the most valuable in our country; (4) iron is of more importance in 
mineral waters than free acids. This fact is shown by a glance at 
the classifications in vogue in different countries, all of which con- 
tain a chalybeate class of waters. 

The existence or non-existence of gaseous contents may be ex- 
pressed thus : 

1. JNon-gaseous. 

1 Transactions of the American Ciimatological Association ; also Fourteenth Annual Report 
of the United States Geological Survey, Washington, 1894, p. 66. 



CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL SPRINGS. 31 

2. Carbonated or acidulous, containing carbonic-acid gas. 

3. Sulphureted, containing hydrogen sulphide, etc. 

If more than one gas be present, this fact may be expressed by 
a combination of terms, as sulpho-carbonated, etc. 

Any classification must from the nature of the case be somewhat 
arbitrary. Nature herself is an evolution, and we find that waters 
so shade into each other that it is difficult to draw hard-and-fast 
lines. The above classification, however, admits of a ready sub- 
division according to the predominant solid constituents, as follows : 

1. Sodic. 5. Calcic. 9. Silicious. 

2. Litbic. 6. Iodic. 10. Manganic. 

3. Potassic. 7. Bromic. 11. Acid. 

4. Magnesic. 8. Arsenical. 12. Aluminous, etc. 

A few words of explanation may be necessary to a full under- 
standing of this grouping : 

I. The alkaline springs include all those which are characterized 
by the presence of the alkaline carbonates, as the carbonates of the 
alkalies, the alkaline earths, and the alkaline metals. Generally, 
these waters are further distinguished by the presence of carbonic- 
acid gas, and may thus be additionally designated as carbonated. 
Nearly half the alkaline springs of the United States are calcic- 
alkaline — i. e., they contain calcium carbonate or bicarbonate as a 
predominant ingredient. Take, for example, the soda spring at 
Manitou, Colorado. Its most important ingredient is sodium car- 
bonate, sufficient to classify it as a distinctly alkaline spring; but it 
contains also large quantities of calcium carbonate and is abun- 
dantly charged with carbonic-acid gas. The water is, therefore, 
properly referred to as belonging to the alkaline-calcic-carbonated 
variety. Other ingredients are not of sufficient importance, or are 
not present in large enough quantities, to warrant their being ex- 
pressed. However, if we wished to call attention to the minute 
quantity of iron present, it may be done by speaking of the water 
as an alkaline-calcic-carbonated-chalybeate, or as an alkaline-calcic- 
ferro-carbonated water. 

II. The alkaline-saline waters include all those in which there is 
a combination of alkaline carbonate with the sulphates or chlorides 
on anything like equal terms. The Geneva Lithia Spring of New 
York may be taken as an example. This water contains as a pre- 
dominant ingredient the sulphate of magnesia. It contains also 
considerable quantities of the carbonates of magnesia and lime, as 
well as the borate and sulphate of lithia. It is, therefore, properly 
styled an alkaline-saline water; or, if we choose to be more explicit, 
an alkali ne-sulphated-saline-lithic water. 

III. The saline waters include those in which sulphates or chlo- 
rides predominate. They are about one-third more numerous in the 
United States than alkaline waters. A majority of the springs 
usually classed as purgative or aperient would fall under the head 



32 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

of sulphated saliues. Thus, a sodic-sulphated or a magnesic-sul- 
phated could hardly be mistaken for anything else than a purgative 
water. A good example of the sulphated waters is that of the Crab 
Orchard Springs of Kentucky. It owes its virtues almost entirely 
to the sulphate of magnesia, and it may, therefore, be denominated 
a sulpho-saline-magnesic water, or simply as a magnesic-sulphated 
water. Under the head of mu dated salines, all the brines would 
fall, as they are characterized by the presence of sodium chloride. 
Any of these springs may be sodic-sulphated or sodic-muriated, or 
calcic-sulphated or calcic-rnuriated. The sodic-muriated or chloride 
of sodium waters constitute 88 per cent, of the muriated saline 
springs of the United States. Asa good example of this class may 
be mentioned the Empire Spring of Saratoga. Its chief ingredient 
is chloride of sodium, but it contains a considerable proportion of 
carbonate of lime, and some carbonate of magnesia. Like all the 
Saratoga springs it is abundantly charged with carbonic-acid gas. 
It is, therefore, classed as a saline spring, or in detail as a sodic- 
muriated-alkaline-ealcic-carbonated spring. 

IV. The chalybeate springs form a large and important class of 
our mineral waters. In all of them the iron is combined with the 
sulphates, chlorides, or alkaline carbonates. A few of them also 
contain free acids. We may, therefore, speak of muriated chalyb- 
eates, sulphated chalybeates, alkaline chalybeates, acid chalybeates, 
etc. In some instances, as in the Round Spring at Aurora Springs, 
Missouri, iron is the only ingredient of any consequence. These are 
referred to simply as chalybeates. 

If a spring is densely charged with solid or gaseous contents it 
is spoken of as " strong 7 ' or "heavy," as a strong alkaline, a 
heavy saline, etc. If feebly mineralized, it is denominated " mild " 
or " light/' as a mild chalybeate, a light carbonated water, etc. 

V. Neutral or indifferent waters. There are a number of 
springs in this country widely known as resorts, and others exten- 
sively used in commerce, which cannot in a strict sense be included 
as mineral springs. Some of these contain not more than two or 
three grains of mineral ingredients to the gallon — less than most of 
our ordinary potable waters. These we would designate as neutral 
or indifferent waters. In this class are the well-known Poland 
Springs of Maiue, the Glen Summit Springs of Pennsylvania, the 
Stafford Springs of Mississippi, and numerous others. It may be 
well to add that some of these waters are by no means neutral in a 
therapeutical sense. They are recommended by medical men Avho 
ought to be able to judge of their merits in a considerable range of 
disorders. 

As cold or non-thermal springs are in a great majority, all those 
not refered to as warm or hot are considered as belonging to this 
group. (Vide Thermal Springs.) As Peale very properly remarks, 
the designation of a mineral water according to the scheme above 
outlined enables the physician at once to get a definite idea of its 



CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL SPRINGS. 33 

general chemical composition and to obtain a view of its probable 
medicinal value, after which a more careful study of its analysis 
will enable him in a large measure to determine whether or not it 
is likely to meet the requirements of any particular case. The need 
of a strictly therapeutical tabulation of our waters is thus to a great 
extent obviated. 



CHAPTER IV. 

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 

Do the waters which issue from the earth charged with chemical 
ingredients held in solution possess properties which may be made 
to serve a useful purpose in the therapeutic art ? What part do 
they play and what position do they occupy to-day in our list of 
remedial agents? The inquirer will find among medical practi- 
tioners in the United States a wide-spread skepticism regarding 
their medicinal value. This incredulity is no doubt based, to a 
considerable extent, upon a somewhat justifiable prejudice; but 
may it not be due, in a much greater degree, to a want of correct 
information? We are all acquainted with the mineral spring 
advertising circular. It comes to us clothed in a respectable, even 
elegant dress; but it too frequently portrays the virtues of the 
alleged healing fluid which, it represents in language of absurd 
hyperbole. When the intelligent practitioner reads that a certain 
water is positively curative in an imposing list of diseases, as set 
forth in divers pages of testimonials from renovated statesmen, 
restored clergymen, and rejuvenated old ladies, and then learns 
from the analysis that it contains two or three grains of lime-salts 
to the gallon, with the remaining ingredients requiring perhaps a 
third or fourth decimal figure to express, he can hardly be blamed 
for tossing the circular into his waste-basket, with an objurgation 
upon quacks generally and the mineral spring quack in particular; 
yet the conservative physician will find a safe and dignified posi- 
tion between that of the pretentious advertisement which claims 
everything and that of the medical skeptic who will believe 
nothing. It is quite incredible that all of the reputed useful 
effects procured from mineral waters, as reported by trusted mem- 
bers of our profession of all ages since Hippocrates, are the result 
of imagination or self-interest. Serious consideration will con- 
vince the unbiased observer that we possess in these agents a valu- 
able addition to the materia medica. Another drawback to the 
scientific extension of mineral hydro-therapeutics is the indiscrim- 
inate manner in which these waters are used. At every spring 
resort during the season we find numerous persons drinking the 
waters of a perhaps powerfully mineralized spring without medical 
guidance. Many heavily impregnated commercial waters are also 
used in the homes of our citizens in an equally irresponsible manner. 
As Herman Weber 1 has justly remarked, it is very desirable that 

1 Allbutt's System of Medicine, 1896, vol. ii. p. 331. 



GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 35 

oar profession should devote more attention to this important branch 
of treatment, and should diffuse a certain amount of wholesome 
knowledge on the subject among the laity. For this purpose a 
few lectures ought to be given regularly at our medical schools on 
hydro-therapeutics, as well as on climato-therapeutics, as a part of 
the course of materia medica. It may be stated, imprimis, that the 
sphere of mineral waters in medical practice is chiefly auxiliary or 
supplemental to other forms of treatment. Notwithstanding the 
impressive alphabetical list presented by some circulars, it will be 
seen that the class of affections to which they are properly appli- 
cable is in reality quite limited. It is essentially in chronic condi- 
tions that these agents find their greatest field of usefulness. To 
be sure, a saline purgative water will quickly remove the symptom 
of constipation, while one charged with alkaline carbonates will at 
once relieve acid eructations and pyrosis; but to overcome the fun- 
damental vice underlying these phenomena patience and persever- 
ance will be required. The use of the water, then, must be per- 
sisted in, not two or three days, but two, four, eight, or twelve 
weeks, as the case may be. It is a fact which few will deny that 
most persons visiting a spa during the summer months experience, 
almost from the beginning, an improvement in their physical con- 
dition, and in many instances return to their homes fully restored 
to health. This can be accounted for to a great extent by the 
chauge of air, food, and surroundings and the escape from the 
worry and cares of business. Perhaps numerous cases would do 
as well at summer resorts where there are no springs; yet, after a 
liberal deduction for all other assignable influences, we may justly 
attribute a large share of the good results to the aid rendered by a 
properly selected mineral water. An obstinate case of chronic con- 
stipation or catarrhal jaundice is not apt to yield readily to a mere 
change of diet and environment, and the same may be said of pro- 
tracted cases of rheumatism, uric-acid gravel, and numerous other 
conditions. No doubt these changes and the use of the water sup- 
plement each other, and this explains the fact that mineral waters 
usually act with greater efficacy at the springs than when taken at 
home. 

In what way do mineral waters act, and how do they produce 
their therapeutic effects? We may answer this query by the state- 
ment that in a general way their influence is wrought in the same 
manner as is that of other medicinal agents. It is easy to under- 
stand that a water densely impregnated with the sulphate of mag- 
nesia will cause alvine evacuations, and that one containing iron 
will increase the amount of haemoglobin in the red blood-cells; yet 
it must be confessed that an element of mystery still shrouds the 
action of many waters, and the good effects obtained from their use 
are difficult to explain. It is known that a mineral water contain- 
ing a very minute quantity of the sodium or magnesium sulphate 
will often serve to overcome chronic torpidity of the bowels, while 



36 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

certain arsenical waters holding in solution less than y^- of a grain 
of arsenic to the gallon will soon produce the characteristic physio- 
logical action of that powerful drug. It is also known that a very 
few grains of carbonate of calcium to the gallon will greatly increase 
the diuretic action of water. These effects cannot be produced by 
artificially adding these substances to water. The only explanation 
which can be offered for the more potent action of natural waters 
may be found in the fact that the mineral ingredients contained in 
them are in a state of combination which we cannot exactly simu- 
late in a synthetic water. The combinations presented to us by 
the analytical chemist, while no doubt accurate in the main, or 
sufficiently so for practical therapeutical purposes, are nevertheless 
arbitrary or hypothetical, and we cannot produce them as they exist 
naturally. As Professor Oscar Liebreich 1 has observed, the anal- 
ysis, even when made by the most careful chemist, frequently does 
not account for the full 100 per cent, of contents, but leaves a very 
large 0C unaccounted for of whose nature we have no idea. We 
prescribe mineral waters on account of their most prominent ingre- 
dients, but we cannot be perfectly sure that the substances present 
in smaller quantities do not play a more important part in the 
physiological action of the whole water than we generally concede 
to them. 2 Up to the present time, then, it must be confessed that 
we have no fixed scientific basis for mineral hydro-therapeutics. 
Our position is still largely empirical, and, notwithstanding the 
great improvements in the methods of chemical analysis, is based 
to a large extent upon clinical experience and observations; but 
with all our concessions as to a want of exact knowledge, the point 
must be yielded that in many obstinate and intractable conditions 
we have in the internal and external use of certain mineral waters 
a most efficient and valuable method of treatment, and that such 
waters may be credited with a wide range of therapeutic usefulness. 
Many of our lightly mineralized alkaline or calcic waters may be 
used ad libitum for club or household purposes; but no mineral 
water should ever be taken for its medicinal effects except upon 
the advice of a physician. Under these circumstances a careful 
examination should be made of the case, and if a change of climate 
and scenery, supplemented by the use of a mineral water, is indi- 
cated, let the patient consent to be guided by his medical adviser; 
and the latter, in selecting a resort for his patient, should thought- 
fully consider the nature of the mineral water to be used, the char- 
acter of the accommodations at the springs, the scenery, surround- 
ings, height above the sea-level, prevailing meteorological conditions, 
etc. He should then send his patient to the spa with a letter to the 
resident physician, containing a history of the case and desirable 
suggestions regarding the purely drug treatment to be followed, the 
diet, etc. The local physician will thus be able at once to form a 

1 Address before German Balneological Congress, 1893. 

2 Herman Weber, op. cit. 



GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 37 

correct estimate of the case and to put the patient upon a proper 
form of treatment. If these rules were always followed the status 
of mineral hydriatrics with us would speedily rise from its present 
unsatisfactory standard to one resembling the dignity and impor- 
tance it has long held in Europe. 

Commercial and Synthetic Waters. A word may be added 
here regarding the home use of mineral waters. These are of two 
classes: (1) The natural mineral waters, which are taken directly 
from the springs and shipped to the markets in barrels, carboys, 
demijohns, or bottles; and (2) the artificial or synthetic waters, 
which are prepared in the laboratory or manufactory, and charged 
with gaseous and solid ingredients to simulate, as a rule, the anal- 
ysis of some well-known natural water for which they are named. 
Both classes of these waters undoubtedly occupy a useful sphere in 
our daily domestic life, and their use for table, club, and bar pur- 
poses in the United States has reached enormous proportions. 
Further than this, some of them occupy an important field of thera- 
peutic usefulness; while, for reasons already mentioned, synthetic 
waters are not so reliable as those prepared in nature's laboratory, 
and while no bottled waters can approach in medicinal efficacy the 
use of the waters directly at the springs, it must be remembered 
that the season at such resorts is seldom prolonged beyond the three 
or four months of warm weather. Bottled waters, on the other 
hand, may be used all the year. The same general rules regarding 
the employment of mineral waters at the spas apply here. The 
mild bottled waters may be drunk ad libitum; but no mineral 
water, whatever its potency, should be taken for the relief of dis- 
ease without the physician's advice. 



CHAPTER V. 

THE SOLID AND GASEOUS COMPONENTS OF MINERAL 

WATERS. 

The solid chemical ingredients of mineral waters are made up as 
follows : 

I. Common ingredients: 

Acids: carbonic, sulphuric, hydrochloric, silicic, etc., usu- 
ally in combination. 

Aluminium: oxide and sulphate. 

Calcium: carbonate, chloride, sulphate, phosphate. 

Iron: carbonate, bicarbonate, oxide, sulphate. 

Lithium: carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride. 

Magnesium: sulphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride. 

Potassium: carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, and 
phosphate. 

Silicon: usually as silica or silicon dioxide; occasionally 
as the bicarbonate. 

Sodium: chloride, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphate. 

II. Rarer ingredients: 

Acids: crenic and apocrenic, usually as ere nates. 

Ammonium: nitrate, chloride, crenate. 

Antimony: as oxide and sulphate. 

Arsenic: arseniate of sodium and potassium; arsenious acid. 

Barium: as baryta or barium oxide and the sulphate. 

Boron: as biborate of soda, or borax. 

Bromine: as bromides of sodium, potassium, etc. 

Cadmium: ) n , , f 

^ . >as sulphate^ very rare. 

Caesium: J I 

Chlorine: as chlorides; rarely free. 

Cobalt: ) 

n > very rare. 

Copper: j 

Fluorine: as fluorides in two or three springs. 
Iodine: as iodides of sodium and potassium. 
Lead: very seldom seen. 
Rubidium: ] 
Strontium: > very rare. 
Zinc: j 

Besides the above-mentioned solids the following gases are com- 
monly found in mineral springs: 

Carbonic anhydride, or carbonic-acid gas. 
Hydrogen sulphide, or sulphureted hydrogen gas. 



SOLID AND GASEOUS COMPONENTS OF MINERAL WATERS. 39 

Oxygen. 

Nitrogen. 

Carbureted hydrogen: very rare. 
Almost all springs contain an appreciable quantity of organic 
matter. Besides the two organic acids above mentioned (crenic and 
apocrenic), three well-defined substances, known as baregine or 
hydrosin, glairine, and sulfuraria, have been identified. They will 
be described at the end of this section. 

It may be said, without fear of dispute, that the most frequent, 
as well as the most important, component of a mineral spring is 
water itself. Aside from its absolute necessity to the preservation 
of all forms of life, this agent possesses certain very important thera- 
peutic properties, some of which may be considered at this time. 
When ordinary pure water is swallowed it is almost immediately 
taken up by the radicles of the gastric veins, passing directly to 
the liver, and from thence into the systemic circulation. Its mani- 
fold functions in the body are fully treated of in the works on physi- 
ology. For our purpose it is sufficient to notice its influence on 
the emunctories. Water is actively diuretic, not only increasing 
the liquid flow of the urine, but if taken in large quantities greatly 
augmenting the amount of solids — urea, uric-acid, etc. — escaping 
from the system in any given length of time. It thus aids in the 
process of metabolism or tissue metamorphosis, and may be said, so 
to speak, to " flush the system." It also dilutes the urine, renders 
it lighter in color and specific gravity, and sometimes relieves it of 
irritating qualities. Water in large quantities thus becomes useful 
in certain kidney diseases, characterized by stagnation of the renal 
circulation and suppression of the urine. It is also valuable in acid 
states of the urine, characterized by scalding on urination and a 
frequent desire to empty the bladder, symptoms which are observed 
in numerous affections of the genito-urinary passages. In warm 
weather water is also diaphoretic, and, aside from its grateful, cool- 
ing, and refreshing effects, it thus has some influence as an anti- 
pyretic in febrile states of the system. According to Maillart, of 
Geneva, 1 typhoid fever may be treated internally by copious draughts 
as a definite method. Five to six quarts may be administered daily 
during the whole of the febrile period, and there are no contraindi- 
cations. The good results which have been observed are no doubt 
due to oxidation of the toxins and refuse material, which are thus 
rendered soluble and eliminated. When taken cold in considerable 
quantities, water also stimulates the peristaltic action of the small 
intestines, and thus has a certain cathartic influence. The various 
local uses of water in almost every department of medical and sur- 
gical practice are too familiar and too numerous to be described 
here. Some of them will be considered in the chapter devoted to 
balneo-therapeutics. The therapeutic effects of water are modified 

1 Revue de Med., March, 1S94. 



40 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

by the presence of its mineral and gaseous contents, and it is on 
account of the presence of one or more of the substances now to be 
described that a hydriatric course of treatment is inaugurated. It 
is not proposed to enter into a detailed account of the physiological 
actions and therapeutical uses of these various bodies, but simply to 
refer to them in their relations as constituent parts of mineral 
waters. 

Acids. Numerous acids occur in mineral waters, but they are 
seldom found in a free or uncombined state, being, as a rule, united 
with one of the metallic bases — sodium, potassium, iron, etc. — to 
form salts. However, a number of our springs contain sufficient 
quantities of free acid to impart certain distinguishing characteris- 
tics to the water. Notable examples are the Oak Orchard Springs, 
of New York, the Matchless Mineral Wells, of Alabama, and the 
Texas Sour Springs. These acid or sour waters should not be con- 
founded with those termed acidulous, which derive their name from 
the presence of carbonic acid. Most of the sour springs contain 
free sulphuric acid. Free hydrochloric acid has been found in 
several of the Yellowstone Park Springs; but, in common with 
phosphoric and silicic acids, it is very rarely observed uncombined. 
Almost all of the sour springs contain large quantities of other 
ingredients, especially iron and alum, which increase their thera- 
peutic applicability. Being very astringent, the stronger acid 
waters are useful in relaxed states of the mucous membrane, espe- 
cially when characterized by diarrhoea and dysentery. They have 
also been used with good effect in haemoptysis, colliquative sweats, 
and in depraved and impoverished conditions of the body due to 
intemperance or specific diseases. They also have an extended 
local field of usefulness, being employed with good results in leu- 
corrhcea, pharyngitis, and conjunctivitis, and in superficial ulcera- 
tions. 

Aluminium. This substance is found in springs in the form of 
the oxide, or alumina, and of the sulphate. It occurs in variable 
quantities, ranging from a mere trace to sixty or eighty grains per 
gallon, as seen in some of the Virginia alum springs. The sulphate 
is almost always present in the sulphureted chalybeate waters, and, 
as stated above, in the acid springs. The internal use of alum 
waters is generally governed by these associated ingredients. Some 
of the alum springs have acquired a considerable reputation in 
scrofulous diseases and in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. The 
iron-alum waters are beneficial in passive hemorrhages and in 
exhausting night-sweats. Locally, their astringent action calls 
them into service in much the same class of cases as are bene- 
fited by the acid waters. They have produced valuable results in 
conjunctivitis, stomatitis, chronic vaginitis, and other relaxed or 
inflammatory states of those portions of the mucous surfaces access- 
ible to local treatment. They have also been found to act as a 
useful auxiliarv in the treatment of ulcerated surfaces, abrasions, 



SOLID AND GASEO US COMPONENTS OF MINERAL WA TEES. 41 

etc. In large quantities the alum waters have a laxative influence, 
but they are seldom used in virtue of this action. 

Ammonium. This element, in the form of the chloride and car- 
bonate, is found in a few of our mineral springs, but in quantities 
too minute to add to their medicinal value. The nitrate and nitrite 
are usually present in combination with the organic matter of min- 
eral waters, but are properly classed among the undesirable ingre- 
dients, or impurities. ( Vide Potable Waters, Appendix.) 

Antimony is found in small proportion in several of the Virginia 
springs, but it does not appear to have been called into use in this 
connection, although it is believed to increase the alterative power 
of the water in two or three instances. 

Arsenic occurs in several of the American mineral springs, usu- 
ally as the arseniate of sodium. Though existing in minute quan- 
tities, the well-known physiological effects of this powerful sub- 
stance maybe quickly produced by the imbibition of mineral waters 
containing it. When taken internally, arsenic promotes the appe- 
tite and digestion and improves the body nutrition. It lessens the 
excretion of carbonic acid, and probably also of urea: in other words, 
it checks retrograde tissue metamorphosis. It also increases the 
secretion of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane and hastens the 
peristaltic movements. Arsenic also possesses in a marked degree 
the peculiar influence upon the nutrition and the general bodily 
functions which we express under the term alterative. In virtue 
of these actions the arsenical waters may be used with confidence 
in a considerable variety of disorders. They are highly extolled 
in anaemic states, especially when accompanied by dyspepsia and 
catarrh of the bile-ducts. They are also used with success in 
menorrhagia and other uterine disorders in the female, and in 
functional impotence in the male. In large doses they have been 
found useful in chronic malarial toxaemia after quinine has failed. 
They are likewise recommended for the cachexias resulting from 
syphilis, phthisis, and scrofula, and for neurasthenia. Perhaps 
the most striking results from the use of arsenic have been observed 
in chronic skin diseases of the squamous variety, especially eczema 
and psoriasis. To a lesser extent it is also useful in old, long- 
standing cases of pemphigus and acne. Without mentioning the 
numerous additional uses of this drug, it may be said that some of 
our arsenical waters appear to meet the therapeutic indications more 
promptly, with more permanent results, and with less constitutional 
and local irritation than the artificial preparations of arsenic. 

Barium. This element is present in the earth baryta, consisting 
of one atom each of barium and oxygen. It is found in very small 
quantities in a few of our mineral springs. Its medical properties 
have never been fully investigated, but its effects on the system are 
believed to be somewhat analogous to those of arsenic. The solu- 
tion of the chloride of barium (U. S.) is deobstruent and anthel- 
mintic, and may possibly prove useful as a heart stimulant. There 



42 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

is some reason to believe the barium salts to possess value in the 
treatment of nervous sclerosis and of cancerous, scrofulous, and 
other morbid growths. As an ingredient of mineral waters, how- 
ever, its quantity is too small to give promise of much remedial 
value. 

Borax, or biborate of soda, is present in a few mineral waters, 
and boric acid is also occasionally found. Borax springs are quite 
common in California, where this substance is a staple article of 
commerce. The therapeutic usefulness of the borated waters is not 
extensive. Their action on the stomach is that of an antacid, but 
they are seldom used for this effect. They are admissible, however, 
in cases of renal and vesical catarrh depending upon the uric-acid 
diathesis. As borax has some emmenagogue and ecbolic influence, 
the waters are worthy of a trial in catamenial irregularities. They 
may also be tried in epilepsy. The borax waters are useful locally 
as a gargle in clergyman 7 s sore-throat and pharyngitis; as a lotion, 
by means of the eye-cup, in conjunctivitis, and as a douche in vagi- 
nal and uterine catarrhs. 

Bromides and Iodides. Bromine is found in some of the Ameri- 
can mineral springs combined with sodium, potassium, and magne- 
sium, in the form of bromides. Similar salts of iodine are usually 
coexistent, so that these components of mineral springs may be 
described together. The saline springs of New York, Michigan, 
and Missouri usually contain traces of these substances. The 
" Deer Lick" Spring at Glen Springs, New York, is one of the 
best examples of the so-called iodo-bromated waters, resembling 
the European springs at Duerkheim, Kreuznach, and other spas. 
There are also several of these springs in California, near the 
Pacific coast. Iodine is most frequently found as the iodide of 
sodium, bromine as the bromide of magnesium. The general effect 
of these waters may be described as alterative; they promote tissue 
metamorphosis, and have thus been used with benefit in cases of 
chronic exudations, old gunshot- wounds, glandular swellings, hyper- 
trophy of the spleen, ovaries, etc., and in tertiary syphilis. Great 
benefit is also observed in chronic mercurial and saturnine poison- 
ing. The bromides are believed to combine with the metals, form- 
ing soluble compounds, which are more easily eliminated from the 
system. The bromated waters are also given to allay nervous irri- 
tation, but they are not equal to the iodides in alterative influence. 
The speedy curative effects of the iodides are sometimes evinced in 
a remarkable degree, although they may be present in the springs 
only in minute quantities. Indeed, certain iodide springs were 
celebrated for the cure of scrofula, obesity, goitre, etc., long before 
the presence of these salts had been ascertained. The iodo-bromated 
waters are further recommended in certain respiratory disorders — 
chronic bronchitis and asthma — as well as in rheumatism, gout, 
and chronic B right's disease. Their effects are usually modified 
or enhanced by the other chemicals which are almost always coex- 



SOLID AND GASEOUS COMPONENTS OF MINERAL WATERS. 43 

istent, viz., the chloride of sodium and ferruginous salts. They 
consequently have a very wide rauge of applicability in practical 
medicine. 

Cadmium has been detected in several of the Virginia springs, 
but so far as known this substance has no internal medicinal appli- 
cation. Its action has been supposed to be similar to that of zinc, 
and as such it has been used in solution as a lotion for external pur- 
poses. Traces of ccesium have also been discovered by spectrum 
analysis in several mineral waters, but this element seems to have 
added nothing to their medicinal value. The same may also be 
said of cobalt and copper. 

Calcium. The salts of lime are among the most constant con- 
stituents of mineral waters. They occur as the carbonate or lime- 
stone, the chloride, the sulphate or gypsum, and the phosphate. It 
is the sulphate of lime which gives the property of hardness to many 
of our ordinary drinking waters, unfitting them for washing pur- 
poses. Lime is an essential constituent of the human body, about 
two pounds existing in the bones of the normal adult. Its loss in 
children gives rise to the condition known as rhachitis or rickets. 
It also enters into the composition of the brain-substance — nerves, 
blood, muscles, saliva, and other tissues and fluids. The carbonate 
of calcium will be described under Carbonic Acid and the Carbon- 
ates. 

The chloride of calcium is very soluble, and is frequently found 
in mineral waters. It is apt to be combined with the chloride of 
magnesium, from which it is very difficult to separate. It has 
tonic and deobstruent effects, and appears to promote in some 
degree the secretion of urine, perspiration, and mucus. The muri- 
ated calcic waters may be used in scrofulous diseases and in chronic 
eczema and impetigo connected with a lymphatic temperament. 

Phosphate of calcium. This is an exceedingly insoluble substance, 
and consequently does not exist in mineral waters in quantities suf- 
ficient to prove of much value. In very large doses the phosphate 
of lime waters might be of benefit in phthisis, mollities ossium, and 
other conditions where the lime-salts of the body are deficient. 

The sulphate of calcium is soluble in about 460 parts of water, hot 
or cold. It is employed by surgeons in the form of plaster-of-Paris, 
but has no internal application. 



CHAPTER VI. 

THE SOLID AND GASEOUS COMPONENTS OF MINERAL 
W ATEES.— ( Continued.) 

Carbonic Acid and the Alkaline Carbonates and Bicarbonates. 

Most cold mineral springs coutain carbonic-acid gas in greater 
or less proportion. They thus become carbonated waters unless 
some other ingredient is sufficiently prominent to fix its own char- 
acter upon the water. Those containing an excess of this gas have 
an acid reaction when first drawn, and an acidulous, pungent, but 
very agreeable taste. It gives to water a bright and piquant sparkle, 
and is the gas used in charging all of our synthetic artificial waters 
— "seltzer," "soda," " vichy," etc. it is also present in many 
wines. In moderate doses carbonic acid promotes the flow of saliva, 
tends to allay nausea and gastric irritability, aids digestion, assists 
in rendering the fluids of the body alkaline, promotes diuresis, and 
imparts a sense of well being. The carbonic-acid waters are often 
better borne by the stomach than any other form of drink, and they 
form a pleasant medium for the administration of milk to fever 
patients. 

The Alkaline Carbonates give character to the important alka- 
line group of mineral waters. They consist of the carbonates of 
calcium, iron, lithium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. They 
are frequently associated with carbonic acid, which, greatly increas- 
ing their solubility, forms with them the bicarbonates. These salts 
have so many characters in common that it seems proper to con- 
sider them in one group, afterward observing their individual prop- 
erties. Though apt to be acid in reaction when first taken from the 
fountain, owing to the presence of carbonic anhydride, yet their 
action in the system is always that of alkalies. They form a very 
efficacious and speedy remedy in the treatment of acid dyspepsia 
and flatulence. They also act as stomachics, if given before meals, 
by stimulating the peptic glands. Having a diuretic tendency, the 
alkaline carbonated waters tend to correct acidity of the urine, and 
are of great service in fevers, rheumatism, gout, vesical irritation, 
diabetes, etc. In Europe they have long held high favor in the 
treatment of metritis and leucorrhoea, as well as other female pelvic 
disorders. When combined with salines, as they often are, forming 
the great alkaline-saline group of waters, they are of much value in 
catarrhal conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract with engorgement 
of the portal system. They have further been found useful in 



SOLID AND GASEOUS COMPONENTS OE MINERAL WATERS. 45 

obesity. When associated with iron, constituting the much-prized 
alkaline-chalybeate group, the range of their action is manifoldly 
extended (vide Iron). 

Carbonate of calcium. The familiar "chalk mixture 7 ' of the 
drug-stores is largely composed of this substance. It possesses 
several properties not observed in the other carbonates. Although 
alkaline in action, it is not evacuant, but in large doses is apt to 
cause constipation. In virtue of this action the calcic waters have 
been used with much success in chronic diarrhoea. There is also 
reason to believe that uric-acid gravel and calculi may be disinte- 
grated and eliminated under their free use. 

Carbonate of iron (vide Iron). 

Carbonate of lithium. The carbonate of lithium is sparingly, the 
bicarbonate freely, soluble in water. Solutions of lithia are alka- 
line. These salts are found in a considerable number of our min- 
eral waters in various proportions. Some of those most extensively 
advertised contain less than half a grain to the gallon, and may be 
regarded as practically inert so far as this substance goes. Lithia 
owes its virtues to the fact that it unites readily with uric acid, 
forming the urate of lithia — a freely soluble compound which passes 
readily from the system. For this reason it finds its most important 
application in diseases characterized by the uric-acid diathesis, other- 
wise known as uricaemia, lithaemia, or lithiasis. It is notably useful 
in cases of uric-acid sand, gravel and calculi, and in gout and rheu- 
matoid arthritis. It is also stated to be of value in phosphatic 
deposits in the appendix, and in concretions, tophi, etc. 

Carbonate of magnesium. This is perhaps the most efficient of 
the antacids. It is mildly alkaline in reaction. Perhaps its best 
effects are observed in acid eructations and pyrosis, and in sick 
headaches, especially when due to or accompanied by constipation. 
It is also of value in checking the formation of uric-acid gravel and 
oalculi. 

Carbonate of potassium. This salt is usually found in the form 
of the bicarbonate. It possesses antacid, diuretic, and antilithic 
effects in connection with the other alkalies, but claims no indi- 
vidual or peculiar virtues. 

Carbonate of sodium. The carbonate of sodium may be taken as 
the standard of the alkaline carbonates found in mineral waters. 
This salt, or the bicarbonate, occurs with greater frequency, and, 
a,s a rule, in larger quantities than the other compounds of this 
character. In the body it is found in the blood and saliva, giving 
to these fluids their alkalinity. It also occurs in the urine, the 
lymph, the cephalo-rachidian fluid, and in bone. Its function in 
nutrition is rather accessory than essential. Waters containing the 
carbonate or bicarbonate of soda may be used whenever an alka- 
line water is indicated, as these salts possess most of the virtues of 
the group. 

The Chlorides. These salts furnish the active ingredients of the 



46 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

muriated saline waters. They occur in about the same combina- 
tions as do the carbonates, viz., the chlorides of calcium, iron, 
lithium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. 

The chloride of sodium is the most universal of these salts, and it 
is found in almost all mineral waters, ranging from mere traces to 
several thousand grains per gallon. 1 It is one of the essential com- 
ponents of the body, being found in every structure except the 
teeth. A certain daily quantity is required for the needs of the 
system, and its withdrawal is at once keenly felt. It exercises its 
chief functions in the fluids, and determines to a great extent the 
quantities of exudations, regulates absorption, and serves to main- 
tain the albuminoids, especially those contained in the blood, in a 
state of fluidity. It is, in a word, one of the most important fac- 
tors in the process of nutrition. The experiments of Bischoff, Yoit, 
and Kaupp show, further, that an increased supply of chloride of 
sodium causes an augmentation of the amount of nitrogen excreted 
through the urine. 

The chloride of sodium or muriated saline waters, when taken 
into the stomach in therapeutic doses, cause an increase in the flow 
of gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal fluid, promote 
the appetite, and aid in the process of digestion. They have a 
mild aperient effect, and have an antiseptic influence on the intes- 
tines, preventing or tending to prevent putrefactive changes. Salt 
promotes tissue metamorphosis, as shown by an increase in the 
quantity of urea excreted. The mucous secretion of the bronchial 
tubes is also increased, giving to this substance some expectorant 
influence. 2 According to Spillman, the chloride of sodium is some- 
what sedative to the nervous system. 

In virtue of their physiological action, the muriated sodic waters 
are of great value in gastric, hepatic, and intestinal disorders. In 
addition to the chloride of sodium, they almost always contain valu- 
able alkaline ingredients, and frequently ferruginous salts, which 
greatly extend their therapeutic applicability. It would be diffi- 
cult to mention a chronic affection involving the stomach, liver, or 
intestinal tract in which one of the muriated saline waters could 
not at some stage be beneficially exhibited. According to Her- 
man Weber, they are to be preferred even to the bitter or sulphated 
saline waters in portal and pelvic congestion in thin or spare persons, 
where emaciation is to be avoided. 3 Their special application, how- 
ever, is to be found in atonic dyspepsia, insufficiency of the diges- 
tive fluids, giving rise to dry, scybalous stools, a furred tongue, dis- 
agreeable taste in the mouth, loss of appetite, hebetude, and malaise. 
These waters are also applicable to some extent in chronic broncho- 
pulmonary affections with a scanty, tenacious expectoration. 

i Some of the Michigan saline springs present from 10,000 to 13,000 grains of sodium chloride 
to the United States gallon. 

2 Vide article by the author in the Medical Record, February 22, 1896, p. 261. 

3 Allbutt's System of Medicine, 1896, vol. i. p. 323. 



SOLID AND OASEO US COMPONENTS OF MINERAL WATERS. 47 

The chloride of potassium usually coexists in mineral springs with 
chloride of sodium, though in much smaller quantities. It is also 
less generally distributed in the body, where its functions appear to 
be analogous to those of the sodium salt. 

Chloride of magnesium is also frequently found in saline mineral 
waters. It forms the bittern of salt works, and occurs in great 
quantities in the waters of the Dead Sea and in some of the brines 
of New York and Michigan. It is also present in considerable 
proportion in sea-water ; This substance promotes the flow of bile, 
acting mildly as a purgative and increasing the appetite. 

Chloride of calcium (vide Calcium). 

Chloride of iron (vide Iron). 

Chloride of manganese (vide Manganese). 

Chloride of rubidium. This may be classed as a chemical curi- 
osity. It is found in minute quantities in a few springs, and is 
supposed to possess properties resembling those of the chloride of 
potassium . 

Chloride of lithium is found in small amount in several springs. 
It possesses no therapeutic properties apart from those which have 
been considered under Carbonate of Lithium. 

A small amount oifree chlorine is stated to exist in a few mineral 
waters, but it does not seem to have increased their therapeutic 
efficacy. 

Fluorine also appears in several analyses, but in quantities too 
minute to entitle it to consideration. 

Hydrogen sulphide or sulphureted hydrogen gas. This gas is 
an important constituent of a large number of our most valuable 
cold and thermal springs. It occurs most frequently in a free 
state, but is sometimes found in combination as sulphides with 
sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium. This substance im- 
parts to its waters their peculiar odor of decayed eggs, which, at 
some springs, may be noticed at a considerable distance if the wind 
is favorable. The hot sulphureted springs are most frequently 
observed in mountainous or volcanic regions, and contain sulphates 
of a number of the elements, and occasionally sulphides and sul- 
phuric acid. Many of them are also strongly impregnated with 
chloride of sodium. When coming in contact with air these waters 
usually present a milky appearance, owing to a precipitation of the 
sulphur, the hydrogen of the compound passing into the atmosphere. 
Sulphureted hydrogen is an irrespirable gas, and when inhaled 
in considerable quantities is quickly fatal. Its activity when taken 
into the stomach in mineral waters is open to some doubt. Dr. 
Moorman, 1 who observed the effects of the sulphureted waters for 
many years at the Greenbrier White Sulphur Springs, looked upon 
it as possessing an alterative action equal to that of mercury in 
syphilitic diseases. It cannot be disputed that these waters promote 

1 Mineral Springs of North America. 



48 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

the activity of the bowels and kidneys. They are highly advocated 
by medical practitioners of experience in rheumatism, gout, chronic 
synovitis, white swelling, and many skin diseases. Many of the 
sulphur springs are celebrated in the treatment of chronic malarial 
infection accompanied by an enlarged spleen and liver, and in 
hepatic congestion, abdominal plethora, and hemorrhoids. They 
have also been found useful in certain female pelvic disorders, espe- 
cially in chronic uterine inflammations. The vaunted efficacy of 
sulphureted hydrogen gas in phthisis has been shown to possess no 
basis in fact. It is probable that the older writers also overestimated 
the cholagogue influence of this substance. We may readily believe 
that not a few of our well-known sulphur springs owe their celebrity 
more to other coexisting ingredients than to the sulphureted hydro- 
gen which they contain. In the form of bath, q. v., the sulphureted 
waters also possess an extensive sphere of application. 

Carbureted hydrogen. This gas sometimes occurs in mineral 
springs in coal regions and in natural-gas districts. It has no thera- 
peutical value and renders water unfit for medicinal purposes. 

Iodine (vide Bromine and Iodine). 

Iron. This element forms the base of the numerous and im- 
portant waters of the chalybeate group. In the body it is present 
as an essential element of haemoglobin, the coloring matter of the 
blood and the great oxygen-carrying and distributing agent. Iron 
also occurs in the lymph, chyle, gastric juice, pigment of the eye, 
and in traces in the urine. It is also a constant constituent of 
milk and eggs. The loss of even a small proportion of the normal 
quantity of iron in the blood is quickly shown by the pallor of 
the countenance and other symptoms of anaemia which are pro- 
duced. 

Iron is, perhaps, most often found in springs as the bicarbonate, 
although many analyses show the sulphate, a few the oxide, and 
others the chloride. 

The bicarbonated chalybeate waters are usually most valuable for 
internal administration. Not only does carbonic acid increase the 
solubility of the iron, but it disguises its otherwise astringent and 
ferruginous taste, and aids in its speedy absorption and assimilation. 
These waters prove of great value in cases of anaemia or poverty 
of the blood. Clinical experience has shown that they cause an 
increase in the appetite, a return of the normal color, a gain in 
weight and strength, and a general improvement of the bodily 
functions. Investigations with the hsenioglobinometer have further 
proved that the deficiency of the coloring-matter of the blood 
observed in anaemic states may be readily made up by the adminis- 
tration of a carefully selected chalybeate water. It matters not 
though the iron be present in small quantities, and few of the car- 
bonated iron waters contain more than five or six grains per gallon. 
The blood contains normally about forty-five grains of iron, and 
this quantity cannot be permanently increased by consuming large 



SOLID AND GASEOUS COMPONENTS OF MINERAL WATERS. 49 

quantities. It is probable that the deficiency, no matter how pro- 
duced, never exceeds fifteen or twenty grains. 

An excess of what is actually required, therefore, only defeats 
its object by disturbing the digestion, exciting the cardiac action, 
and producing disturbances of the cerebral circulation, mental con- 
fusion, and dizziness. A chalybeate water containing not more than 
one grain to the gallon will speedily show its influence in the 
returning color and increased tone and vigor of the system. 

The indications for the use of the iron waters are numerous. It 
may be said that they serve a useful purpose in almost all debili- 
tated states of the system accompanied by a loss in the haemoglobin 
of the blood. In slow convalescence from acute diseases, the 
anaemic states resulting from a severe operation or difficult confine- 
ment, in all forms of hemorrhage not due to fulness of the vessels 
or fragility of their coats, in amenorrhoea when due to chlorosis, 
in the debilitating catarrhs of the uterus and vaginal mucous mem- 
brane, and in the various cachexias the chalybeate waters may be 
confidently expected to render valuable aid. 

It is interesting to note, as Dr. Irwin 1 observes, that the more 
recent and direct is the cause of an anaemic state the more readily 
is the iron taken up and assimilated to the wants of the system. 
Iron waters should be taken guardedly by stout, red-faced, plethoric 
persons. They are directly con train dicated in vertigo or rush of 
blood to the head, and in all cases where there is reason to suspect 
the integrity of the bloodvessels. The iron waters are best "taken 
half an hour to an hour after meals, in doses ranging from a wine- 
glassful to a tumblerful, according to the strength of the water and 
the weight of the patient. The gastric mucous membrane is at this 
time in the best condition to absorb and assimilate it. In severe 
cases, however — such, for example, as pernicious anaemia, leucocy- 
thaemia, and extreme debility — when we wish to exert a speedy in- 
fluence, they may be taken every three hours. The milder iron 
waters may be consumed ad libitum. 

The chloride of iron is not often found in mineral waters, and then 
in very small amount. 

The sulphate of iron is found in large quantities in a number of 
our springs. All of the acid and most of the sulphur springs are 
rich in thte salt. The sulphate of iron waters have excellent 
properties as astringents and tonics, but they are not so palatable 
nor so well adapted for general use as the carbonated chalybeates. 

Lead. The presence of traces of lead will be noted in several 
analyses in this work. It has no medicinal application as a con- 
stituent of mineral springs. 

Lithium. (Vide The Alkaline Carbonates.) 

Magnesium. (Vide Carbonate of Magnesia, Sulphate of Mag- 
nesia, etc.) 

1 Op. cit. 
4 



50 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

Manganesium. This element in the form of the oxide, the car- 
bonate or bicarbonate, and the sulphate has been detected in a few 
of our American springs. From the circumstance that it exists 
normally in the blood, it was supposed that it might, like iron, 
play an important part in the human economy. Manganese pro- 
motes the flow of bile, is somewhat emmenagogue, and undoubtedly 
possesses some reconstructive and tonic properties. In the latter 
sphere of its influence it is probably a useful auxiliary to iron in 
several springs, but its claims are not such as to entitle it to an 
important place in therapeutics. 

Nitrogen and oxygen. These gases, as occurring in mineral 
waters, have no medicinal application. Several of the combina- 
tions of oxygen — oxide of iron, oxide of alumina, etc. — have been 
mentioned. 

Potassium. ( Vide Carbonate of Potassium, Sulphate of Potas- 
sium, etc.) 

Silicon. This element is a very common constituent of mineral 
waters. It occurs in the form of silicon dioxide, or silica. Potas- 
sium, sodium, and magnesium silicate, and silicic acid are also noted 
in several analyses. Silica appears to have some value when taken 
internally in cancer and lupous ulcerations, according to Dr. Piffard, 
of New York. 1 It is also stated that albumin and sugar have been 
caused to disappear from the urine by its use. As a constituent of 
mineral waters, however, no advantage seems to have been taken 
of its rather hypothetical virtues. 

Sodium. This element is described under its combinations (see 
the Sulphate, the Carbonate, etc.). 

Strontium is found in traces in several springs. Its medicinal 
application is very limited. Being an intestinal antiseptic, how- 
ever, it is possible that considerable quantities of the strontiated 
waters might be found useful in flatulence, intestinal torpor, 
summer diarrhoea, etc. 

The Sulphates. Several of the sulphates have already been 
spoken of. Those now to be considered are the sulphates of potas- 
sium, magnesium, and sodium. The action of the former salt is 
quite analogous to that of the two latter. It is usually found in 
very small quantities, however, so that the important class of sul- 
phated salines, or bitter waters, may be said to owe their activity 
almost entirely to the sulphate of magnesia, or Epsom salt, and 
the sulphate of soda, or Glauber's salt. The sulphate of soda is a 
white crystalline powder, bitter and rather nauseous to the taste. 
It is freely soluble in water, and is one of the most frequent con- 
stituents of our mineral springs. The sulphate of magnesia occurs 
when isolated as a transparent crystalline salt, also bitter, nauseous, 
and saline, and exceedingly soluble. Both of these salts are laxa- 
tive or purgative in effect, according to the dose taken. They act 

1 Foster's Reference Book of Practical Therapeutics, 1897, vol. ii. p. 191. 



SOLID AND GA SEO US COMPONENTS OF MINERAL WATERS. 51 

by promoting the process of enclosmosis and exosmosis, thus 
abstracting the watery elements of the blood and increasing the 
intestinal secretions. The observations of Rutherford and Vignal 
show that the sulphate of soda is also a valuable hepatic stimulant, 
the effects of the magnesia salt appearing to be confined chiefly to 
the intestinal glands. Both increase the urinary flow. Waters 
containing exceedingly small quantities of these salts tend to pro- 
mote regularity f the bowels when taken continuously. Their 
best effects are observed in disordered conditions of the stomach, 
liver, and bowels, with the concomitant symptoms of constipation. 
In sluggish states of the liver, characterized by a sallow counte- 
nance, yellowness of the conjunctiva, coating of the tongue, and 
heuiorrhoids, the sulphated saline waters are speedily efficacious. 
In eliminating the various chronic infections from the system, 
scrofulous, syphilitic, and malarial, as well as in expelling lead, 
mercury, and other metallic poisons, they furnish an important and 
useful application. They are likewise of considerable value in 
promoting the absorption of pleuritic and peritoneal transudations. 
They are, further, believed to be useful in corpulency in virtue of 
their accelerating influence on tissue changes. In organic cardiac 
disease accompanied by oedema of the lower extremities, with 
threatened general anasarca, these waters are of great service in 
relieving the engorgement of the peripheral circulation and partially 
removing the strain on the heart. The value of a brisk saline will 
be generally acknowledged in the " rocky " state following alcoholic 
excesses. When combined with the alkaline carbonates forming 
the important alkaline-saline group of waters, or with iron pro- 
ducing the useful saline-chalybeates, the sphere of their therapeutic 
efficacy is greatly extended. For a purgative effect the sulphated 
sodic and magnesic waters are, as a rule, best taken on an empty 
stomach, before breakfast, and followed by a brisk walk in the 
open air. As laxatives they may be taken in smaller doses, but, 
as before, on an empty stomach. The lighter salines may be drunk 
or used fo.r the table ad libitum. The fact must be remembered, 
however, that while, as a rule, these waters act as mild, certain, 
and speedy aperients, they fail absolutely in some cases, and occa- 
sionally appear to produce the contrary effect of constipation. 
Several of the author's own patients, while sojourning at Carlsbad 
and imbibing daily considerable quantities of the rich saline waters 
at that well-known spa, have found it necessary to resort to mer- 
curial or vegetable purges. These waters are apt to act injuriously 
in chronic inflammatory or cancerous states involving the stomach, 
peritoneum, or intestines. They are, likewise, to be used cau- 
tiously in cases of extreme anaemia and great debility. 

Zinc. The presence of zinc in small amount will be observed in 
several analyses of American mineral springs. It does not appear 
to have influenced their medicinal uses in any way. 

Organic Ingredients. As previously stated, water when passing 



52 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

through the upper strata of the earth absorbs from the vegetable 
matter with which it comes in contact certain principles, usually 
classed collectively as " organic matter," and, as a rule, rated by 
chemists as an impurity. After percolating through deeper strata . 
most of this material is filtered out, so that when the spring emerges 
it is apt to be comparatively free from such matter, except in 
quantities too small to have a deleterious influence when imbibed. 
This organic matter is almost always simply a product of vegetable 
decomposition, and hardly admits of a detailed subdivision. 
Chemists have, however, succeeded in elaborating from it several 
secondary products, which may be briefly described as follows: 

Crenic and apocrenie acids, known as organic acids, have been 
detected in some waters. The former is a pale yellow, transparent, 
hard, uncrystallizable substance. It exists in vegetable mould, 
and is found in the ochreous deposits occurring in ferruginous 
waters. Apocrenie acid is derived from humus, a brown powder 
resulting from the decomposition of wood. It also occurs in 
chalybeate waters, where it appears as a brownish-colored, amor- 
phous deposit. These acids will be observed in a few analyses as 
crenates and apocrenates of sodium, potassium, and iron. They 
possess no known medicinal value, nor, on the other hand, do they 
appear to be injurious. 

Baregine, or kydrosin, is a brownish-yellow residue compound of 
organic azotized matter obtained from certain sulphur waters by 
evaporating them to dryness. It was first detected in the springs 
of Bareges, hence its name. 

Glairine is an amorphous deposit found in reservoirs where water 
accumulates. It is insoluble, soft and unctuous to the touch, some- 
times transparent, sometimes opaque. It possesses no action, so far 
as we know. 

Suifuraria is a confervoid growth formed in sulphur waters of 
which the temperature is below 122° F. In composition it is 
quite similar to glairin, and leaves a large amount of silicious 
residue when burned. 

In addition to the above-named substances a great variety of 
microscopic bodies known as alga? are found, though their number 
is much less in mineral springs than in the waters of ponds, lakes, 
and streams. 1 Organic matter composed of these growths is not re- 
garded as being harmful; some have even attributed certain medical 
effects to their presence. The waters of the Red Sulphur Springs 
of Virgina (q. v.), which contain an unusually large proportion of 
the algse, are said to possess a sedative effect on the circulatory 
system which cannot be attributed to any of the remaining ingredi- 
ents. These statements, however, by no means apply to the organic 
matter due to surface contamination, which occasionally finds its 
way into springs. (See chapter on Potable Waters.) 

i Vide Walle. The Fresh- Water Algse of the United States, 1887. 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE THERAPEUTICS OF MINERAL WATERS. 

The following remarks will embrace an outline of the various 
conditions in which mineral waters have been found useful by in- 
ternal administration, an account of thermal waters and balneo- 
therapeutics being reserved for a future chapter. 

Impeded or Imperfect Convalescence. Although mineral 
waters are, as a rule, inapplicable to the acute manifestations of 
disease, they may serve as useful adjuvants in tardy or delayed 
recovery from such affections. Let us suppose that a person has 
suffered from a sharp attack of articular rheumatism. The pyrexia 
has disappeared, the joint symptoms have measurably subsided, and 
the patient is able to be up and to walk about, yet he is in a nerv- 
ous, irritable state; the heart's action is excitable, albeit there may 
be no valvular trouble; occasional sharp pains, or else a dull, aching 
sensation may be experienced in the joints or in the adjacent mus- 
cular structures. This continues for some weeks in spite of salicy- 
lates and alkalies. A change of surroundings is often desirable, 
and if the circumstances are favorable we cannot do better than 
refer the patient to a locality where, in addition to pure air and 
pleasant scenery, he may also have the benefit of a suitable mineral 
water. Such patients should not be sent far from home, nor to an 
elevation of more than 1500 feet above the sea-level. A water 
containing alkaline and saline elements with perhaps a small pro- 
portion of iron is best suited for cases of this class. Take again 
a patient who has suffered in the winter or spring from a severe 
attack of pneumonia, bronchitis, or " la grippe." The chief symp- 
toms subsided in due time, but a good deal of bronchial irritation 
remains, with a teasing, irritating cough, especially in the evening. 
The appetite is not very good, the face is somewhat pale, and it is 
easy to see that the individual is not up to the normal standard of 
health. Here also, as the summer season comes on, a change of 
climate is indicated. The patient may well repair to a high or 
moderately high mountain resort, and if we are able to refer him 
to such a locality where a fairly strong chalybeate water may be 
had, he will be placed under, perhaps, the best possible condition 
for a speedy restoration to health. In the debility consequent upon 
almost any acute prostrating disease — malarial or typhoid fever, 
the exanthemata, peritonitis, a severe and protracted parturition, 
a bloody surgical operation, or a gunshot or other wound — a few 
weeks' sojourn at a spa where light carbonated or ferruginous 



54 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

waters may be drank freely as they flow from the fountain, will do 
much to aid Dame Nature in restoring strength and vigor. 

Anaemia and Chlorotic Anaemia. The ordinary forms of 
anaemia are characterized by a loss in the total volume of the 
blood, and may be the result of antecedent or coexisting diseases, 
poor food, bad surroundings, or a profuse hemorrhage due to 
haemoptysis, menorrhagia, a severe wound, etc. 

Chlorosis, or chlorotic anaemia, is a disease of early womanhood 
connected with the development of the menstrual functions. The 
histological basis of this affection consists not in a loss of the 
volume of the blood, but of a falling off simply in the number of 
red blood-corpuscles, or in the haemoglobin value of the individual 
cells. 1 No one will dispute the efficacy of the ferruginous prepara- 
tions in these conditions. Clinical experience has shown the im- 
provement in the patient's health, and instruments of precision have 
demonstrated conclusively the gradual restoration of haemoglobin 
under a properly selected iron preparation. But according to the 
accumulated evidence of many generations of medical men, anaemic 
states often yield more readily to an easily assimilable chalybeate 
water than to any of the pharmaceutical preparations of iron. The 
arsenical waters are also valuable in conditions characterized by 
poverty of the blood. Other forms of anaemia, viz., leukaemia, 
Hodgkin's disease, and the thyroid cachexia, though perhaps not 
curable affections, are often benefited by the iron and arsenical 
waters. Amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, and associated disorders of 
the female pelvic organs are often entirely relieved by these agents. 

General Debility. This is a somewhat difficult term to define. 
It is not a disease, yet it is a symptom of almost all chronic con- 
stitutional disorders. Moreover, it frequently exists per se, or 
without any concomitant disease, as far as we can determine. It 
may be the result of overwork, anxiety, grief, dissipation, etc., 
and makes itself felt in protean ways. It is the common com- 
plaint of hot weather, and probably few human beings escape at 
least a touch of debility during the summer months. Perhaps the 
most common marks of its presence are as follows: A disinclina- 
tion to rise in the morning, indisposition to exertion, loss of interest 
in the affairs of life, lassitude, stretching, yawning, etc. The 
stomach is easily upset, the individual is quickly exhausted on 
exertion: there may be a dull ache in the lumbar region, weak 
knees, and a played-out feeling generally. 

A light alkaline chalybeate water will be found very useful in 
this condition, and if it can be drunk amid bright and attractive 
scenery, salubrious air, and cheerful surroundings a speedy re- 
covery may be confidently expected. A morning spray or shower- 
bath of the water, if well tolerated, followed by a short walk or 

1 Vide articles by the author— New York Medical Journal, June 10, 1887, and the American 
Journal of the Medical Sciences, February 18, 1893. 



THE THERAPEUTICS OF MINERAL WATERS. 55 

other light exercise in the open air, will be found a valuable adjunct 
to the treatment. 

Dyspepsia and Diseases of the Alimentary Tract and Liver. 
It is not an exaggeration to say that at least nineteen out of every 
twenty mineral spring waters now in use in the United States are 
recommended as being useful or curative in dyspepsia. Without 
admitting the ofttimes extravagant claims of proprietors or others 
in interest, it must be admitted that a very large class of patients 
suffering from enfeebled digestion are materially benefited by the 
rational use of a proper mineral water. The waters par excellence 
for ordinary gastric dyspepsia presenting the symptoms of acid 
eructations, pyrosis, fulness after meals, etc., are those plentifully 
impregnated with carbonic acid and the alkaline carbonates. The 
carbonates of sodium and magnesium are especially valuable. If 
there is a tendency to diarrhoea the carbonate of lime is of great 
utility. These waters are generally best taken during or soon after 
meals. Though not so palatable they act more efficaciously when 
drunk warm in small and frequent doses. In atonic states charac- 
terized by peristaltic inertia and deficient secretion of gastric juice, 
waters rich in the chloride of sodium and carbonic acid are need- 
ful. These may be taken before meals, and cold, so as to retard 
stomach absorption and emphasize the local stimulating effect. In 
many dyspeptics the foregoing conditions are very liable to coexist, 
and happily we are abundantly supplied with mineral waters in 
which the chemical ingredients are adapted to the various associated 
symptoms. 

In gastric ulcer the carbonated alkaline group of waters is also 
serviceable, but it is important not to imbibe too great a quantity 
of the gas, as a tendency to hgematemesis may result from the tem- 
porary stimulation of its contact with the gastric walls. It should 
be borne in mind that no form of internal medication, either by 
mineral waters or by drugs, will prove permanently useful without 
a proper regulation of the diet. A few useful hints are as follows: 
Allow ample time for meals and masticate the solid portions of 
food thoroughly. Avoid fat meats and rich or greasy dishes gen- 
erally. Eat sparingly of sweets. The average pie and cake may 
be wisely omitted from the dietary. 

Constipation. This disagreeable condition may exist with or 
without gastric dyspepsia, and is seldom a primary affection, beiug 
usually dependent upon a variety of other derangements. The 
determining factors are usually a deficiency of the normal intestinal 
secretion or a loss of peristaltic power of the intestinal muscular 
coats. In obstinate states of this kind a course of mineral waters 
is frequently a valuable adjunct to the treatment, and, with proper 
dietary rules, will usually prove successful in obtaining relief. 
One of the sulpbated saline or bitter waters, containing the sul- 
phate of soda or magnesia or both of these salts, is applicable to 
these cases. The presence of a certain amount of the chloride of 



56 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

sodium and the alkaline carbonates held in solution by carbonic- 
acid gas lends additional efficacy to the water. 

Fortunately, we have many such waters in the United States, 
and the springs from which they flow are within easy reach of 
almost all sections of the country. They need not necessarily be 
highly mineralized. It is surprising how slight a proportion of 
saline ingredients will serve to give a natural water aperient prop- 
erties. Such waters are usually best taken early in the morning 
before food, the quantity to be regulated in accordance with the 
strength of the water, the weight of the patient, and the obstinacy 
of the constipation. A brisk walk or other form of exercise after 
taking will expedite the action of the water. One, two, or even 
three, painless, watery evacuations of the bowels usually occur 
soon after breakfast. If further action be desirable, a somewhat 
smaller quantity may be taken before each of the two following 
meals. 

Abdominal Venosity or the "Full Habit." This condition, 
termed by the old German writers abdominal plethora, and vari- 
ously known as abdominal stasis, portal obstruction, the hemor- 
rhoidal diathesis, etc., is usually dependent upon an engorged 
liver. This in turn is apt to be due to a continued excess in eating 
and to undue indulgence in malt liquors, combined with a sedentary 
life. It is a frequent accompaniment of organic cardiac disease, 
especially when involving the right side of the heart, and is also 
met with in connection with emphysema of the lungs. The liver 
in this condition is somewhat enlarged, its lower border being 
rounded in outline and projecting for some distance below the ribs 
into the abdominal cavity. More or less catarrh of the bile-ducts 
is usually present. The portal vein and its tributaries are full and 
the circulation sluggish. The patient will probably be troubled with 
piles. The complexion is earthy or dusky, the conjunctiva tinged 
with yellow, the tongue coated, and the bowels usually constipated. 
Drowsiness in the afternoon is a common feature, and the patient 
may complain of fulness in the head after eating, with dizziness 
and vertigo at times. The condition is often associated with cor- 
pulency, and fatty infiltration of the heart and liver may be present. 

Hygienio and dietetic regulations, with the various forms of active 
and passive exercise, are of prime importance in this condition, 
and they are often greatly assisted by the pharmaceutical prepara- 
tions; but there will be found a considerable proportion of obsti- 
nate cases in which mineral waters are of the utmost service and 
must, indeed, supersede other methods of treatment. Those 
proving most useful under these circumstances are the bitter waters 
containing the alkaline sulphates and the chloride of sodium and 
saline sulphureted waters. These probably act by stimulating the 
process of endosmosis and exosmosis. They promote the liquefac- 
tion of the bile, increasing its flow, stimulate the intestinal secre- 
tions, and improve the peristaltic action of the muscular coats of 



THE THERAPEUTICS OF MINERAL WATERS. 57 

the bowels, thus expediting the escape of effete products from the 
system. As in simple constipation, mineral waters for this condi- 
tion are best taken while the stomach is empty, and preferably 
before the first morning meal. A considerable period of rest in a 
salubrious atmosphere, with quiet and peaceful surroundings, and 
a careful diet should follow all courses of the stronger purgative 
waters. 

In jaundice due to the presence of gallstones the alkaline sul- 
phated and muriated saline waters serve a useful purpose. We do 
not know whether the efficacy of these waters depends solely upon 
the formation of a thin liquid bile, by which gallstones are readily 
washed downward, or whether the bile is rendered so strongly alka- 
line as to effect a solution of the components of the stone; but, as 
an old writer (Niemeyer) has justly remarked, "We should not 
delay prescribing this treatment till the mode of its action be ex- 
plained/' By their detergent effects these waters also act well in 
icterus due to catarrh of the bile-ducts and to chronic congestion 
of the liver. 

In fatty, waxy, cancerous, or cirrhotic disease the administration 
of mineral waters is as futile as other forms of medication; but a 
moderately strong alkaline-saline water may be found of service in 
the symptomatic gastric and intestinal disturbances which are liable 
to be present. In the early period of ascites, whether due to 
cirrhosis of the liver or to cardiac or renal disease, we may gain a 
useful derivative effect by the employment of one of the stronger 
sulphated saline waters in carefully gauged doses. 

Diarrhoea and Dysentery. In some parts of the United States, 
notably in Virginia, practitioners have long been in the habit of 
prescribing alum waters for obstinate cases of summer diarrhoea 
and for dysentery of long standing. Some of the ferruginous and 
acid waters have also found favor in these affections. It is proba- 
ble, however, that the stronger calcic waters are more generally 
useful than others in conditions marked by looseness of the bowels. 
A sojourn at one of the calcic spring resorts has often proved suc- 
cessful in refractory cases where other medication had failed. 

Rheumatism. This affection figures largely in most spring cir- 
culars, and there are few mineral waters in the United States which 
have not been recommended for it, either internally or by means 
of baths. This universal commendation, while no doubt over- 
drawn in some instances, is not without foundation. An obstiuate 
case of chronic rheumatism may well be given a trial with some 
form of mineral water. Disregarding for the present the use of 
baths, there are several rheumatic conditions to which the internal 
use of mineral waters is applicable. We have already referred to 
convalescence from acute articular forms of the disease. In chronic 
articular or muscular rheumatism one of the alkaline carbonated 
or lithic waters may be taken daily as a matter of habit. In the 
condition known as rheumatoid arthritis or rheumatic gout, charac- 



58 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

terized by painful nodular swellings, especially of the joints of the 
fingers, one of the lithiated alkaline waters may also be used 
habitually. They may be taken at home as well as at the springs, 
but the conjunction of thermal mud or peat baths greatly promotes 
their efficacy. A water containing a small proportion of iron and 
arsenic is also valuable in these conditions. Obstinate cases of 
lumbago, scapulodynia, pleurodynia, etc., are benefited by the same 
class of waters. 

Gout and the Uric-acid Diathesis. A number of diseased con- 
ditions of which gout is, perhaps, the most prominent example, 
are believed to originate from an excessive formation of uric acid 
in the system or to its non-elimination from the blood. This in 
turn is due primarily to defective digestion and faulty assimilation, 
with consequent derangement of the nutrient processes. In ac- 
cordance with the most recent, but still somewhat obscure, researches 
of biological chemistry, the excess of acid is liable, under certain 
circumstances, to crystallize in the tissues, thus giving rise to the 
painful swelling of the joints, especially of the greater tarso-meta- 
tarsal articulations, which we observe in the initial stage of acute 
articular gout. In this early period mineral waters are useless. 
After the subsidence of the attacks, the uric-acid tendency having 
been recognized, some of our mineral waters possess a potent influ- 
ence in correcting the abnormal state of the blood, which is liable 
at any moment to renew the acute mischief. Two classes of waters 
will now be found useful: First, the alkaline waters. It is well 
known that when alkalies are brought into contact with uric acid, 
alkaline urates, soda, lithia, magnesia, lime, etc., are the results. 
These salts being to a great extent soluble their easy expulsion 
from the system is favored. It is at the same time desirable to 
stimulate the emunctories, and this we can readily do, either by 
one of the pharmaceutical formulas, or by one of the alkaline, 
sulphated, or bitter waters. It is not unusual to find the water of 
a single spring possessing all the elements desired for this double 
purpose of dissolving the uric acid and of eliminating it from the 
system. 

Dr. Irwin 1 very properly emphasizes the fact that the introduc- 
tion of a large quantity of alkaline salts into a system hypercharged 
with uric acid, without at the same time making provision for the 
speedy solution and removal of the resulting urates, renders an 
acute attack of gout very likely. " This is the explanation of those 
unfortunate crises which occasionally occur during an apparently 
well-directed course of alkaline medication, and which are respon- 
sible for the impression not uncommon among podagric wiseacres 
that ' it is better to leave the gout severely alone.' ; A moder- 
ately strong sodic or lithic alkaline water may be taken for a long 
period without giving rise to the alkaline dyscrasia, and with a 

1 Op. cit. 



THE THERAPEUTICS OF MINERAL WATERS. 59 

continuance of its good effects in eliminating the materies morbi of 
the disease. The iodo-bro mated and sulphureted waters are also 
highly esteemed by some observers in the treatment of gout. 

Uric-acid Gravel and Calculi. In this connection it seems 
proper to refer to another of the prominent and troublesome condi- 
tions due to a defective elimination of the organic nitrogenized sub- 
stances from the system. Gravel and stones are usually formed in the 
kidney, whence they are washed into the bladder, from which they 
are speedily discharged with the urine, or else remain and, by con- 
stant accretion, continue to increase in size. But whether found in 
the kidney or in the bladder, they are due to the same constitutional 
vice, and are in no wise dependent upon diseases of the urinary 
organs. They frequently, however, give rise to severe local mani- 
festations in the kidney, ureter, or bladder, and may even lead to 
inflammation and suppuration. A calculus may be described 
simply as an overgrown gravel-stone, being due to the same causes 
and composed of the same elements. They may be divided into 
the uric-acid calculi — probably two-thirds of the entire number — 
and oxalic acid, which may be termed acid gravel, and phosphatic 
or alkaline gravel. Occasionally all these elements are found in a 
single stone. The larger forms of calculi sometimes contain xan- 
thine, cystine, indigo, etc. Calculi vary in size from a pinhead or 
a pea to eight or nine ounces, or even a pound or more. Some- 
times the material of gravel or stone escapes in the form of sand 
and gives rise to no inconvenience. The chemical constitution of 
gravel or stone may often be learned from a microscopical exami- 
nation of the urinary deposits. In the red, or uric-acid gravel, 
the alkaline waters are of undoubted utility. Their good effects 
are produced in several ways: 1. They aid in the correction of the 
constitutional vice which gives rise to the production of the con- 
cretions. 2. By their diuretic and diluent action they palliate the 
local symptoms of catarrh and inflammation. 3. They are believed 
by many to aid in the breaking down and chemical disintegration 
and solution of the calculi, thus favoring their speedy expulsion 
with the urine. The widely advertised lithia waters, to which 
physicians' attention is so frequently called by enterprising spring 
owners, are credited with this power. It must be confessed that 
several of them adduce some very respectable medical evidence to 
sustain their claims. Calcic waters also act well in uric-acid gravel 
and calculi, and are the chief reliance in phosphatic gravel. It 
is difficult to explain their action beyond the empirical statement 
that when given in this condition they seem to promote the expul- 
sion of the offending bodies. H. Weber 1 is of the opinion that 
this influence is due to their administration in large quantities, so 
as to produce a washing-out effect, which, he thinks, could be as 
well brought about by the systematic drinking of large quantities 

1 Op. cit. 



60 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

of hot water on an empty stomach. Authorities agree that in 
calculous diseases mineral waters should be taken freely — four, six, 
eight, or ten glasses daily — and continued for a considerable period 
of time. It has been cautioued that the urine should not be allowed 
to become too alkaline, as this might lead to a deposition of phos- 
phates around a small uric-acid stoue. There seems to be no good 
reason to believe that this condition has ever been brought about 
bv the use of mineral waters. 



CHAPTEK VIII. 

THE THERAPEUTICS OF MINERAL WATERS.— {Continued.) 

Chronic Cystitis, Vesical Catarrh, Enlarged Prostate, Gleet, 
etc. All of these conditions are more or less benefited by a 
liberal allowance of one of the milder alkaline-saline waters. They 
allay urinary irritation by their diuretic influence and by main- 
taining the urine in an alkaline state. In the debilitated state 
accompanying chronic cystitis an alkaline-saline chalybeate water 
may be selected. 

Other Lithsemic or Uric-acid States. Various additional dis- 
orders of the digestive, nervous, cutaneous, and circulatory systems 
are believed to be in some way connected with nutritive disturb- 
ances resulting from the imperfect evolution of urea. Admitting 
the rationale of the action of the sulphated waters as previously pre- 
sented, it is but just to grant their efficiency in these allied states. 
Some of them will be referred to in separate paragraphs. 

Diseases of the Skin. A large number of our mineral waters 
are recommended as being useful in skin diseases, some of them 
without evident reason. However, admitting or not their rela- 
tionship to the uric-acid diathesis, it seems to be well established that 
in the chronic stages of the common scaly cutaneous affections — 
eczema, psoriasis, and pityriasis — the alkaline waters are notably 
beneficial. They also produce good effects in acne. Their action 
is slow, however, and it requires a considerably prolonged course 
of the waters, combined with careful hygienic and dietetic regu- 
lations, to produce a noteworthy effect. The arsenical waters also 
possess high claims for utility in these disorders. Some of our 
American waters contain sufficient quantities of this powerful drug 
to produce its well-known physiological effects after a few days' 
use. The saline sulphureted waters, both internally and in the 
form of baths, are also applicable to the affections, but should not 
be used during their acute exacerbations. 

Diabetes Mellitus, or Persistent Glycosuria. Without pausing 
to consider the various problems involved in the causation and path- 
ology of this affection, and the exact identity of glycosuria with sac- 
charine diabetes, it may be stated that the therapeutic value of mineral 
waters in causing the arrest of sugar formation and its disappear- 
ance from the urine has been altogether overrated, not only by 
those interested in the waters, but by careful and unbiased clinical 
observers as well. A few years ago it was quite commonly 
believed that we had in some of these agents remedies by means of 
which we could successfully cope with this formidable and mysteri- 



62 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

ous affection. Continued experience, however, has taught us the 
fallacy of these expectations. It is undoubtedly true that in the 
milder forms of glycosuria a course of treatment at some one of 
our spring resorts may result in an improvement of the general 
health and in a diminution or temporary removal of sugar from 
the urine. But this may, to a great extent, be attributed to the 
watchful dietary regulations in vogue at such places and to the 
temporary change of environment and escape from the worries and 
anxieties of home. 

The alkaline and calcic waters have enjoyed the largest share of 
celebrity in the treatment of diabetes. " Under their use the 
diabetic gains in strength, the harassing thirst ceases, the skin 
becomes moist, the urine is reduced to almost normal specific 
gravity, and often every trace of sugar disappears." 1 We are 
informed by Althaus 2 that in some instances the disease has been 
brought to a stand-still for years by the use of the Vichy waters. 
In the frequent cases of chronic glycosuria occurring in corpulent 
and gouty persons, preference should be given to the alkaline and 
sulphated saline waters. It has seemed to the author that the 
light arsenical waters of Virginia are best adapted to the milder 
cases of glycosuria. Whatever benefit we may attach to the use 
of mineral waters, however, cannot in justice be referred to any 
specific influence, but to the resulting improvement in digestion 
and assimilation. 

Syphilis. This disease and some of its sequelae are, no doubt, 
much benefited by a systematic course of sulphureted and thermal 
baths, and to these we shall refer in the proper place. It is to be 
doubted, however, whether we can do more than render a very 
moderate assistance to the artificial preparations by the internal ad- 
ministration of mineral waters. Much has been claimed for the 
iodo-bromated waters in the treatment of this disease, but the 
proportions of iodine and bromine are so small in these waters as to 
arouse a feeling of skepticism as to their value. We are, however, 
undoubtedly able to do much to overcome the debility and tendency 
to cachexia often observed in this disease by a carefully selected 
water. The light alkaline chalybeate class are valuable for this 
purpose, and the addition of saline elements is usually desirable; 
but no course of mineral-water treatment should in any case replace 
or supersede the well-defined methods of drug treatment which 
have so long been in vogue, and the efficacy of which is unques- 
tionable. 

Scrofula, or the Strumous Diathesis. We do not hear so much 
of scrofula or struma as of yore. The general tendency of medical 
opinion during the past fifteen or twenty years has been to narrow 
and limit the significance of the term, and even to restrict it to 
those slow and indolent inflammations and overgrowths of lymphatic 

1 Walton. Mineral Springs of the United States and Canada, p. 145. 

2 Althaus. The Spas of Europe, p. 320. 



THE THERAPEUTICS OF MINERAL WATERS. 63 

tissue which end in caseation and eventually imperfect suppuration. 
Formerly almost every deviation from healthy functional activity 
in the young, as well as every disorder of nutrition which could 
not be assigned to any definite cause, was called struma. 1 A 
study of many of the mineral spring circulars which fall into the 
hands of the medical practitioner would lead to the impression 
that this ancient comprehensiveness of the term is still in vogue in 
some quarters. " Scrofula embraces almost everything, and the 
water of the spring herein described affords the best known 
remedy for scrofula." Yet there is a considerable class of cases 
characterized by nutritive disorders of the skin, joints, bones, etc., 
and especially of the lymphatic glands, which are properly em- 
braced under the term scrofula or struma. These cases are readily 
identified by the observant practitioner and require no description 
here. Aside from the many local manifestations of scrofula which 
usually require surgical aid we can, in various ways, oppose the 
diathesis by hygienic and dietetic measures, and by internal medi- 
cation. The use of certain mineral waters, both internally and by 
means of baths, properly enters into the last-mentioned method. 
The testimony of trustworthy medical men for many years past 
attests the value of the alkaline carbonated and chloride of sodium 
waters in scrofulous conditions. The iodine and bromine waters 
have also occupied a high place in this connection, but owing to 
their extreme tenuity we must accept statements regarding their 
efficacy with reservation. It cannot be gainsaid, however, that the 
chalybeate and arsenical waters are valuable in some cases, chiefly, 
no doubt, on account of their good influence on nutrition. 

Renal Diseases. It would be difficult to find an advertisement 
of a mineral water which does not include diseases of the kidneys 
among the troubles cured or greatly benefited by its use. Simple, 
pure water is a mild and harmless diuretic, and no doubt often 
beneficial in renal affections. The same may be said of the water 
of many mineral springs, but it is difficult to learn from a study of 
the analyses upon what grounds the wonderful claims made in 
numerous instances are based. Surely no rational medical practi- 
tioner can bring himself to believe that the mineral ingredients of 
an alleged mineral water containing two or three grains of solid 
contents to the gallon can possess a very potent influence in restor- 
ing an advanced case of Bright' s disease. Genuine mineral waters 
of the proper class do, however, exert a favorable influence in 
certain conditions when nephritis is present. When the urine is 
scanty and high-colored or when it is acid in reaction, one of the 
alkaline or calcic waters may be administered in considerable 
quantities with undoubted advantage and with entire safety. As 
some of these waters have sufficient mineral ingredients to make 
them active renal stimulants, the same discrimination must be 

1 Lynch. Pepper's System of Medicine, vol. ii. p. 231. 



64 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

exercised in their exhibition as in the case of the artificial diuretics. 
It has not been shown that any form of mineral water possesses the 
power directly to lessen the amount of albumin in the urine. The 
use of these waters in the treatment of uric acid and phosphatic 
sand, gravel, etc., has already been considered. 

Diseases of the Nervous System. The internal use of mineral 
waters is not to be relied upon in the treatment of the organic 
affections involving the brain or cerebro-spinal system of nerves. 
They may, however, be properly employed in a number of func- 
tional disturbances, viz., headache, neuralgia, neurasthenia, hypo- 
chondriasis, etc. Most of these phenomena being merely symp- 
tomatic, their rational treatment depends upon the associated 
conditions to which they owe their origin. Insomnia, headache, 
and hypochondriasis, for example, may be due to business worry, 
anxiety, or overwork, which a few weeks' absence from home, 
amid the leafy recesses of some quiet rural resort, whether a spa 
or not, will speedily remove. It is to the cause of these nervous 
manifestations that we must direct our attention. If an habitual 
sick headache is due to dyspepsia, constipation, or biliousness, we 
may prevent its appearance by means of the alkaline, carbonated 
or sulphated saline waters, as the case may be. If neuralgia is 
produced by ansemia, or cardiac palpitation by chlorosis, a chalybe- 
ate water may be selected. It is possible that the borated waters 
may be found useful in epilepsy and chorea; but experience as to 
their utility is lacking. 

Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. Mineral waters have 
attained to very little prominence in the therapeutics of respiratory 
affections, yet they may find a useful application in some of the 
chronic conditions affecting the bronchial tubes and lungs. No one 
would be inclined to question, for example, the utility of a pala- 
table and easily assimilated chalybeate water in the early stages of 
phthisis, though, of course, this should not be relied upon to the 
exclusion of more positive forms of treatment. It is well known 
that such cases often do exceedingly well at some of our spas. Nor 
are the good results always fairly attributable to the climate and 
environment of such resorts. 

Acid and alum waters have been recommended with some show 
of reason for night-sweats and hemoptysis. The alkaline muriated 
waters show a very favorable influence in the treatment of chronic 
laryngitis and clergyman' s sore-throat. They should be taken warm 
in these affections, and slowly sipped. In chronic bronchitis with 
profuse expectoration, the alkaline and muriated alkaline waters, 
as well as some of the sulphur waters, have been found beneficial. 
Relief is also sometimes obtained in asthma with severe bronchitis 
by the same means. In the purely spasmodic forms of the disease, 
without bronchitis, such waters are of no value. Good results 
have, however, been reported from the liberal use of the arsenical 
waters in asthma. Iron and arsenical waters have also proved 



THE THERAPEUTICS OF MINERAL WATERS. 65 

beneficial in pulmonary emphysema, no doubt by their favorable 
tonic and reconstructive influence and not by any specific action. 
There can be no doubt that the pure air and cheerful environment 
of many of our spring resorts exercise a most favorable influence 
in the tardy convalescence and imperfect resolution sometimes 
observed in pneumonia. Muriated saline, alkaline, chalybeate, 
and sulphureted waters are preferable here. 

Diseases of the Heart. It is quite the fashion to declaim 
against the use of mineral waters in organic diseases of the heart 
or great vessels. This may be very proper when referring to 
thermal baths, but carefully regulated quantities of some one of 
these waters may often serve a useful purpose. In cases of general 
anasarca, threatening an overflow of the lungs (pulmonary oedema), 
a properly gauged dose of one of the bitter waters will render as 
useful a service by its detergent effect as a dose of pharmaceutically 
prepared sulphate of magnesia or Rochelle salts. Likewise, in 
valvular lesions characterized by hepatic congestion and general 
fulness of the veins, we may gain a good result by an occasional 
exhibition of one of the same class of waters. In the stomachic 
catarrh of mitral lesions the mild alkaline saline class of waters 
may be administered with entire safety, and often with good 
results. In the functional cardiac disturbances resulting from 
anaemia and chlorosis, hyperacidity of the stomach, excessive 
smoking, etc., a light alkaline carbonated chalybeate water is 
indicated. The Schott-Nauheim treatment of chronic cardiac dis- 
ease will be noticed in the section on Baths. 

Chronic Malarial Toxaemia and the Paludal Cachexia. In 
certain sections of the country, notably in Virginia, some of the 
stronger sulphureted chalybeate waters are credited with a specific 
influence in these conditions. The arsenical waters are believed, 
especially on the Pacific Coast, to possess a positive action in eradi- 
cating malaria from the system after quinine has failed. We may 
more readily believe, however, that the good results which are 
often observed as a result of their use are due to the tonic and 
restorative action of the waters and to the favorable circumstances 
of climate, scenery, etc., under which they are usually drunk. 
The iodic waters are esteemed as possessing the power of reducing 
splenic enlargement and removing other evidences of the paludal 
or malarial cachexia. 

Obesity. A tendency to corpulency, whether or not attended by 
abdominal venosity (q. v.), is benefited by a morning draught of 
one of the saline sulphated waters. By promoting eliminative 
metabolism a liberal course of the alkaline-saline waters also retards 
adiposity. The use of thermal baths, however, is a more reliable 
method of overcoming this disagreeable condition. But no other 
plan of treatment should be allowed to supersede a carefully 
abstemious diet — excluding sugar, carbohydrates, etc. — and proper 
exercise. 



66 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

Uterine Disorders. It is quite common for gynecologists in 
Europe to refer some of their more obstinate cases of uterine 
trouble to one of the spas for a course of mineral waters or baths. 
Those best adapted for such treatment are chronic congestion of the 
womb, obstinate cases of perimetritis, and fibroid tumors. The 
muriated salines for internal use, and the thermal sulphureted 
waters for bathing and for the douche, have been found most useful 
for these cases. 1 The magnesium waters are of benefit in engorge- 
ment of the pelvic viscera accompanied by chronic metritis. 
Chronic corporeal and cervical catarrh and leucorrhoea are often 
much improved by the alkaline chalybeates and mild sulphureted 
waters. The stronger alum waters, in the form of the ascending 
douche, also afford relief in these conditions as well as in some 
cases of cervical ulceration. The lighter sulphated saline waters 
may be safely used in the constipation of pregnancy, as they have 
no tendency to produce uterine contractions. The use of mineral 
waters in menstrual disorders has already been considered. ( Vide 
Anaemia and Chlorosis.) 

In the constipation of children, Perier and others of the French 
school employ the mild saline waters. They are also used to 
counteract the acid stomach of dentition. The light alkaline car- 
bonated chalybeates may also be used with advantage in enlarged 
cervical glands, tabes mesenterica, etc. 

Chronic Metallic Poisoning. Several varieties of mineral 
spring water have been recommended as being useful in overcom- 
ing the effects of chronic metallic poisoning and in expelling the 
offending substances from the system. In chronic lead-poisoning 
the sulphuric acid waters are valuable, forming inert and insoluble 
sulphates of lead, which are eliminated in this form by the emunc- 
tories. Sulphureted and sulphated saline waters are also prescribed 
for the same purpose, as well as for copper-poisoning and mercurial 
poisoning. The bromine waters are somewhat dubiously recom- 
mended for lead-poisoning and also mercurial poisoning, as forming 
soluble compounds with the metals, which are thereby readily 
expelled. 2 

i H. Weber. Op. cit. 

2 Winslow Anderson. Mineral Springs of California, 1892, p. 28. 



CHAPTER IX. 

BATHS AND DOUCHES AND THEIR MEDICINAL USES. 

The ordinary cold-water bath ranges in temperature from 40° 
to 60° F.; the temperate bath from 60° to 85° F.; the tepid bath 
from 85° to 92° F., the warm bath from 92° to 98° F., and the hot 
bath from 98° to 106° F., or a little higher. The warm and hot 
baths are most frequently employed for medicinal purposes. 

In his quest for new therapeutic aids, the inventive genius of 
man has devised numerous modifications of the simple water bath, 
some of which appear to us at this day as queer and fantastic. 
Thus, animal baths, made of blood, milk, bouillon, oils, or fats, 
have been in vogue, and at one time it was customary to envelop 
the sufferer's naked body in the freshly removed skin of a calf, 
sheep, wolf, or dog. Vegetable medicated baths were composed 
of wine, vinegar, solutions of essential oils, infusions of thyme, 
rosemary, wormwood, lavender, willow, oak, Peruvian bark, etc. 
Medicated vapor baths contained incense, myrrh, benzoin, amber, 
sulphur, calomel, etc., and some of these are employed in a 
limited degree at the present day. 

We no longer use animal excrement for bathing purposes, but 
baths of mud or moor and peat are still retained. It is beyond 
the province of this work to enter into a detailed description of 
the various methods of applying water to the cure of disease. 
We will, therefore, content ourselves with a cursory review of the 
principal forms of baths and douches in use at the present day, 
referring the reader to special works on hydrotherapeutics for 
more minute information. 

The first purpose of the bath is that of abstersion or cleanliness 
— that is, to remove any foreign impurity from the surface and to 
prevent the pores from being clogged by their own secretions and 
by the desquamation of the cuticle. We cannot place the same 
credence in the absorptive power of the skin once accorded to that 
important organ. The skin undoubtedly absorbs gases to a certain 
extent, and it is possible that a strong salt solution may be par- 
tially absorbed at a favorable temperature — 92° to 97° F. It is 
proper to say, however, that under the ordinary circumstances of 
the bath the weight of modern testimony opposes the view that 
there is any appreciable interchange of fluids between the blood 
and the bath medium. In the case of medicated or mineral baths, 
therefore, any modification of the effects of the simple bath may 
be attributed in a great degree, if not altogether, to the local in- 



68 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

fluence of the artificial or natural ingredients of the water upon 
the cutaneous investment of the body. It is well known, how- 
ever, that the human system tolerates changes of temperature in 
the air to a much greater extent than in water. "While the air at 
75° is perhaps too warm for most persons, a continued bath at that 
temperature becomes cold and depressing. Again, a bath at 98° 
to 102° acts far more energetically than the atmosphere at the same 
temperature. This is due to the fact that water, being a better 
conductor than air, brings more heat to the body, and at the same 
time suppresses cutaneous exhalation, which, as we know, is 
greatly increased by the air at that temperature. 

The Cold Bath. This is the ordinary natural bath which we 
take in streams, lakes, spring reservoirs, or the surf. While usu- 
ally ranging in temperature from 40° to 60°, a hardy person can 
stand au even lower temperature. It may be stated that a lower 
degree than 50° F. is always dangerous if long continued. 

Physiological Action. The primary effect of the cold bath 
is shown in a contraction of the peripheral bloodvessels, an accel- 
eration of the pulse and respirations, an increase in the secretion of 
the urine, and in the general promotion of tissue metamorphosis. 
There is an increase in the external expenditure and the internal 
production of heat, the blood at first probably rising 3° or 4° in 
temperature. Very soon, however, the period of reaction sets in, 
when we have an opposite set of phenomena developed. The skin 
is reddened from expansion of its superficial capillaries, the pulse 
is diminished in frequency, and the temperature is reduced to a 
point, perhaps a degree or two, below the normal. If properly 
employed under favorable conditions, the effect of the cold bath 
is exhilarating and unquestionably beneficial. When reaction sets 
iu the skin is dry, a warm, grateful glow suffuses the surface, the 
muscles act with ease and elasticity, the mental faculties are clear, 
and a decided sense of well-being pervades the system. The indi- 
vidual feels capable of increased exertion, mental as well as phys- 
ical. The physiological action of the cold bath may thus briefly 
be described as gently stimulating and decidedly tonic. It aug- 
ments the appetite, promotes the functions of the skin, kidneys, 
and liver, and, by the increased elimination of carbonic acid and 
the effete products of tissue combustion, improves the quality of 
the blood. When the bath has been too much prolonged, the 
water too cold, or the bather in an improper condition, reaction 
may be very difficult to establish, and disagreeable or even alarm- 
ing symptoms ensue. The skin is pale or mottled, and corrugated, 
the extremities cold, the breathing labored, perhaps gasping, the 
lips chatter, and speech is difficult. If not relieved the nose and 
lips become cyanotic, painful cramps seize the muscles, a sense of 
suffocation or constriction is felt in the epigastrium, and the patient 
is liable to pass into unconsciousness and death. It is fair to state, 
however, that such inopportune results from the cold bath are 



BATHS AND DOUCHES AND THEIR MEDICINAL USES. 69 

seldom met with, nor are the ordinary colds of e very-day life liable 
to follow. 

There are certain contraindications to the use of the cold bath 
which it is well to observe. In feeble or debilitated persons, or in 
diseases of the internal organs, where the system is incapable of a 
rapid and effective response, great care is required. Cold baths 
are contraindicated in almost every form of organic disease, espe- 
cially of the bloodvessels, heart, kidneys, liver, or spleen. 1 Old 
persons, in whom the arteries are liable to be fragile, should avoid 
such baths. It is eminently proper that every person beginning a 
course of cold baths be examined by a competent physician. 

The best time for the hygienic cold bath is early in the morning, 
when the stomach is empty. It should not be of longer duration 
under ordinary circumstances than four or five minutes, and its 
effects may often be obtained in fifteen or twenty seconds. It is 
better not to lie in the water longer than ten seconds at a time. 
At the expiration of that period the patients should stand upright 
in the tub and rub the body vigorously with the hands. A few 
seconds under the shower-bath often answer the purpose of the 
cold bath, especially in cold weather. A momentary cold affusion 
to the skin after the ordinary warm bath will relieve the feeling of 
weariness and lassitude which sometimes follows the latter bath. 

Therapeutics of the Cold Bath. This bath is employed 
rather to maintain the health and hardiness of those already well 
than to heal the sick. It cannot be gainsaid that a quick cold 
bath, followed by a vigorous rubbing of the skin and a good reac- 
tion, affords a prophylactic influence against " catching cold" and 
all that the ill-used phrase means. Yet there are not a few dis- 
eased and disordered states of the system in which the judicious 
use of the cold bath may serve as a valuable auxiliary to other 
modes of treatment. 

We cannot here undertake an elaborate account of the various 
hydriatric uses of cold water. Its introduction as a therapeutic 
agent in typhoid fever by Ernest Brand in 1861 and its subsequent 
wide adoption for this purpose as well as for other conditions 
marked by a high temperature are well known. At this late day 
no observant practitioner of medicine who has thus employed the 
cold bath will deny its superlative merits over other methods of 
reducing the temperature, and the method requires no further 
words of defence or apology. The graduated bath, the cold pack, 
cold affusions, spongings, and compresses and frictions with ice, all 
act in the same manner as the cold bath, and depend for their 
efficacy upon their influence in abstracting heat from the body, 
and are useful in accordance with their ability to accomplish this 
purpose. Cold baths, however, are seldom used for their anti- 
febrile effects at spring resorts. The following remarks, therefore, 

1 This does not refer to the cool or temperate baths. 



70 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

will apply more especially to their employment in chronic diseases, 
to which alone spa treatment is, as a rule, applicable. 

Habitual constipation from atony of the muscular coats of the 
bowels, with a tendency to hemorrhoids and abdominal plethora, is 
sometimes materially benefited by the systematic use of cold baths. 
Chronic dyspepsia and catarrh of the stomach may be favorably 
influenced by the same means. Muscular pains and rheumatism 
may also be improved by this method, though, as a rule, warm 
and hot baths are preferred. In allaying the local irritation of 
urticaria, scabies, prickly heat, and other irritative skin troubles 
general cold baths may be highly grateful. It is even stated that 
psoriasis may be cured by their prolonged use. In anaemic states 
general cold applications have caused an apparent increase of the 
red blood-globules and haemoglobin. They are also of undoubted 
utility in cases of neurasthenia. Rickety, scrofulous, and ill- 
nourished children often revive speedily under the systematic use 
of carefully applied cold baths. Salt or sea-water is preferable 
for the bath in these cases. Even in phthisis a moderate use of 
the cold bath of a few seconds 7 duration often proves beneficial. 
The cold hip or sitz-bath may prove beneficial in certain cata- 
menial irregularities. Profuse menstruation may be checked by a 
cold hip-bath of three to five minutes' duration, but its application 
for this purpose should be undertaken only under the advice of a 
physician. Hysterical attacks may be prevented by systematic 
hip-baths, and some authors believe that diabetes insipidus may be 
arrested in the same way. Spermatorrhoea and nocturnal seminal 
emissions are often benefited by a cold hip-bath at bedtime. Dys- 
menorrhea, ovarian neuralgia, nymphomania, and other disorders 
of the female pelvic organs characterized by pain or nervous 
excitability may be treated with advantage by this bath. The 
various partial baths — viz., the foot-bath, the arm-bath, etc. — do 
not call for description here. 

The Temperate and the Tepid Bath. The temperate bath 
(60° to 85° F.) and the tepid bath (85° to 92° F.) are usually 
chosen for purposes of ordinary ablution. They abstract heat 
from the body and lower the pulse-rate in the same way that cold 
baths do. They entail little, if any, shock to the system, how- 
ever, and can be borne for a much longer period than the cold 
bath. These baths are useful, though in a lesser degree than the 
cold baths, in febrile states. They may be employed in feeble 
persons of low vitality where a colder bath would not be well 
borne. According to Baruch, 1 a lukewarm bath, 70° to 80° F., or 
beginning with 90° F. and gradually cooling, is valuable as a pelvic 
antipyretic, and may be employed with friction in utero-vaginal 
affections when not connected with pus formation. Prof. Leyden 2 

1 The Principles and Practice ot Hydrotherapy, 1898. 

2 Real Encyclopedia, Band xix. 



BATHS AND DOUCHES AND THEIR MEDICINAL USES. 71 

recommends baths of five to twenty minutes' duration at 86° to 
95° F. iu locomotor ataxia. He states that they cause a general 
improvement and invigoration of the system and a calming of the 
pain. Though no cures are observed, the beneficial effects of the 
baths cannot be questioned. 

The Warm Bath. (92° to 98° F.) Physiological Action. 
This is the bath of luxury par excellence, and is the one usually 
chosen by the timid, especially of the gentler sex. At most of the 
American thermal spas where the water issues from the ground at 
a high temperature the plunge baths and swimming pools are cooled 
down to a degree bringing them well within the classification of 
the warm baths. Under the influence of this bath a sense of calm 
enjoyment and tranquillity ensues. The respirations are diminished 
in frequency, the pulse- rate is lowered, and if the temperature of 
the water be less than 95° or 96° F. the heat of the body is in- 
variably diminished. The soothing, hypnotic influence of the 
warm bath is doubtless due to a contraction of the cerebral vessels, 
producing a temporary anaemia of the brain; but Heyermann and 
Krebs 1 appear to have shown that water at this temperature pos- 
sesses a direct local effect upon the peripheral cutaneous nerve- 
endings. The warm bath is undoubtedly the most favorable for 
the absorption of mineral substances, and exhalation from the skin 
is also increased by this temperature. This bath maybe prolonged 
with safety for a much greater period than either the cold or the 
hot bath, but its undue continuance daily for weeks in succession 
gives rise to an eruption termed by the French la poussee, and 
by the Germans the bad-sturm, or bath fever. The appearance 
of these symptoms is a warning that the bath is being overdone, 
and calls for a diminution in its frequency and duration. 

The ultimate physiological effect of a properly conducted warm 
bath may be described, then, as sedative, restorative, and mildly 
antipyretic. These results are practically the same as those 
derived from the cold bath, the difference resting chiefly in the 
manner of producing them — the cold bath being attended by shock 
and reaction, the warm bath being devoid of these processes. 

Therapeutics of the Warm Bath. While extensively resorted 
to for purposes of ablution and as a pastime, the warm bath does 
not possess so positive a therapeutic influence as the hot bath. Yet 
it may be found a valuable auxiliary in a number of diseased con- 
ditions. Aside from its sedative and mildly antipyretic influence in 
scarlet fever, infantile pneumonia, and other acute febrile diseases, 
it is recommended in a considerable range of chronic complaints, 
and is used at many spring resorts. It is believed by some ob- 
servers that the general reddening of the superficies produced by a 
warm bath has a derivative influence upon the deeper structures, 
and may thus tend to relieve visceral congestion. The fact of the 

1 Virchow's Archiv, Band i. Heft 1. 



72 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

development of a transient cerebral anaemia appears to have been 
well established, and some go so far as to maintain that a tempo- 
rary cessation of the bile formation may result from the withdrawal 
of blood from the liver. The warm bath is thus recommended in 
icterus, with the belief that the accumulated bile elements might 
be eliminated by the kidneys and skin. Various forms of hepatic 
hyperaemia may be benefited by this means. 

F. A. Hoffmann, of Leipsic, advocates its use in congestive 
states of the kidneys, although the hot bath is generally preferable 
in renal disease. A warm bath of short duration is safely borne 
in most cases of even advanced cardiac disease, and there is good 
reason for believing that the general dilatation of the superficial 
capillaries relieves the organ of some of its labor. The patient 
should dress in an adjoining room where the air is free from moist- 
ure, and should avoid too active friction with towels. A rest of 
fifteen to thirty minutes in the reclining position should follow the 
use of the bath. The warm bath is highly recommended by Hoff- 
mann in the anaemia complicating obesity as the most efficient 
remedy for withdrawing water from the system. The warm bath 
is of utility in subacute and chronic rheumatism, and in the form 
of the sitz-bath in painful bladder and uterine disorders, though in 
a less degree than a bath of higher temperature. As the warm 
and the hot bath merge into each other, and are often used in 
similar conditions, further discussion of the subject will be con- 
tinued in the next paragraph. 

The Hot Bath. (Temperature 98° to 106° F.) The heat of 
the hot bath may be regulated to some extent by the susceptibilities 
of the individual. Some persons shrink in dismay from a tem- 
perature of 100° F. , while others tolerate without inconvenience a 
degree of 106° F., or even higher. 

Physiological Action. This is entirely different from that 
produced by warm water. Its effects are rather of an excitant 
than a sedative character. The body-temperature is augmented, 
the pulse and respirations are increased in frequency, and the skin 
is reddened and congested. Exhalation from the surface and 
diaphoresis are markedly promoted, while absorption by the .skin 
occurs to a very slight, if any, degree. It is probable that cutane- 
ous absorption ceases altogether in water above 97° F. The 
secondary effects of the hot bath are liable to be of a depressing 
character. It is to be borne in mind that whereas the warm bath 
causes cerebral anaemia, the hot bath gives rise to a determination 
of blood to the head. It is, therefore, contraindicated in persons 
suffering from vertigo and a tendency to cerebral apoplexy. It 
should also be interdicted in organic disease of the heart or great 
vessels and in the hemorrhagic diathesis. 

Therapeutics. It is not consonant with the scope of this 
work to discuss the innumerable local uses of hot water in medi- 
cine and surgery. Its best application at our thermal springs and 



BATHS AND DOUCHES AND THEIR MEDICINAL USES. 73 

baths is found in the treatment of chronic rheumatism and gout, 
in the removal of chronic exudations from the joints, and in the 
manifestations of tertiary syphilis. Various local muscular pains 
and neuralgias are also favorably influenced. The thermal 
sulphur baths in some localities have attained a wide celebrity in 
the treatment of some of the obstinate squamous eruptions of the 
skin, more particularly eczema, psoriasis, and lichen. The hot hip- 
bath is useful in a variety of painful and irritative states of the 
pelvic viscera. In vesical tenesmus, retention of urine, dysmen- 
orrhea, ovarian neuralgia, and chronic inflammations of the uterus 
and adnexa the systematic use of the hot hip-bath is frequently 
attended by excellent results. The hot bath is very serviceable in 
infantile and ursemic convulsions and puerperal eclampsia, and in 
hepatic and renal colic, but it is seldom employed for these condi- 
tions at mineral springs. The hot bath as well as the warm bath is 
best taken early in the morning or in the evening before retiring. 
The bather should not expose himself to the open air for at least 
half an hour after the bath. 

For a full account of the therapeutic application of the sitz-bath, 
as well as the half-bath, the foot-bath, and other partial baths, the 
reader is referred to special works on hydro therapeutics. 

The Douche. This is an ancient method of applying water, and 
was in active use among the Romans. Through the labors of 
Charcot, Fleury, and others this hydriatric procedure has been 
greatly elaborated in France. In one form or another it will be 
found at all of the principal American spring resorts. To the or- 
dinary thermic action of the water upon the skin is added the 
mechanical influence of its impact against the body, which may be 
modified by regulating the size and number of the streams and the 
force with which they strike. The mechanical effect being instan- 
taneous, the douche may be used at a lower temperature than other 
baths. The colder the water and the more brief the application 
the more complete the reaction. Below 55° F. it should never be 
applied to one part of the body longer than one minute. In ac- 
cordance with the manner of projecting the water, douches have 
received various names. 

The ordinary shower-bath is a descending douche. The ascend- 
ing douche employed in diseases of the rectum, vagina, aud uterus, 
is formed by an elastic rubber tubiDg of convenient length 
attached to a reservoir containing the water, and terminated by 
metal tips perforated by one or many openings as the case may be. 
The water of these douches is usually tepid or warm. 

The ring or circular douche is a cylinder formed of coiled pipes 
rising one above the other to a height of six feet, and having a 
diameter of about two and one-half feet. These pipes are per- 
forated on the inside, and when the patient is within and the water 
turned on he is showered from every point of the circumference. 

The universal douche is a similar contrivance by which the 



74 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

patient is showered from every direction, above and below as well 
as on all sides. 

The fan douche is a metal tip spreading out like an ordinary fan, 
with openings at the distal end of the fan. 

The spout bath is a douche of great power. It is formed by an 
orifice of from one to two inches in diameter, from which the 
water is projected over and downward from a height of five or six 
feet. The patient, usually reclining on a slab, is placed under the 
stream, which flows, hot or cold, upon the diseased part. 

The Scotch douche consists of alternating streams of hot and cold 
water. 

The douche mobile is a movable douche, connected by a flexible 
rubber hose with the reservoir, which enables the attendant to 
direct the stream upon any part of the body. The size and 
number of the streams may be changed at will by screwing various 
nozzles upon the base. We may thus have a movable shower spout 
or a filiform douche, as desired. 

The rain bath is a form of douche in which the water is precipi- 
tated in fine streams from a height of not less than forty feet. 

Physiological Action of the Douche. According to 
Baruch, 1 this is as follows: The nervous centres are aroused, the 
respiratory acts are deepened, the circulation invigorated, and the 
secretions increased. Locally the douche may be described as prac- 
tically a thermic massage. It intensely excites the nervous and 
vascular structures and promotes the absorption of pathological 
products. 

Therapeutics. As a general invigorant the douche in its 
various forms excels all other hydriatric procedures in cases where 
muscular energy is in abeyance, whether this adynamia be primary 
or secondary to other conditions. The ergograph of Mosso, which 
registers automatically the muscular resistance, shows that the 
Scotch douche doubles, the rain bath trebles, and the ordinary tepid 
bath greatly increases the amount of work the muscles are capable 
of doing. It may, therefore, be employed to strengthen the 
muscles of feeble children and youths and to invigorate the lax 
fibres of men whom circumstances do not permit to indulge in 
normal exercise in the open air (Baruch). " In anaemia and 
chlorosis, in hypertrophies of the liver and spleen, in neuras- 
thenia of the depressed type with morbid introspection and 
melancholy ideas, and in gastric and other troubles requiring a 
heightening of muscular energy, in a word, in all those conditions 
in which an elevation of nerve-tone is demanded, we have in the 
douche a most powerful weapon for good, and, I may say, for 
evil." The closing words of this quotation fittingly call attention 
to the care and circumspection required in handling so potent an 
agent. The temperature, pressure, and duration of the current, 
as well as the constitutional peculiarities of the patient, demand the 
most careful consideration. 

1 The Uses of Water in Modern Medicine, 1892. 



CHAPTER X. 

BATHS AND DOUCHES AND THEIR MEDICINAL 
USES.— (Continued.) 

The Vapor Bath. This is prepared by saturating the atmosphere 
with hot steam. In the form of the Russian bath it is widely 
used in oar various bathing establishments and hydriatric insti- 
tutes. The bather enters a dressing-room or antechamber warmed 
to 90° or 95° F. After undressing he passes, lightly covered, 
into the bath-chamber, which contains on one side rows of cots or 
benches, one above the other, like the beds in a state-room. The 
temperature of the bath will vary with the altitude of the cot, the 
lowest being about 95° F., while the upper one may be as high as 
160° F. The room is saturated with moisture, and the bather on 
first entering might imagine himself surrounded by a dense fog. 
Owing to this moisture exhalation from the surface is at once 
effectually arrested, and this fact, added to the superheating of the 
air, renders the higher degrees of heat very oppressive, so that few 
bathers can tolerate a temperature above 120° or 125° F. The 
bather is made to lie on one of the benches, beginning with the 
lower temperatures and gradually increasing the heat by mounting 
to a higher bench. The first sensation on entering the room is one 
resembling suffocation, but after being subjected for some time to 
the influence of the hot, moist air, transpiration reaches its full 
activity, and the sensation is very pleasant. The attendant now 
comes and rubs the body vigorously with various irritating and 
cleansing substances, such as a hempen wisp, or the inner bark of 
a lime-tree previously soaked in soapsuds. He then holds the 
bather under a jet or shower-bath of ice-cold water. The skin 
being so intensely hot the sensation is very agreeable, and no fear 
of cold need be apprehended, provided the contact of cold be 
brief. The shock is severe, but is followed bv a feeling of great 
comfort. The duration of the bath for beginners is about fifteen 
miuutes, but old habitues may remain half an hour or even longer. 
In regular bathing establishments the bather goes, after the bath, to 
an adjoining room and reclines on a sofa or bed till cool, usually 
partaking of some warm drink. If copious perspiration is desired 
the patient is wrapped in blankets and reclines for a time before 
issuing forth. The Russians, however, often dress in the open air, 
and instead of using the jet of cold water go and roll themselves 
at once in the snow. 

Physiological Action. The hot vapor bath produces redden- 
ing and congestion of the surface, quickening of the pulse, fulness 



76 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

of the head, and a sensation of weight and oppression in the chest. 
The body temperature is undoubtedly elevated for the time being. 

A modified Russian bath is in use at a number of our spring 
resorts. The hot vapors and fumes, chiefly sulphurous, with a 
certain amount of steam from the water, are conducted into a suit- 
able apartment having a temperature ranging from 100° to 140° F. 
as desired. The patient remains in this chamber for a few seconds, 
or several minutes, as the case may be, and is afterward treated to 
a cold affusion or plunge. Care should be taken that no sulphur- 
ous or sulphuric anhydride is present in the vapor, as these gases- 
are poisonous. Several of the Rocky Mountain resorts possess 
natural caves or caverns of considerable size, the atmosphere of 
which is saturated at all times with hot sulphurous vapors, main- 
taining a temperature in the cave ranging in some cases as high 
as 110° or 120° F. The requisite auxiliary facilities have been 
provided at some of these resorts, and a very serviceable natural 
vapor bath is thus improvised. 

The Hot-air Bath. The form of hot-air bath now in use in this 
country as well as in Europe is known as the Turkish bath. The 
bather first enters the disrobing room, having a temperature of 
about 80°. After undressing he is supplied with a light gown and 
wooden-soled sandals. He next passes into a chamber having a 
floor of marble or slate, and walls of tile, known as the tepida- 
rium, and having a temperature of 120°. Here he reclines on a 
couch for a period ranging from ten to twenty minutes. He is 
next conducted into an apartment called the shampooing-room, 
having about the same temperature. Here he is placed on an ele- 
vated marble table, and the body in all portions is thoroughly 
rubbed, kneaded, and massaged by the attendant. From thence 
he is ushered into a very hot room, termed the caldarium, and 
having a temperature of 160° to 170° F., or, perhaps, even more. 
The walls and floors are here found to be burning to the touch, and 
the need of the sandals becomes apparent. Here the perspiration 
begins at once to break forth upon all parts of the body, and a 
pungent, burning sensation is experienced about the nostrils. After 
ten or twelve minutes the bather is again conducted to the sham- 
pooing-room and douched with warm water at 98°, and thor- 
oughly rubbed and flagellated with wisps of hemp or sea-grass, or 
with a fine, medium, or coarse, flesh-brush, at his own option. In 
some establishments an implement of antique pattern, known as 
the strigil, is still in use, and with this the attendant scrapes the 
body and extremities. The bather is next showered with cooler 
water at 90°, then douched with water at 70°, which causes a good 
deal of shock and terminates the bath. He is then led to the 
dressing-room, and after being thoroughly dried, reclines on a 
couch, enjoying the pleasurable " dolce far niente'''' condition in 
which he finds himself. This is the hot-air bath usually described 
in works on balneotherapeutics. In Turkey, however, it appears 



BATHS AND DOUCHES AND THEIR MEDICINAL USES. 77 

that the chambers are not heated so high, the temperature of the 
caldariurn not being above 105° F. The technique of the bath 
varies somewhat at the different resorts and sanitariums in this 
country. The following account of a tour of one of the most 
modern and elegant bathing establishments in New York may be 
•of interest : 

" Entering the beautiful marble vestibule to the baths, you step 
into a cosey office and place your money and valuables in a large 
envelope, which you seal and place your name on. The clerk locks 
this up in a compartment of the vault and gives yon the key, 
together with the key to your dressing-room, attached to a rubber 
ring, which slips on your wrist. The attendant shows you to 
your dressing-room, which is one of the many openings out of the 
main hall, or large cooling-room, like state-rooms on a steamboat. 
When disrobed and ready for your bath, with a wrap about the 
loins, you are led down a short flight of steps to the first hot 
room, the temperature of which is 135° F. Here you remain, 
lounging or reading, until the pores of the body are opened 
sufficiently to induce a free perspiration. Adjoining this room is 
one in which the heat is increased to 165°, and into this you are 
taken if you do not perspire profusely enough in the first room. 
After leaving the hot-room you can, if you choose, enter the steam 
or Russian bath, which is kept at a temperature of 110° or 112° F. 
(a majority of bathers make use of this room for a few minutes). 
After receiving the benefits of the steam-room you are taken to 
the first massage-room. Here, in a temperature of 110°, you are 
thoroughly manipulated aud scrubbed with brush and soap. After 
this external purification follows a shower-bath, which, beginning 
with warm water, to thoroughly cleanse the body of soap, becomes 
gradually cooler until the temperature of the plunge is reached. 
The tank-room is spacious and beautifully appointed. The 
marble-tiled floors and richly decorated walls, the graceful palms, 
and musical drip and spatter of the water fulfil the conceptions of 
the luxurious baths of the Roman Empire. Tn the centre of the 
room is the great oblong tank, over fifty feet in length and almost 
twenty feet in width. Steps descend into the water at either end, 
and the sloping bottom of the pool affords graduated depths for 
the swimmer. The temperature of the water is 70°, and a sudden 
plunge into it is stimulating and exhilarating. Electric lights, 
located under the water, diffuse a luminous glow through it, 
and add to the pleasure of the swim. After disporting yourself 
for a while in the tank, you may, if you so desire, enter the 
needle shower-room, which is fitted up with a liver spray, a jet, a 
douche, and other appliances for special needs. By this time you 
^,re ready for the drying-room, and here, in a temperature of 90°, 
you are rubbed dry with soft Turkish towels. In the second 
massage-room you recline on a leather couch and receive a thorough 
rub with alcohol or cologne. As the strong, supple fingers of the 



78 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

attendant pass swiftly, but lightly, over the body, a sense of com- 
fort and repose is the immediate result. . . . Retiring to the 
spacious cooling-room upstairs, where the temperature is 80°, you 
are wrapped in Turkish bath-robes and placed on a reclining 
couch, where you may enjoy a cigar, a cup of the best French 
coffee, or, better still, a refreshing nap." 

In some hydriatric establishments hot air or vapor cabinets are 
provided for those who, for any reason, are disqualified from in- 
haling the superheated atmosphere of the bath. Both Turkish and 
Russian baths are contraindicated in organic disease of the heart 
or bloodvessels, lungs or brain, and in all acute diseases. They 
are to be used with circumspection by stout, full-blooded persons, 
and especially by those having a tendency to vertigo or fulness in 
the head. 

Physiological Action of the Turkish Bath. The higher 
temperatures of the Turkish bath produce a smallness and fre- 
quency of the pulse, a feeling of tightness and constriction in the 
forehead, and in beginners a slight smarting and itching of the 
entire body. There is a pungent, burning sensation about the 
nostrils, and the skin feels hot. The pulse soon becomes fuller, 
although still quick, while the temporal and other superficial 
arteries throb. The skin is soon covered by a profuse perspiration, 
and the mouth may be dry. The first effects of the Turkish bath 
may be somewhat depressing, especially in those unaccustomed to 
it, but it must be confessed that the old habitue enjoys every 
moment, from the time he enters the first hot-room until he 
saunters forth into the open air again to renew his vocation in 
the busy outside world. 

Therapeutics of the Russian and Turkish Baths. Both of 
these baths are superlatively cleansing and probably contribute to 
the general well-being by promoting the activity of the skin. By 
virtue of their stimulating influence on the skin they relieve some 
of the labor of the kidneys, and may thus become valuable auxilia- 
ries in renal affections, especially when the urine is scanty and of 
high specific gravity. They are also of considerable benefit in 
conditions due to the uric-acid diathesis, notably in chronic rheu- 
matism, chronic articular gout, sciatica, lumbodynia, and in eczema 
and psoriasis. It has seemed to the author that while these baths 
are followed by a most grateful result in chronic rheumatism with 
painful, stiffened joints, yet their influence is only temporary, and 
it is important at the same time to keep the patient fortified with 
salicylates or alkalies. The Turkish bath is very beneficial in 
wakefulness, and often induces a refreshing sleep in persons whose 
minds are disturbed by business cares and anxiety. It has also 
been found advantageous in some cases of obstinate dyspepsia 
where other measures have failed. It is further a very useful 
aid in the treatment of diabetes, torpidity of the liver, and func- 
tional jaundice. Hot steam-baths may be used with advantage in 



BATHS AND DOUCHES AND THEIR MEDICINAL USES. 79 

catarrhal affections of the nose, throat, and bronchi, and even in 
the incipient stages of non-heinorrhagic phthisis. 

The Roman bath is simply an application of massage with the 
use of unguents, either with or without the Turkish bath. It 
affords the invigorating results of moderate muscular exercise 
without the fatigue usually attendant upon walking, riding, or work 
in the gymnasium. 

Electro-thermal and Magnetic Baths. Patients are often treated 
while in the bath by means of the galvanic or faradic electrical 
current. It is believed that the moisture upon the surface (water 
being an excellent conductor) facilitates the operation of the electric 
current upon the nerve-centres and greatly augments the ordinary 
therapeutic efficacy of this agent. It was once supposed that several 
mineral springs in different parts of the United States were 
naturally charged with magnetism from the earth. It has long 
since been learned, however, that the magnetic phenomena observed 
in the water were due to accidental circumstances, although several 
well-known springs still retain the name of (i magnetic. " (Vide 
Springs of Michigan.) 

The soda bath is simply a bath containing a large percentage of 
chloride of sodium or common salt. 

The Mud or Moor Bath. Mud bathing, or terratherapy, is of 
ancient origin. Ample evidences exist to show that it was in com- 
mon use among the American aborigines. At a number of our 
spring resorts the earth surrounding the fountains becomes more or 
less saturated with the mineral ingredients of the water. It may 
be of sufficient heat and of proper consistency to apply directly to 
the skin; but at most places it is placed in a large vat and mixed 
with the mineral water, either naturally or artificially heated, until 
it becomes plastic. The patient then immerses himself in this hot 
mineral mud, or reclines on a table and is plastered with it by an 
attendant. The bath may vary in duration from a few minutes to 
several hours. The mud, being a low conductor of heat, may be 
used at a higher temperature than water. It is said that 120° F. 
is well borne. The patient now enters a warm-water bath, where 
he is thoroughly cleansed, rubbed, and dried, and in some cases 
treated to a cold shower-bath or other cold affusion. 

Physiological Action of the Mud Bath. It was once sup- 
posed that the mud applied in this way absorbed toxic and detri- 
mental material, such as uric acid, metallic poisons, etc., from the 
skin. This theory, however, has been abandoned. Nor, indeed, 
is it probable that the constitution of the mud materially influences 
its action, which is essentially that of a universal hot poultice. Its 
chief effects are shown in a lively excitation of the skin, followed 
by free perspiration. 

Therapeutics. In localities where mud-baths are in vogue it 
is claimed that they are of great benefit in chronic rheumatism, 
stiff joints, old glandular swellings, and in chronic diseases of the 



SO MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

skin. They are also recommended in chronic hypertrophic states 
of the liver and spleen, in renal diseases, and in old inflammations 
involving the uterus, ovaries, and bladder. The mud bath is 
sometimes used locally in the form of a knee-bath, a foot-bath, or 
an arm-bath. 

The Peat Bath. This bath is still in high favor at several of 
the European spas, notably at Franzensbad. Peat consists of a 
dense mass of decomposed stalks and roots, the product of the 
decomposition undergone by vegetable growths flourishing in 
shallow, standing mineral water, in the absence of atmospheric 
oxygen and at a moderate and equable temperature. Every 
autumn the peat is dug up by means of specially constructed 
machines, and thrown upon the slope of a hill, where it lies for 
months, undergoing a process of oxidation, daring which the 
sulphurets are converted into sulphates, while out of the organic 
constituents are formed the final products of dry distillation, such 
as formic, acetic, and humic acids. The dry or Aveathered peat is 
ground in mills constructed for the purpose, and the baths are 
prepared by mixing it with hot mineral water and stirring it vigor- 
ously. A peat bath should invariably be followed by a bath of 
mineral water, using soap, bran, or other substances to secure 
perfect cleanliness. 

Physiological Action of the Mineral Peat Bath. On 
the one hand it is sedative and tonic, and on the other hand it is 
stated to be absorbent and antimycetic. According to Prof. 
Frerichs, it is of great value in glandular enlargements, exu- 
dative contractions, chronic rheumatism, sciatica, and other affec- 
tions. 'It is often used in the form of the half-bath, the hip- 
bath, the foot-bath, and in the form of fomentations to local, painful 
conditions. 

The Carbonic -acid Bath. In many of our mineral springs car- 
bonic anhydride is an abundant and important gaseous ingredient. 
Its physiological effects upon the skin are readily appreciated by 
the bather. The regular carbonic-acid bath, however, is prepared 
by collecting the air in an impervious box, in which the bather 
remains seated, while the head is in the outer air, precautions being 
taken that not enough of the gas escapes from the box to injure 
the patient. The acid produces on the skin a lively sensation of 
warmth with redness and formication, attended by a diminished 
pulse-rate and coldness of the feet. The bath is followed by a 
sense of vigor and activity. 

Carbonic-acid baths have been found useful in recent paralysis, 
neuralgia, and rheumatism. They are also recommended by 
Frerichs in sexual neurasthenia, in various nervous disturbances 
characterized by local anaesthesia and hyperesthesia, and in reflex 
and hysterical paralysis. The gas is also used locally in throat and 
other troubles by means of apparatus devised for the purpose. 

The Kneipp System. A word of explanation regarding the 



BATHS AND DOUCHES AND THEIR MEDICINAL USES. 81 

" Kneipp Cure," devised by a priest of Bavaria, may be admissible 
here. The Kneipp system embraces certain hydriatric procedures, 
the use of simple household remedies, and a regulation of the mode 
of life. In order to u strengthen the nervous system " the patient 
is instructed to bathe his feet in cold water, or, better still, to take 
regular early morning walks barefooted od the dew-covered grass. 
This is, perhaps, the most striking feature of the system, but 
Kneipp also employs the cold pack, the warm bath, cold affusions, 
and other hydrotherapeutic methods. 

The sun bath and the sand bath, as well as other procedures 
which might be termed balneary, hardly warrant a description here. 

Schott-Nauheim Treatment. 1 This chapter would not be com- 
plete, however, without a brief reference to the bath and graduated 
exercise treatment of chronic heart disease, inaugurated at Nau- 
heim by the Messrs. Schott Brothers, and known as the Schott- 
Nauheim Treatment. The following table shows the composition 
of the waters of the two principal springs now in use at Nauheim, 
taken from Eulenberg's Real Encydopadie der Gesammten Heil- 
kunde : 

SPRINGS OF NAUHEIM. 

One U. S. gallon 
contains : 
Solids 
Sodium chloride .... 
Potassium chloride .... 
Calcium chloride .... 
Magnesium chloride 
Calcium sulphate .... 
Calcium carbonate .... 
Iron carbonate .... 

Total 

Carbonic acid (free) 
Temperature of water 

In accordance with the classification adopted for this work these 
waters may be denominated as strong muriated-saline carbonated 
waters with ferruginous properties. It will be observed that they 
are also thermal. The springs spout forth in foaming white cur- 
rents only thirty-two feet apart, high above the surface of the 
ground. They are connected with five bath-houses, four in the 
immediate neighborhood and a fifth at a little distance from the 
others. Drinking of the water plays but a secondary part, but 
their internal use is of some value in gouty conditions and disorders 
of the liver. We are informed that the baths at Nauheim regulate 
the action and improve and strengthen the nutrition of the diseased 

1 Vide article by Dr. W. C. Rives in Foster's Reference Book of Practical Therapeutics, 1897, 
vol. ii. p. 419. 

2 In the original analysis the quantitative estimates are made in parts per thousand. The 
carbonic acid gas is expressed in cubic centimetres, presumably cubic centimetres per litre, 
which would be equivalent to so many parts per thousand, in conformity with the other 
chemical contents. 

6 



Friedrich Wil- 


Grosser 


helm's Quelle. 


Sprudel. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


. 1707.84 


1272.73 


65.22 


28.97 


187.95 


99.11 


30.60 


25.65 


2.04 


1.98 


151.63 


137.23 


2.79 


2.21 


. 2148.07 


1567.88 


160.52 2 


197.65 2 


98.5° F. 


88.8° F. 



82 MINERAL WATERS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES. 

heart, whether depending upon valvular lesions or upon malnutri- 
tion or disease of the muscular structure of the organ. These 
results are stated to be due to the chloride of sodium, the more irri- 
tating chloride of calcium, and to the free carbonic acid, of which, 
as we have seen, the water contains large quantities. During the 
bath there is a slowing of the pulse, with increased volume and 
strength, and irregularity, if any exists, is lessened or disappears. 
These effects do not appear at once, but persist for a considerable 
period after the bath. 

The baths may be called cool, being used at 92° or 93° F. at first, 
and gradually lowered to 87° or a little less toward the end of the 
course. Even at 92° the water imparts a distinct feeling of chilli- 
ness as the patient enters the bath. From five to eight minutes as 
the initial limit, the baths gradually reach a duration of twenty 
minutes, the time beiug increased cautiously with the progress of 
the treatment and the improvement of the patient's condition. 
The quality and rate of the pulse furnish the most reliable index 
to the action of the baths. The light exercise, or gymnastics, as 
the Messrs. Schott choose to term this part of their cardiac thera- 
peutics, is a very simple but exceedingly important adjunct to 
the baths. The individuality of this treatment lies in the applica- 
tion of counter-resistance made by an attendant trained for that 
purpose. It is important that the movements be performed slowly 
and steadily, that they be interrupted by short periods of repose, 
and that the effort exerted by the patient be not so great as to cause 
embarrassment of respiration or undue acceleration of the pulse. 
These exercises exert an effect on the heart and circulation similar 
to that of the baths, and, therefore, supplement and reinforce the 
balneary treatment. This method, however, is strongly contra- 
indicated in degenerative changes of the bloodvessels and myo- 
cardium. They should not be used, for example, in aneurism and 
advanced arterio-sclerosis, nor in acute softening or advanced fatty 
degeneration of the heart. 1 

Artificial Nauheim baths may be prepared, as Dr. John Broad- 
bent points out, by the use of sea-water which contains a large 
proportion of chloride of sodium. For the production of carbonic 
acid a suitable proportion of commercial muriatic acid and bicar- 
bonate of sodium, or chalk, may be used. A mixture of the 
bicarbonate and bisulphate of sodium has also been suggested for 
this purpose. A preparation known as the Nauheim muiterlauge 
(mother-lye) is also on the market. It is the uncrystallizable 
liquid remaining in the manufacture of salt at Nauheim, and is 
said to be coming into favor for the artificial production of the 
baths. Many of our American springs contain the requisite ingre- 
dients for these baths, and the Nauheim treatment has been adopted 
at several home resorts. 

1 For a complete exposition of the Schott method see work by W. Bezley Thorne : The Schott 
Method of the Treatment of Chronic Diseases of the Heart. London, 1895. 



PART II. 

THE MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 



ALABAMA. 



Alabama extends from 30° 12' to 35° north latitude, and from 
84° 55' to 88° 35' west longitude, and is in the same latitude as 
Palestine, Northern Africa, Central China, and Southern Japan. 

Although much of the surface has been cleared for cultivation, 
large forests of hickory, poplar, chestnut, oak, mulberry, and 
other deciduous trees still cover the northern portion of the State, 
while in the south the magnolia, live oak, and other subtropical 
evergreens flourish, and the river bottoms are lined with cane- 
brakes and cotton-wood trees. 

The climate is warm and semi-tropical. The uplands are 
healthy, but in the low-lying districts malarial, bilious, and con- 
gestive fevers are common. The northern portion is considerably 
colder than the southern, which is accounted for more by its greater 
elevation than from its higher latitude. The Alleghany range 
stretches into the northern part, but the elevation is nowhere 
great. The mean annual temperature, as observed at Auburn, 
near the geographical centre of the State, is 62.37° F. The mean 
annual temperature in the valley of the Tennessee River is 60°, 
and in the extreme south about 69°. 

The rainfall of the State is quite noteworthy, averaging 63 
inches, which is distributed with tolerable regularity through the 
four seasons. 

The beautiful Tennessee River drains the northern part of the 
State. Entering at the northeast, it makes a broad sweep of 
about 280 miles, and forms for a short distance the northwest 
boundary, before re-entering Tennessee, on its way to join the Ohio 
at Paducah, Ivy. The central and southern portions of the State 
are well watered by the Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers and 
numerous smaller streams. The rate of mortality in the State as 
computed from the last United States census was 13.81 per 1000 
of population. The total number of deaths from consumption for 



84 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

1890 was 216, which was at the rate of 1.43 per 1000 of popula- 
tion, or 103.50 per 1000 of total deaths. 

The mineral springs of Alabama are quite numerous, although 
but few of the waters are used commercially. In Peale's list 1 
upward of twenty localities are mentioned as places of resort. 
Walton describes three, and Bell mentions three localities. In 
common with most of the Southern States, many of the spring 
resorts of Alabama have been allowed to languish in consequence 
of the war, and are now in a practically obsolete condition. 

As a result of extended personal investigation, supplemented by 
correspondence with every locality described as a resort in the 
reports of the State and National Geological Surveys, the author 
has succeeded in obtaining recent information from ten localities. 
It is probable that this list fairly represents the spring resorts in 
use at the present day. It will be seen that chalybeate and sul- 
phureted springs predominate, the latter especially in the northern 
counties whose rocks belong to the subcarboniferous limestones. 
Artesian wells are quite numerous in the region underlaid by the 
rotten limestone of the Cretaceous period. Many of these wells 
are said to be highly charged with salts of iron, lime, magnesia, and 
soda, although but few analyses have been made. Pursuing the 
alphabetical order, the mineral springs of Alabama may be described 
as follows: 

BAILEY SPRINGS, 

Lauderdale County. 

Post-office, Bailey Springs. Springs Hotel. Access via Mem- 
phis and Charleston R. R. from east or west; also via the L. & N". 
P. R. from the north, and the Sheffield and Birmingham R. R. 
from the south; also by all steamboats on the Tennessee River. 
Tickets should be taken to Florence, Alabama, nine miles distant 
by carriage or stage. 

The Bailey Springs have been used as a resort for upward of 
fifty years. They are located in a picturesque little valley sur- 
rounded by a semicircular range of hills and interspersed by many 
leafy arcades and rocky points. 

The moss-banked stream, a short distance from the springs, 
known as Shoal Creek, is utilized by frequenters of the springs 
for boating and fishing. The hotel buildings are comfortable, 
old-fashioned structures situated on the summit of the hill, about 
300 feet above the level of Shoal Creek. They have recently been 
thoroughly overhauled and brought up to modern requirements. 
The springs are seven in number and are known as the " Rock," 
"Brick," "Sulphur," " Freestone, " « Soda," "Alum," and 
"Sour Iron" springs. The following qualitative analysis of the 

1 Bulletin 32, United States Geological Survey. 



ALABAMA. 



85 



first three was made some years since under the auspices of the 
Boston Journal of Chemistry. 1 

BAILEY SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-chalybeate. 



Bock Spring. 
Magnesium. 
Calcium. 
Sodium. 
Chlorine. 

Chlorine peroxide. 
Silica. 
Potassium. 
Carbonic acid. 
Ammonia, a trace. 



Brick Spring. 
Carbonic acid. 
Sulphureted hydrogen 

gas. 
Sodium carbonate. 
Magnesium carbonate. 
Potassium carbonate. 
Sodium chloride. 
Iron oxide. 



Sulphur Spring. 
Magnesium. 
Calcium. 

Sulphur peroxide. 
Chlorine. 
Iron. 
Silica. 
Sodium. 
Carbonic acid. 
Ammonia. 



A more complete quantitative analysis is required in order to 
establish their proper classification. 

The " Rock " Spring from the above analysis might be designated 
as an alkaline, and the last two as alkaline-chalybeate springs. 
The waters are recommended for renal disease attended by 
dropsy, for dyspepsia, and for ansemia and general debility. 
They are believed to possess sedative effects upon the nervous 
system, and in virtue of this action are prescribed in cases of 
restlessness and insomnia due to alcoholism, overwork, anxiety, etc. 

The "Alum ?? Spring has acquired considerable reputation in the 
local treatment of skin affections, ulcerations, and inflammatory 
affections of the eye. 

BLADON SPRINGS, 
Choctaw County. 

Post-office, Bladon Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access via 
Mobile and Birmingham R. R. to Carson Station, thence twenty- 
nine miles by hack to Springs; also, by Mobile and Ohio R. R. to 
Buckatunna, Miss., thence twenty-eight miles by stage or hack; 
also by steamer from Mobile, Tuesday and Saturday service. 
There is also a biweekly southbound steamer service from Demop- 
olis. The springs are four miles from the steamer landing on the 
Tombigbee River. 

For upward of thirty years the Bladon Springs have been a 
favorite resort for the best people of Alabama and the neighboring 
Gulf States. The steady influx of visitors of late years renders 
it necessary to keep the hotel open all the year. 

The location is about eighty miles from the Gulf as the crow 
flies, and about 170 feet above tide-water. The climate is mild 
and equable, the mean annual temperature being 75° F. The 



Furnished to the author by Dr. W. A. Moody, of Florence, Ala. 



$6 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

nights are delightfully cool, averaging about 65° F. after 8 o'clock 
during July and August. The surrounding country is hilly and 
heavily wooded with pines, and excellently adapted for thorough 
drainage. The resort offers abundant inducement for those wishing 
to | escape the rigors of a Northern winter. Game is abundant 
during the fall and winter months, and it is said that deer are 
killed within a mile of the hotel. 

We are indebted to Dr. Showalter, of the Springs, for the fol- 
lowing anlysis: 

BLADON SPRINGS. 

A Ikaline-carbonated. 



One U. S. gallon 


Vichy- 


Branch 


Sulphur 


Old 


contains : 


Spring. 


Spring. 


Spring. 


Spring. 


Solids. 


J. L. & W. 


J.L. &W. 


J. L & W. 


R. P. 


P. Riddell. 


P. Riddell. 


P. Riddell. 


Brumby 


Sodium carbonate 


46.33 


41.21 


34.93 


32.89 


Magnesium carbonate . 


. 0.29 


0.61 


0.65 


1.36 


Calcium carbonate 


0.87 


2.14 


2 42 


2.75 


Iron carbonate . 


0.49 


0.23 


0.76 


0.02 


Calcium sulphate 


2.25 


2.79 


2.96 




Iron sulphate 








0.24 


Sodium chloride . 








7.69 


Strontia 








0.32 


Silica .... 








2.10 


Organic matter . 


2.26 


1.90 


1.25 


, . 


Crenic acid . 








0.75 


Hypocrenic acid . 








0.60 


Total 


52 49 


48.88 


42.97 


48 72 


Gases. 


Cubic 


Cubic 


Cubic 


Cubic 


inches. 


inches. 


inches. 


inches. 


Carbonic acid 


65.44 


59.20 


52.88 


32.56 


Sulphureted hydrogen 






0.56 




Chlorine 


L84 


1.84 


1.84 




Total 


67.28 


61.04 


55.28 


32.56 



The waters are of the alkaline type, quite plentifully charged 
with carbonic acid. They are useful in chronic indigestion, in the 
syphilitic cachexia, in advanced nephritis, diabetes mellitus, and 
rheumatism. 

BLOUNT SPRINGS, 1 

Blount County. 

Post-office, Blount Springs. Hotel. Access via Alabama and 
Chattanooga B. B., also via Louisville and Nashville B. B. to 
Ely ton. 

The Springs are about thirty miles northwest from this station. 



1 From Walton and the United States Geological Reports. No recent reports of these springs 
obtainable. 



ALABAMA. 



87 



The waters of Blount Springs maybe classed as saline-sulphureted. 
The springs are six in number, and are located in a triangular 
valley, 1580 feet above the sea level. 



BLOUNT MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Saline-sulphureted. 



One U. S. gallon 






No. 1. 


Sweet 


Spring 


contains : Red Spring. 


Spring. 


No. 4. 


Solids. R. T. Brumby. 


Brumby. 


Summers 


Magnesium carbonate . . . 4.40 


3.60 


9.40 


Calcium carbonate . 






6.80 


4.48 


5.72 


Barium carbonate . 










0.91 


Iron carbonate 






1*9*2 


1.12 


3.19 


Sodium sulphate 












Magnesium sulphate 






1.6*0 


2.40 




Calcium sulphate . 










1.27 


Calcium phosphate 










Trace. 


Potassium chloride . 










7.07 


Sodium chloride 






. 32*3*2 


30*88 


23.21 


Magnesium chloride 






6.00 




2.04 


Iodides . 












Magnesium iodide . 










0.14 


Magnesium bromide 










0.16 


Lithium . 










Trace. 


Alumina . 










Trace. 


Silica 










2.44 


Sulphur . 












Total . . . . . 53.04 


42.48 


55.55 


Oasps Cubic 
tjases - inches. 


Cubic 


Cubic 


inches. 


inches. 


Carbonic acid .... 6.00 


6.00 


4.72 


Sulphureted hydrogen . . . 14.96 


12.56 


30.67 


Oxygen . . . . . ... 

Nitrogen 


::} 


7.08 


CHANDLER SPRINGS, 






Tali 


,ADI 


:ga 


County. 







Post-office, Chandler Springs. Hotel. These springs are located 
in a picturesque region twelve miles southeast of the city of Talla- 
dega, from which they are reached by stage. The line of survey 
of the Macon and Birmingham R. R. passes within half a mile of 
the location. 

The place has been used as a health resort since 1838, and prior 
to that time the waters of the springs were employed by the abo- 
rigines. Many medicinal plants used by the Indians grow in the 
neighborhood. 

The elevation of the springs is about 1000 feet above the sea- 
level. The prevailing summer weather is bright and clear. The 
average summer temperature ranges from 60° to 85° F. ; winter, 
25° to 40°. 



88 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The surrounding country is of a mountainous character, a spur 
of the Blue Ridge approaching to within a distance of one mile. 
The springs are three in number and yield an abundant flow of 
water, having a temperature in summer of 58° or 60° F. No 
analysis has been made, but the waters are probably alkaline and 
contain a trace of iron. 

Therapeutics. Chandler Springs are resorted to by those 
suffering from obstinate lumbago, sciatica, rheumatism, renal and 
bladder disorders, and dyspepsia. 

COFFEE SPRINGS, 
Geneva County. 

Post-office, Coffee Springs. Hotel. From Geneva, the county 
seat of Geneva County, ten miles distant from the Springs by 
stage, or by Alabama Midland E. R. to Ozark, thirty miles dis- 
tant by private conveyance. 1 

In years gone by the Coffee Springs enjoyed a great reputation 
among the people of Central and South Alabama, but, sharing in 
the general decline of this region incident to the Civil War, they 
have lost much of their old-time prominence. Improvements are 
under contemplation, however, which it is hoped will restore the 
resort to something like its former attractiveness and place in pop- 
ular esteem. 

The springs are located in a rolling stretch of country, sixty 
miles north of the Gulf coast and about 1000 feet above the sea- 
level. 

The summer weather is generally clear, and the mercury seldom 
rises above 90° F. The winters are very mild, with occasional 
light frosts, but very little ice. The flow of water is estimated at 
about 100 gallons per minute from two large and several smaller 
springs. 

According to an old and incomplete analysis, the water contains 
sulphur, magnesia, lime, iron, and alum. 

We are informed by Dr. Frank Heath, of Coffee Springs, that 
the waters are highly prized in renal, hepatic, and gastric dis- 
orders, and in chronic rheumatism. 

HEALING SPRINGS, 

Washington County. 

Post-office, Healing Springs. Numerous cottages. Access: Buy 

ticket to Buckatunna, Miss., on the Mobile and Ohio K. R., 

seventy miles north of Mobile; then take hack to Springs, fourteen 
miles east. 

1 According to a recent map the West Florida and Northern Railroad now passes through 
Coffee Springs. 



ALABAMA. 89 

These springs were discovered in 1870, and have since attained 
considerable prominence as a health resort. The surface of the 
country about the springs is broken by high ridges and slopes, and 
covered by the long-leaved yellow pine. The soil is sandy, and 
the location has an elevation of about 400 feet above tide-water. 
Like all resorts in this latitude, the winters are mild, the temper- 
ature seldom dropping below the freezing-point. The summers are 
not exceptionally hot, the mercury almost always sinking to 68° 
or 70° F. at night. During a recent summer the highest temper- 
ature observed was 92°. 

The springs are eleven (11) in number, but only four are much 
used. The " Creek " Spring boils up in the centre of a small 
stream and flows about eight gallons per minute. It is said to 
contain lithia, iron, and a trace of arsenic. "Mound" Spring, 
yielding thirteen and a half gallons per minute, issues from a 
small mound five or six feet higher than the ground around it. 
Iron, magnesia, lithia, and sulphur are said to be among its ingre- 
dients. " McCarty" Spring, supplying seven gallons per minute, 
is supposed to contain an acid of some kind and also iron. Its 
waters are used extensively for chronic diarrhoea. "Scholes" 
Spring contains iron and sulphur. Many varieties of skin affec- 
tion, chronic renal diseases, and disorders of the bladder, alimentary 
tract, and liver, are said to receive benefit from the waters of the 
Healing Springs. 

HOWARD SPRINGS, 

Lauderdale County. 

Post-office, Florence. Hotels at Florence. These Springs are 
located one and a half miles from the Tennessee River, and half a 
mile from Florence at the junction of the Memphis and Charleston 
and Louisville and Nashville Railroads. 

The river is navigable for ten months of the year. Florence 
has a population of 8000, and possesses abundant hotel facilities. 

The climate in this neighborhood is mild and equable and not 
subject to sudden changes. In 1890 the highest temperature was 
89.5°; lowest, 64° F. The average summer temperature ranges 
from 79° to 84°, and the nights are almost always cool, requiring 
light blankets. The usual winter temperature ranges from 54° to 
58° during the day, and from 40° to 48° at night. The coldest 
weather ever known in Florence was in January, 1893, when the 
mercury fell to 9.5° above zero. 

The elevation is about 1100 feet above the sea-level, and the 
surrounding country is gently undulating.* 

The springs are three in number. No quantitative analysis has 
been made, but according to an old qualitative examination by 
Prof. Tuomey, State Geologist, Spring No. 1 contains : 



90 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Hydrochloric acid. Iron carbonate. 

Sulphuric acid Alum. 

Sulphurous acid. Magnesia. 
Calcium carbonate. 

Another spring is said to contain ferric alum in large propor- 
tions, and has considerable reputation in the treatment of diarrhoea 
and dysentery. The third spring, about 500 feet distant from No. 
1, contains sulphur, and is used in skin diseases. The waters of 
No. 1 have had an extensive reputation in the treatment of Bright' s 
disease, diabetes, and other disorders. For various reasons these 
springs have been more or less neglected since the Civil War. 

LIVINGSTON ARTESIAN WELL, 
Sumter County. 

Post-office, Livingstou. Hotels. Livingston, the county-seat 
of Sumter County, is located on the Alabama Great Southern R. 
R., a part of the Queen and Crescent route operating, with numer- 
ous connections, between Cincinnati, Ohio, and New Orleans, La. 

The town is situated on a sandy plateau with perfect under- 
drainage. The climate at Livingston furnishes a fair type of 
the atmospheric conditions prevailing in central Alabama. The 
warmest weather recorded by standard Signal Service instruments 
for many summers has been 97°, and this elevation has been very 
rare. The coldest weather noted in winter has been 20° above 
zero. The average temperature of the year is 63°, and the average 
rainfall 56 inches. 

Geologically, the well is located at the extreme southern outcrop 
of the cretaceous limestone, which forms the basis of the rich belt 
of prairie land extending through middle Alabama. It pierces the 
entire thickness of the limestone stratum to reach the underlying 
sandstone formation in which the water is procured. 

The depth of the well is 1087 feet, and the flow of water one 
gallon per minute. It was bored with a view to obtaining a supply 
of good drinking water, but it proved decidedly saline, and at first 
the venture was thought to have been a useless expenditure of time 
and money. By degrees, however, the citizens began to use it, and 
though at first disagreeable to the taste, it soon became a favorite 
beverage. Certain medicinal effects were observed, especially in 
dyspepsia and chronic bowel disorders, and little by little the well 
finally acquired considerable local celebrity. The water is beauti- 
fully clear and limpid and effervesces actively when drawn from 
the spout. The specific gravity of the water is 1003, and its tem- 
perature, which does not vary at any season, is 68° F. 

From a circular issued by the town authorities we have obtained 
the following analysis by an unnamed chemist: 



ALABAMA. 



91 



LIVINGSTON ARTESIAN WELL 

Saline-carbonated. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 
Solids. 
Silicic acid and silicates 
Iron bicarbonate 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Iron percbloride 
Magnesium chloride 
Calcium chloride . 
Potassium chloride . 
Sodium chloride 
Strontium chloride . 
Sodium bromide 

Total . 



Gases. 
Free carbonic acid (in solution) 
Carbonic acid in combination as carbonates 



Grains. 
1.14 
0.20 
2 32 
7.14 
0.19 
1.84 
2.98 
0.33 
295.43 
Trace. 
0.98 

. 31255 

Cubic inches. 
. 21.47 
9.32 



Total gases 30.79 

As may be inferred from its composition, this water possesses 
aperient, tonic, and diuretic properties. It is said, furthermore, 
to have decided alterative influences on the economy. According 
to Dr. R. D. Webb, of Livingston, who has made a special study 
of this water for many years, it is highly beneficial in cases of 
chlorosis, malarial anaemia, affections involving the alimentary 
tract, the kidneys, and the bladder, and in nervous exhaustion. 



MATCHLESS MINERAL WELLS, 

Butler County. 

Post-office, Greenville. Hotels in Greenville. These wells, 
two in number, are situated two and a half miles from Greenville, 
a pleasant little town of about 4500 inhabitants, in the pine region 
of Alabama. Greenville is located on the main line of the Louis- 
ville and Nashville R. R., forty-four miles south of Montgomery. 
The following somewhat remarkable analysis of the water of these 
wells is said to have been made by Professors E. A. Smith and J. 
B. Little, and to have been indorsed by Prof. Henry W. Leffmann, 
of Philadelphia: 

MATCHLESS MINERAL WELLS. 

Acid-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sulphuric acid 314 09 

Ferric oxide . 86.53 

Ferrous oxide 81.38 



92 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcic oxide 24.53 

Magnesic oxide 22.71 

Potassic oxide 1.11 

Alumina • . 3.65 

Silica 5.04 

Sodium oxide 4.09 

Chlorine 2.47 

Total solids 545.60 

Carbonic acid undetermined. 
Specific gravity of water 1007. 

This analysis shows the water to be a powerful chalybeate. It 
is bottled, and is said to have an extensive sale in the South. The 
water is recommended for dyspepsia, diarrhoea, anaemia, general 
debility, etc. As a local application it is used in indolent ulcera- 
tions and hemorrhoids, as an injection in gonorrhoea and vaginitis, 
and as a spray or gargle in throat affections. The dose as a tonic 
is 1 to 2 drachms three times a day, diluted with plain water; as a 
cathartic, 6, 10, or 12 drachms in an equal quantity of water. 

WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Calhoun County. 

Post-office, Jacksonville. These Springs are situated seven miles 
from Jacksonville, the county-seat of Calhoun County. 

The springs do not seem to have been much improved as yet, 
although the neighborhood possesses many attractions as a health 
resort. The country about the springs is hilly and interspersed 
with valleys. The elevation of the springs is 380 feet above the 
sea-level. Some of the surrounding hills reach an altitude of 640 
feet. 

Within a few miles of this location, Gen. Coffee fought the 
battle of Tallushatchee with the Creek Indians under Wethersfield. 
The climate is balmy and equable and not subject to sudden 
changes. The most important spring is said to be sulphurous. 
Two contain lime, and one each is said to be chalybeate and free- 
stone. The waters are described as being useful in dyspepsia and 
kindred disorders and in impure states of the blood. 

Other spring localities in Alabama which are, or have been, used 
as resorts are as follows: The Blue Grass Sulphur Springs in St. 
Clair County; Butler Springs in Butler County; Green Springs, 
Hale County; Jackson Springs, Clarke County; Milhour's Springs, 
Limestone County; Shelby Springs, Shelby County; Tallahatta 
Springs, Clarke County, and Valhermosa Springs, Morgan County. 
The State also has numerous undeveloped springs. 



ALASKA. 93 



ALASKA. 



Alaska extends from the Diomede Islands in Behring Straits in 
north latitude 66°, west longitude 168° 50', eastward along the 
shore of the Arctic Ocean to west longitude 143°, north latitude 69° 
30', and from the Diomede Islands southward to north latitude 
50°, west longitude 168°, thence eastward to the 143d meridian. 
The peninsula embraces an area of 577,390 square miles. The 
surface is broken and mountainous, and is traversed by the most 
northern range of the Rocky Mountains. The territory is well 
drained by the Yukon and Coppermine Rivers and their branches. 

Thermometric observations show that the climate in the neigh- 
borhood of Sitka is not so cold as people of the United States are 
apt to believe. In a series of records made some years since, the 
average yearly temperature was 44°. The average for the coldest 
winter day was 3° F., and for the warmest summer day, 67° F. The 
coast is warmed by the Japan current, which in the Pacific is the 
counterpart of the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic. The average 
rainfall is between 80 and 85 inches, the fall months being espe- 
cially wet. 

The territory is richly endowed with springs. Many of them, 
no doubt, are highly mineralized, but the data concerning them are 
exceedingly meagre. There are n umerous hot springs, some of which 
have been used by the Aleuts for cooking purposes for many gen- 
erations. Beside the hot springs there are many which do not 
freeze, even in the coldest weather, and may, therefore, be prop- 
erly classed as thermal. Chalybeate, sulphureted, and saline 
springs are also to be found. Peale's list gathered from various 
sources enumerates twenty-seven localities. According to Dr. 
William H. Doll, 1 many of these waters possess therapeutic prop- 
erties of a high order. 

The author is indebted to Ensign R. E. Coontz, U. S. N., for 
the following account of two localities: 

HOONAH HOT SPKINGS. 

These springs are located on Chichagoff Island, about ninety 
miles north of Sitka, and are reached by small boats or canoes. A 
few huts have been built in the neighborhood. The springs are 
about 60 feet above the sea-level, and are surrounded by a hilly 
country. The meteorological conditions are about the same as 
those prevailing at the Sitka Springs, but being farther north the 
winters are slightly colder. The temperature of the water is un- 
known, nor has an analysis been made, but the springs are much 
resorted to by miners and Indians for the treatment of blood and 
skin affections and rheumatism. 

1 Alaska and its Resources. 



94 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



SITKA HOT SPRINGS. 

Location on Baranoff Island, sixteen miles south of Sitka. 
They are reached from Sitka by boats only. Four houses have 
been built at this place, three with bath-rooms attached. In 1860 
a hospital for rheumatism and skin and blood diseases was opened 
by the Russian-American Company. The baths were found to be 
exceedingly beneficial in syphilitic affections. The Indians have 
resorted to these springs for many years. They are about 30 feet 
above the sea-level, and distant from salt water about fifty yards. 
The springs are four in number, but the rate of the water flow is 
unknown. The temperature of the water is 120° F., and it is 
said to contain sulphur, iron, manganese, and chlorine. The 
weather in this region is generally clear during the summer months, 
with a temperature ranging from 60° to 80° F. The spring and 
fall seasons are rainy, and the winters cold and cloudy, the tem- 
perature varying from zero or a little below to 40° F. The spring 
season is considered preferable for visiting the springs. 

Other hot springs are located on Chichagoff Island, about eighty 
miles from Sitka, to which no name has been given. Little is 
known concerning them, except that they have some reputation 
among the Indians in the same diseases as those mentioned above. 
Within half a mile of Sitka, on a road called Davis Avenue, there 
is an iron spring flowing from a rock. It has not been analyzed, 
but it was formerly esteemed by the Russians for its tonic properties. 



ARIZONA. 



Arizona extends from 109° to 114° 47' 6.5" west longitude, 
and from 31° 19' 24" to 37° north latitude, and comprises an area 
of 113,916 square miles, or nearly three times that of the State of 
New York. 

After many years of bloody strife the Apaches and other hostile 
tribes of the territory hav T e been subdued, and it is no idle state- 
ment that life and property are to-day as safe in Arizona as in any 
of the Eastern States. 

The Rio Colorado, which runs through the northwestern part 
and along the western border, is the principal river of the terri- 
tory. It is navigable for 600 miles, and with its tributaries drains 
an immense area of country. The Gila and Salt Rivers flow 
through southern Arizona. The climate is salubrious and pleasant, 
except in the lower sections near the Gila and the Rio Colorado, 
where the summers are excessively hot. Rainfalls occur during 
the months of June, July, August, and September, but numerous 
streams, fed by never-failing springs and melting snow, supply all 
the water that is needed for farming purposes. 



ARIZONA. 95 

The surface in this territory presents all varieties of conforma- 
tion, from the low-lying plains to the seared, riven, and weird 
region of the north. The elevations above sea-level vary from 12 
feet above, near Yuma, to 12,000 feet above in the San Francisco 
Mountains. In the northern mountains is the far-famed Grand 
Canyon of the Colorado River. 

The latest United States Census returns show a mortality of 9.61 
per 1000; deaths from consumption, 1.14 per 1000. 

The Salt River Valley is of late years coming into great promi- 
nence as a health resort. This valley lies in the southern third of 
Arizona, and is about fifty miles in length, and averages about 
eighteen miles in width. It slopes ten feet to the mile toward the 
south and west, but to the eye looks perfectly level. The city of 
Phoenix, situated in its centre, has an altitude of 1030 feet. It is 
surrounded on all sides by low mountain ranges, the nearest to 
Phoenix being six miles distant. The climate of this region is 
semi-tropical. Perhaps the highest temperatures recorded in the 
United States are noticed here, the mercury at one observation at 
Temp£, near Phoenix, having registered 115.5° F. in the shade. 
The excessive dryness of the climate, however, prevents this high 
temperature from being very oppressive. The heat is much less 
felt than that of much lower temperatures in other localities. It 
is said that sunstroke never occurs, and malaria is unknown. The 
winters of the Salt River valley are very charming. The coldest 
days of the year are as mild as those of September in the Eastern 
States. The annual rainfall does not exceed seven inches, and, 
as a consequence, there are on an average at least 350 sunny days 
in the year. As a resort for persons suffering from pulmonary 
complaints these conditions of climate offer peculiar advantages, 
and there can be no doubt that a better knowledge of this region 
will cause it to be widely sought by this class of patients. 

The following table shows the average monthly temperatures at 
Phoenix for thirteen years: 



January 


. 49.0° F. 


July . . 


89.0< 


February . 


. 53.9° " 


August 


88.0 


March 


. 61.0° " 


September . 


80.0 C 


April . 


. 67.2° " 


October 


68.8' 


May . 


. 74.6° " 


November . 


57.6 


June . 


. 82.7° " 


December . 


53.0< 



Phoenix is a well-built, enterprising city, now (1897) numbering 
12,000 inhabitants, and has a taxable valuation of about $10,000,- 
000. The city has many handsome public buildings and private 
residences. There are also a large sanitarium, eight hotels, and 
numerous lodging-houses. 

The United States Geological Reports show a list of twenty-six 
spring localities in Arizona. There are, doubtless, numerous 
others of which no account has ever been taken. Numerous in- 



96 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



quiries have failed to develop definite information of any of these 
springs. So far as can be ascertained none of them have been im- 
proved, although the Monroe Hot Springs, in Maricopa County 
(temperature 150° to 160°), are said to be used to some extent for 
bathing. In some portions of the territory alkaline, saline, and 
sulphureted waters are so numerous as to attract but little atten- 
tion. Saline springs appear to be most abundant, and a large 
number of them are thermal. Many of them will doubtless come 
into use for medicinal purposes as the country becomes more thickly 
populated. "Vol. III. of Wherter's Survey Reports furnishes the 
following analyses by Oscar Loew: 



One U. S. gallon 


Mineral Park 


Gypsum 


Hot 


contains : 


Bitter Spring. 


Spring. 


Spring. 


Magnesium carbonate . 


, . 


Trace. 




Calcium carbonate 


, , 


6.99 




Sodium sulphate . 


Trace. 


30.08 




Magnesium sulphate 


. 37.16 


100.74 




Calcium sulphate . 


. 69.08 


75.79 


23.90 


Iron sulphate 


Trace. 






Manganese sulphate 


a 






Sodium chloride 




232.95 


189.47 


Potassium chloride 




Trace. 




Magnesium chloride 


3.14 




59.46 


Calcium chloride . 






115.43 



Total . 



109.38 



446.05 



388.26 



The Mineral Park Bitter Spring, as shown by the analysis, is a 
magnesic-saline calcic water. The Gypsum Spring is quite a strong 
muriated and sulphureted saline calcic. Both of these springs are 
cathartic in their action. The Hot Spring is a muriated saline. 

One of the most extraordinary and, perhaps, least known wonders 
of Arizona is Las Tinajas (The Basins), about thirty miles south- 
east of Mission Camp, between Yuma and Sonora. The mountains 
here have one face of smooth, hard granite. All the water falling 
upon the lower basin, has first to flow through nine tanks, one 
above the other. The lower tanks are of easy access, and are often 
drained of their contents by wild and domestic animals and by 
travellers; the upper ones are approached only by circuitous and 
difficult climbing over smooth and treacherous rocks. To one 
standing below these upper basins afford no indication of their 
existence, nor does the steep mountain side seem possible of ascent. 
The rains are frequent high up in the mountains at various times of 
the year, and are generally accompanied by furious winds; thus, 
whirling torrents are poured into the upper tanks, washing them 
out completely, leaving no organic substance whatever behind. 
These waters then filter through the bottoms of the upper tanks 
into the lower ones, and are as clear as crystal when they reach 
their final precipitation. " To these lower tanks, which contain 
water, go antelopes, mountain sheep, deers, rabbits, hares, foxes, and 



ARKANSAS. 97 

coyotes, while tens of thousands of birds seek the upper ones, the 
din of their song and chatter being almost deafening." 



ARKANSAS. 



This State extends from 33° to 36° 30' north latitude, and from 
80° 32' to 94° 38' west longitude. 

The principal rivers are the Mississippi, which washes the eastern 
shore for a distance of four hundred miles; the Arkansas, which 
intersects the State from east to west; the White, the Red, and the 
San Francisco Rivers. 

A considerable portion of southern Arkansas is covered by pine 
forests; oak, maple, and hickory predominate in the hilly portions 
of the State, and the large rivers are fringed with broad belts of 
cottonwood, cypress, and gum trees. 

The climate of Arkansas is mild, the mean annual temperature 
in the northern part being about 58°, in the central 61°, and in the 
southern portion 64°. The northwestern part is the coldest, and 
the southeastern the warmest. 

The eastern part of the State bordering on the Mississippi is low 
and swampy, and is annually overflowed. Westward the country 
gradually attains a greater elevation, passing off into the hills and 
undulating prairies which lead up to the Ozark Mountains, beyond 
which an elevated plain stretches toward the Rocky Mountains. 
The rainfall varies from 54 inches in the southeast to 40 inches in 
the northwest. 

The United States Census returns indicate a mortality rate of 
12.76 per 1000. The mortality from phthisis is 1.07 per 1000 of 
the population. 

The famous Hot Springs have given Arkansas much importance 
as a mineral spring State. There are several other important 
spring localities and numerous smaller ones of minor importance. 
Of the springs whose general character is known probably half are 
chalybeate, and nearly that number are also sulphureted. The 
following account is based on personal investigation by the author 
in various portions of the State. 

ARKANSAS LITHIA SPRINGS, 
Hempstead County. 

Post-office, Hope. Cabins and farm-houses in neighborhood. 
Access via Iron Mountain R. R. to Hope, thence by private con- 
veyance five miles to Springs. 

The location is in a picturesque rolling region and is about 800 
feet above the sea-level. The springs, two in number, have been 

7 



98 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

used by the country people for some years past, but have only re- 
cently attracted attention beyond the neighborhood. The following 
analysis was made by Prof. Muehler : 

ARKANSAS LITHIA SPRINGS. 



Saline-chalybeate. Lithic. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium sulphate 
Strontium sulphate . 
Lithium carbonate . 
Sodium chloride 
Potassium chloride . 
Magnesium chloride 
Iron oxide 

Magnesium iodide . 
Magnesium borate . 
Iron crenate 
Silica 
Alumina . 



Total 



Grains. 

10.74 

11.66 
1.39 
6.35 

20 23 
4.04 
0.42 

12.34 
1.66 
0.08 
0.11 
3.37 
0.92 

73.21 



The analysis shows an unusual richness in mineral ingredients. 
The water may be ranked as a strong chalybeate with saline and 
lithic properties. It is a pleasant aperient, and has decided 
diuretic, tonic, and alterative properties. The physicians of the 
neighborhood have long recommended it in cases of gravel, cystitis, 
kidney troubles, indigestion, and torpidity of the liver. The water 
is bottled and used commercially. It is probable that a first-class 
resort will be established in the neighborhood of the springs. 

DOVE-PARK SPRINGS, 

Hot Springs County. 

Post-office, Dove Park. Hotel and private houses. These 
springs are located three miles from Dove-Park, at an elevation of 
295 feet above the sea-level. They are twelve in number, and 
yield a flow of about 2160 gallons - per hour. The water has a 
temperature of 62° F. No analysis seems to have been made. 
We are informed that the water has acquired quite a celebrity in 
the treatment of dropsical affections due to kidney disorders, and 
in rheumatism and dyspepsia, and locally in cases of chronic con- 
junctivitis, leucorrhoea, etc. 

According to the latest Uuited States Geological Reports, 1 the 
water is used commercially. 



1 Extract from the Seventeenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 
1895-96. 



ARKANSAS. 99 

EUREKA SPRINGS, 

Carroll County. 

Post-office, Eureka Springs. Hotels: Crescent and Southern, and 
numerous smaller houses. Access via Eureka Springs branch of 
the St. Louis and San Francisco R. R. 

The development of Eureka Springs affords a forcible object 
lesson of the progress of civilization in the Western wilds of 
America. Where a few years ago (1879) was an uninhabited, 
sterile mountain glen, now nestles a bright little city of more than 
6000 inhabitans, which number is greatly increased by the large 
floating population of visitors, tourists, business men, and invalids 
constantly coming and going. The city is lighted by gas and elec- 
tricity, contains an electric railway system, and excellent schools, 
hotels, etc. The Interstate Summer Normal and Educational As- 
sembly have erected a building with a seating capacity of 5000 
persons, in which annual summer sessions are held and attended by 
visitors from all parts of the Union. The State District Normal 
School of Arkansas is also located here. 

The springs are sixtv in number; the best known being as follows: 
The " Crescent/' " Dairy," " Basin," " Magnetic," " Harding," 
"Little Eureka," "Sweet," "Grotto," "Mystic," "Oil," 
"Arsenic," "Cave," and "Cold" Springs. The waters contain 
mainly carbonates of lime and magnesia with a small proportion of 
sulphates and chlorides. They are not strongly mineralized, and 
differ but slightly from each other. 

The following table from the report of F. W. Clarke, Chief of 
the Division of Chemistry, United States Geological Survey, and 
R. R. Riggs, 1 shows the proportion of solids in four of the prin- 
cipal springs: 

-Crescent Spring . . . 5 36 grains per U. S. gallon. 

Dairy Spring .... 6.29 " " 

Basin Spring .... 6.97 

Magnetic Spring . . . 10.99 " " " 

The following table, sent us by Dr. John D. Jordan, of Eureka 
Springs, shows some of the climatic advantages of the resort: 

" Altitude above sea level, 2000 feet. 
Annual average precipitation . . 32 79 
{ Spring, 60.85° 

Mp a n tpmnprarnrp \ Summer > 74 - 79 ° 

Meanteinpeiatuie . «j Autamil| 58>01 o 

[ Winter, 42.08° 

Annual average .... 58.93° 

| Kelative humiditv (per cent. ) . 58.93 

Average No. day^CWr weather, 209 

[ P erannum • 1 Cloudy " 66 

Death-rate per annum, 10.33 per 1000. 
1 February 15, 1877. 



Eureka Springs. •* 



100 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The city is picturesquely located on the headwaters of the White 
River in the Ozark Mountains. A sojourn at Eureka Springs 
and the free use of its waters are stated to be beneficial in a wide 
range of affections, including rheumatism, skin, nervous, renal, 
and bladder disorders, dyspepsia, hay-fever, and general debility. 

HOT SPRINGS, 

Garland County. 

Post-office, Hot Springs. Hotels: Arlington, Eastman, Pull- 
man, Avenue, Park, Bloomington, Josephine, etc. According to 
Cutler's Guide to the Hot Springs, there are as many as 500 hotels 
and boarding-houses in the city. Access via the Iron Mountain 
Route, the only line running to the Hot Springs. All lines lead- 
ing into St. Louis connect in the Grand Union Depot with express 
trains of the Iron Mountain Route. From the South the best 
route is via Cairo, Columbus, Memphis, or Texarkana, connections 
being made at each of these points with Iron Mountain express 
trains. 

The Springs are fifty-five miles southwest of Little Rock, the 
State capital, and twenty-two miles from Malvern, where trains 
on the Iron Mountain connect with Hot Springs R. R. leading 
directly to the Springs. Sleepers come through without change at 
Malvern. 

The Hot Springs are situated on the Mountain Creek and in the 
valley of the same name. They issue from the western slope of 
the Hot Springs Mountain, a spur of the Ozarks, at an elevation 
of 700 to 800 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. The mountains on 
either side attain an altitude of 1200 feet. The climate in this 
region, as a general rule, is mild and balmy and not subject to ex- 
tremes of either heat or cold. Sunstroke is unknown, and the 
summer nights are generally cool and pleasant, light blankets, as 
a rule, being required before morning. The pure mountain air 
and constant southerly breezes unite in forming a healthful and 
invigorating climate. The lowest temperature observed in 1891 
was 16° F., the highest 98° F., the average for that year being 
84° F., or somewhat higher than the average for a series of pre- 
ceding years. The rainfall for 1891 was 70.86 inches. 

These springs have been known and utilized as a health resort 
since early in the century. During that time they have acquired a 
world-wide reputation in the treatment of certain diseases. A city 
of considerable size and containing numerous excellent hotels, sani- 
tariums, bathing-houses, and public buildings has been developed 
about them. Some of the handsomer and more commodious bath- 
houses were erected at a cost of from $10,000 to $50,000. Among 
the more prominent of these are the Eastman, Park, Alhambra, 
Superior, Palace, Magnesia, Ozark, Horseshoe, Rammelsburger, 
Lamar, and Maurice pavilions. The discharge of water from the 



ARKANSAS. 



101 



springs amounts to 335 gallons per minute, or 482,000 gallons per 
day. These waters are nearly all concentrated in large air-tight 
tanks, built by the United States Government, and are sufficient to 
bathe 19,296 persons daily, allowing twenty-five gallons for each 
bath. The springs are now seventy-two in number, another having 
recently been added to the list, according to a late annual report of 
the local Board of Health. 

From the United States Engineer's Report to the Hot Springs 
Commissioners we obtain the following table of temperatures of 
the springs: 



No. 






Temp. No. 


Temp. 


No. 


Temp. 


1 . . . 77° 25 . 


111° 


49 . 


131° 


2 






76 26 . 


. 106 


50 . 


145 


3 






124 27 . 


. 127.5 


51 . 


144 


4 






124 28 . 


145 


52 . 


143 


5 






80 29 . 


80 


53 . 


144.5 


6 






103 30 . 


. 134.5 


54 . 


146 


7 






115 31 . 


147 


55 . 


122 


8 






121.5 32 . 


124 


56 . 


133 


9 






122 33 . 


. 140 


57 . 


128 


10 






121.5 34 . 


. 120 


58 . 


Sipage., 


11 






105 35 . 


. 135 


59 . 


133 


12 






Ill 36 . 


. 110 


60 . 


134.5 


13 






135.5 37 . 


. 120 


61 . 


135 


14 






137 38 . 


128 


62 . 


109 


15 






134 39 . 


125.5 


63 . 


83 


16 






131 40 . 


. 112 


64 . 


135 


17 






Sipage. 41 . 


. 157 


65 . 


141 


18 






93 42 . 


Sipage. 


66 . 


87 


19 






84 43 . 


144 


67 . 


Sipage. 


20 






83 44 . 


Sipage. 


"68 . 


131 


21 






106 45 . 


Ill 


69 . 


83 


22 






122 46 . 


Sipage. 


70 . 


89 


23 






125 47 . 


144.5 


71 . 


94 


24 






113 48 . 


91 






Highest temperature, 157°; lowest, 


76°. 






T 


hose 


mar 


ked " sipage" are 


intermittent. 


All others a 


re con- 



stant and unvarying in heat and quantity. All the springs on the 
east side of Hot Springs Creek flowing from Hot Springs Moun- 
tain, except one under the Rammelsburger bath-house, are hot. 
All on the west side, except the alum spring, are cold. No com- 
plete analysis of the waters seems to have been made since the now 
somewhat antiquated one of Prof. E. Hills Larkin in 1859. It 
is as follows: 



102 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 
ARKANSAS HOT SPRINGS. 

Light alkaline-calcic. Thermal. 

One U. S. gallon contains : Grains. 

Magnesium carbonate 0.13 

Calcium carbonate 3.97 

Sodium sulphate 38 

Potassium sulphate ..... ... 0.23 

Calcium sulphate . . . . . . .0.11 

Sodium chloride ........ 0.01 

Calcium silicate 0.46 

Sodium Trace. 

Bromium ......... Trace. 

Iron sesquioxide 0.10 

Alumina . . 0.45 

Silica . ... 1.87 

Organic matter 0.70 

Water (?) 0.14 

Total 8.55 

The water also contains a considerable quantity of free carbonic 
acid. Persons taking the baths here should always do so under 
the supervision of one of the local physicians. Those affected 
with organic disease of the heart or recognizable physical signs of 
consumption are not allowed to bathe, as the thermal action of the 
water is liable to be prejudicial to such cases. If the lungs are 
but slightly involved, careful bathing may be permitted. Further- 
more, cases of simple cardiac palpitation are not excluded. As 
each case must be treated on its merits, and as detailed instructions 
are given by the local physician, it is unnecessary here to enter 
into a minute description of the bathing process at Hot Springs. 
Suffice it to say that patients are usually (not invariably) required 
to bathe six minutes in water at 96° to 100° F., two to six minutes 
in the vapor bath-rooms, and five to twenty minutes in blankets, 
according to the time required to induce perspiration. The course 
here has been found especially beneficial in diseases of the genito- 
urinary system, especially syphilis, and in gout, rheumatism, and 
neuralgia. The baths are also recommended on high authority in 
various skin affections, including eczema, psoriasis, urticaria, im- 
petigo, prurigo, rupia, etc. 

The city of Hot Springs itself is well drained and well lighted, 
and has ample police and fire protection. It now claims a popu- 
lation, resident and visiting, of 21,000. About 50,000 persons 
visit the place annually, and this number is ever on the increase. 
The United States Government Army and Navy Hospital, recently 
erected, cost $200,000. It is said that the Arlington Hotel, with 
its bath-house attached, will have cost over $500,000 when com- 
pleted. 

Among other mineral springs within the limits of the city of 
Hot Springs, or in the neighborhood, are the following: 



ARKANSAS. 103 

ALLEN'S ALTERATIVE SPRING. 

This spring is situated on Central Avenue, in the heart of the 
city. The following is a copy of a qualitative analysis made by 
Prof. C. B. Gannaway: 

Magnesia. Lime. 

Soda. Alumina. 

Silicic acid. Sulphuric acid. 

Chlorine. Organic matter. 
Free carbonic acid. 

Temperature of water, 59° F. 

The water is recommended to persons in a debilitated state, espe- 
cially those suffering from stomach, kidney, bladder, or liver 
troubles. 

GILLEN'S WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 

These are located three miles from Hot Springs. Stage runs 
daily from Hot Springs, making the trip in forty minutes. Ac- 
cording to an analysis by Chauvenet and Blair, of St. Louis, the 
water contains carbonate of iron, lime, and magnesia, traces of 
organic matter, and very small quantities of sulphuric acid and 
free carbonic acid. No sulphureted hydrogen was found. The 
total residue on evaporation is 16 grains to the gallon. The waters 
are recommended by Hot Springs physicians in conjunction with 
baths at that resort. They are said to be useful in some of the 
disorders affecting the stomach, liver, bladder, and kidneys. The 
new hotel at Gillen's Springs is known as the Victoria. It is 
beautifully situated in a shady park, and surrounded by mountain 
scenery well worthy of the artist's attention. 

MOUNTAIN VALLEY SPRINGS. 

These valuable springs are situated twelve miles north of Hot 
Springs, at the foot of Blakely Mountain. The location is in a 
beautiful valley extending well up into the mountain range. Ac- 
cording to Chauvenet and Blair, the composition of the water is 
practically identical with that of Gillen's White Sulphur Springs. 
The high degree of purity of the water gives it extraordinary keep- 
ing qualities, and it is extensively sold for use on the table and bar, 
as well as in the sick-room. It is recommended for diabetes, 
general debility, and for various affections of the liver, stomach, 
bladder, and kidneys. A hack line runs to and from the Hot 
Springs. 

POTASH SULPHUR SPRINGS. 

Post-office, Lawrence. Hotel. These springs are located seven 
miles east of Hot Springs on the Hot Springs R. R., one mile 
from Lawrence Station. Hacks meet all trains during the season. 



104 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The country about these springs is broken and mountainous, and 
very picturesque. The altitude of the location is between 600 and 
700 feet above the Gulf level. The meteorological conditions are 
about the same as those prevailing at Hot Springs. The springs 
are four in number and now about 600 gallons per day. The 
temperature of the water is about 62° F. No complete analysis 
seems to have been made, but according to a partial examination 
by Dr. John C. Branner, State Geologist, the chief ingredients are 
the sulphate and carbonate of sodium and the chloride of potas- 
sium, the sodium salts amounting to 13.66 grains per gallon, and 
the potassium to 3.51. One of the springs contains 66 grains of 
solid matter to the gallon; another 49.68, and a third 31.02. The 
waters are highly recommended in digestive and urinary com- 
plaints. It is said that of the more than 12,000 visitors to the 
springs in 1892 the average increase in the weight of each person 
the first week was more than four pounds. The waters are used 
commercially. 

RAVENDEN SPRINGS, 
Bandolph County. 

Post-office, Bavenden Springs. Hotel Southern and numerous 
smaller hotels and inns. Access via Kansas City, Fort Scott, and 
Memphis B. B. to Bavenden Station, thence five miles by coach 
or hack to Springs. 

This resort is located in the northern part of Arkansas near the 
White Biver Mountains, the range in which the Eureka Springs 
have their origin. The elevation is 1200 feet. The geological 
formation is the same as that at Eureka, but the mountains are not 
so high or rugged. The surrounding scenery is, however, exceed- 
ingly fine, and many features of interest are pointed out to visitors. 
The place takes its name from the " Bavens' Den/' a small cave 
with a circular opening a few feet from the top of the highest 
mountain. In this cave it is said that many of the feathered 
denizens of the forest, particularly the raven, or black crow, made 
their homes and hatched their young for a long period of time. 
Fish and game are abundant in this vicinity, and it is stated that 
many deer are killed close by during the winter months. The 
following analysis of the water was made by Messrs. Wright and 
Merrill, analytical chemists of St. Louis, in 1885: 

RAVENDEN SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

„ Lithium carbonate 1.26 

Calcium carbonate 4.61 

Magnesium carbonate . . . . . . . 4.48 



CALIFORNIA. 105 

One U S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium chloride 1.24 

Magnesium chloride 2.99 

Sodium chloride . .2.19 

Alumina 2.36 

Calcium sulphate . . . . . . . Trace. 

Silica . 0.83 

Iodine and iron, of each a trace. 

Organic matter ......... 1.86 

Total . 21.82 

Carbonic acid . . . .21.5 cubic inches. 



Gases. | Atmospheric air .... 13.3 
Temperature of water, 59° F. 

SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Benton County. 

Post-office, Sulphur Springs. Four hotels. Access via Kansas 
City, Pittsburg, and Gulf R. R. The springs are located in a 
mountainous region 1100 feet above the sea-level. A qualitative 
analysis of the water by G. Belknap, M.D., analytical chemist, 
shows the presence of the following ingredients: 

Sodium chloride. Magnesium carbonate (large 

Sodium carbonate. quantities). 

Iron sulphate (traces). Sulphureted hydrogen gas. 

The water has valuable antacid and tonic properties. It is bottled 
and sold. 

Among other springs resorts in Arkansas are the following: 
Blanchard Springs, Union County; Blanco Springs, Hot Springs 
County; Lee's Springs, Jefferson County; Mount Nebo Springs, 
Gill County; Penny wit's Sulphur Springs, Crawford County; 
Searcy Springs, White County, and Warm Springs, Randolph 
County. 



CALIFORNIA. 



California is the second State in size in the Union. It extends 
from 32° 34' to 42° north latitude, and from 114° 8' to 124° 24' 
west longitude, and comprises an area of 188,981 square miles. 
The State is naturally divided into four distinct regions, viz., (1) 
the Coast Range, (2) the Sierra Nevada, (3) the Central Valley, 
(4) the Southwestern Region. California has but two large rivers, 
the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, which traverse the Grand 
Central Valley in opposite directions and empty into Suisun Bay. 
The Klamath, the Salinas, aud other smaller streams also assist in 
draining the State. The climate of California varies considerably 



106 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

in different portions, the mean annual temperature in the north 
being below 50° F., while in the southeastern portion it exceeds 
70° F. The mean aunual temperature at San Francisco for a 
period of eleven years was 55.23°, and at Fort Yuma, for a cor- 
responding period, 74.77°. In San Francisco rain falls freely 
during November and December, and the hottest months are Sep- 
tember, October, August, and July, in the order mentioned. The 
interior of the State, not being influenced by the sea, has a conti- 
nental climate, and the greater the distance from the ocean the 
colder the nights and the warmer the days. The average rainfall 
increases from south to north, and in the Sierra Nevada with the 
altitude; at Fort Yuma it is but four inches; at San Diego, 9.16; 
in Sacramento, 19.56; in San Francisco, 21.69, and in the Sierras 
at an altitude of 5000 feet, 45 inches or more. 

California has well been called the garden of the world, for, em- 
bracing as it does every kind of soil and climate, it yields all the 
products of the temperate and many of those of the tropical and 
semi-tropical regions. The Sierras and the Coast Mountains con- 
stitute the most prominent geographical and topographical features 
of California. The former inosculates with the coast ranges at 
its two extremities, the Tejon Pass in the south, and Mount Shasta 
in the north. In these localities the two systems are so linked that 
the distinction between them becomes a geological and not a 
geographical one. The mortality rate in California by the latest 
United States Census returns was 14.65 per 1000; consumption 
mortality, 2.39 per 100 of population, or 163.19 per 1000 of the 
total deaths. 

California possesses a greater number of mineral springs than any 
other State of the Union, East or West. Peale's list mentions 
325 localities, and this still leaves several unaccounted for. The 
springs embrace all types of mineral waters. Naturally many of 
them are thermal, for the volcanic rocks with which such springs 
are usually associated are found in many portions of the State. 
The recent treatise of Dr. Win slow Anderson 1 has brought many 
of the California Spring resorts into prominence. The analyses 
show that some of the waters compare favorably with the most 
celebrated springs of Europe. Many of them are put up for sale 
and shipment. The following account of the California springs is 
based largely on Dr. Anderson's work, supplemented by various 
geological reports and by correspondence with all sections of the 
State. 

ADAMS SPRINGS, 

Lake County. 

These picturesque springs are located two miles from Coob's 
Valley and eight miles south of Clear Lake. They are reached by 

1 The Mineral Springs and Health Resorts of California, San Francisco, 1892. 



CALIFORNIA. 



107 



the train which goes by way of Oakland Pier, Yallejo, and Calistoga. 
From the last point a stage is taken, which carries one along a 
pleasant mountain road hedged in on either side by manzanita 
copses, scrub oaks, and, toward the summit, fragrant redwood 
trees. The resort itself lies among rolling hills, which are thickly 
shrouded in verdant loveliness a greater part of the year. Beyond 
these hills lie the larger mountains of the Coast Range, covered to 
the summits with their heavy growth of redwood and pine. Fogs 
are rare in Lake County, and the air is uniformly dry and pure, 
resembling that of Xice in the south of France. The elevation 
of the springs is 3300 feet above the sea level. Commodious 
quarters have been prepared for guests. The following analysis of 
the main spring was made in 1888 by Dr. Anderson: 

ADAMS SPRINGS, LAKE COUNTY. 

Alkaline-carbonated. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 










Solids. Grains. 


Sodium chloride 4.64 


Sodium bicarbonate . 








. 8.07 


Sodium carbonate 








. 50.07 


Potassium salts . 








Traces. 


Magnesium carbonate 








. 97.90 


Magnesium sulphate 








Traces. 


Calcium carbonate . 








. 27.95 


Calcium sulphate 








. 1.36 


Ferrous carbonate 








. 55 


Silica 








. 7.42 


Alumina . 








Traces. 


Organic matter . 








. 2 60 


Total 


. 201 19 


Free carbonic acid gas, 


265.7 


6 cut 


)ic in 


ches. 



An older analysis, by Prof. Price and Mr. Hewston, shows results 
practically identical with the above. The water is cool and spark- 
ling and belongs to the alkaline-calcic-carbonated class. It is said 
to be highly recuperative to persons suffering from chronic dys- 
pepsia and portal congestion. It is also used for rheumatism, and 
is said to be very efficacious in chronic Bright' s disease ; chronic 
uterine inflammation has also been benefited. Bathing facilities 
have been provided, and the springs are enjoying an increasing 
patronage from year to year. 



.ETNA SPRINGS, 

Napa County. 

Hotels and cottages. Location, at the upper end of Pape Val- 
ley, sixteen miles northeast from the town of St. Helena. Access 
by rail via Xapa to St. Helena, and thence by stage or carriage 



108 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES 

over a well-graded picturesque road. The springs are pleasantly- 
situated at an elevation of 1000 feet above the Pacific in the midst 
of wild mountain surroundings. The atmosphere is delightfully 
dry and bracing. The mountains in the vicinity are well stocked 
with wild game, and the streams afford good fishing. The tem- 
perature of the two principal springs used for drinking purposes is 
98° F. The waters are sparkling, invigorating, and tonic, and 
slightly aperient. There are also springs having a temperature 
of 106° F., which are largely used for bathing, ample facilities 
having been provided for that purpose. Several other springs 
whose waters have not been analyzed are similar in composition, 
with the addition of more iron. These are known as the u Iron 
Soda" Springs, and are much used for anaemia and wasting affec- 
tions. The following analysis of the iEtna Soda Springs was made 
by Dr. Winslow Anderson in 1888: 

yETNA soda springs. 
Alkaline-saline. Carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 28.75 

Sodium carbonate 73.06 

Sodium sulphate 8.92 

Potassium sulphate 56 

Potassium carbonate . 13.23 

Magnesium sulphate 0.45 

Calcium carbonate 8.94 

Ferrous carbonate ........ 0.05 

Silica 0.09 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total 134 05 

Gases : carbonic acid, 63 cubic inches. 

An analysis by J. H. Bauer, of San Francisco, ten years earlier, 
shows results but slightly differing from the above. These waters 
resemble those of Ems to quite a marked degree. They are a good 
type of alkaline- saline water. The iEtna Springs are rapidly 
gaining in public favor, and have already acquired considerable 
reputation in cases of renal affection, so frequent on the coast. 
Beneficial results are also reported in rheumatism and neuralgia, as 
well as in dyspepsia, torpidity of the bowels, and in hepatic and 
uterine derangement. 

AGUAS CALIENTES. 

In the southern part of the State are situated a number of 
thermal springs, known as aguas calientes (hot waters). Some of 
them have acquired considerable celebrity. This is especially true 
of the springs in Coahuila or Cabajos Valley, some ten miles south 
of White River, on Warner's Ranch, fifty miles from San Diego 



CALIFORNIA. 



109 



City, in San Diego County. These waters are believed among the 
native population to be an infallible remedy in syphilis and cuta- 
neous affections. They vary in temperature from 58° to 142° F. 
The water boils up from a granite ledge through a number of 
openings or cleavage fissures. It flows copiously, giving a volume 
of about a two-inch pipe under two foot-pressure. Bubbles of 
sulphureted hydrogen and steam issue forth with considerable 
force, producing the characteristic smell of sulphur and clouds of 
vapor. At one place a small geyser has developed, emitting steam 
and water with a hissing sound. Incrustations of crystallized 
sulphur are deposited on the surrounding rock (Blake). The 
waters possess a sulphurous and not unpleasant acid taste, and are 
much used for drinking and bathing purposes. Accommodations 
for visitors have been provided. These hot sulphurous waters are 
highly recommended by those who have been there and used the 
baths and taken the waters. The diseases treated most frequently 
are rheumatism, subacute and chronic, syphilitic contaminations 
and strumous diseases, cutaneous affections, and renal and hepatic 
engorgement. The analysis is by Oscar Loew: 



AGUAS CALIENTES, 



Alkaline-saline. 



One U. S. gallon contains 

Solids. 
Sodium carbonate 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium chloride 
Calcium . 
Magnesium 
Lithium . 
Silica 

Hydrosulphuric acid 
Organic matter 



Total 
Gases not given. 



Grains. 

8.30 

Trace. 

31.00 

Trace. 



39.30 



There is another agua caliente of some repute, thirty miles 
from Caliente Station, on the Southern Pacific R. R. line, in Keon 
County. The waters are sulphureted, and their temperature varies 
from 80° to 100° F. There is a small resort at the springs, but 
no analysis has been made. 



AGUA DE VIDA SPRINGS. 

These are located in Arroya Mucho, among the foot-hills of 
Cedar Mountain, southeast of Liverraore, and at an elevation of 
1700 feet. The route of travel is by way of the Central Pacific 
R. R. to Livermore, and thence by carriage a few miles to the 
Springs. The location is three hours' ride from San Francisco. 



110 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



Extensive improvements have been made on the grounds, consist- 
ing of a magnificent hotel surrounded by commodious family cot- 
tages. The grounds, which are naturally picturesque, will be still 
further beautified by the construction of broad driveways, rustic 
bridges, cool arbors, and other desirable features. There are a 
number of mineral waters in the place, both carbonated and sul- 
phureted. The lower drinking spring is of light carbonated water, 
which is clear, sparkling, and extremely palatable. In action it 
is tonic, antacid, diuretic, and aperient. The following analysis 
was made by Dr. Anderson in 1888: 

AGUA DE VIDA ( LOWER SPRING). 

Alkaline-carbonated. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium carbonate 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium carbonate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate 
Alumina . 
Silica 
Organic matter 



Total solids . 
Carbonic acid gas, 19.25 cubic inches. 



Grains. 
4.02 
3.65 

14.73 
0.55 
7.95 
0.46 

13.75 

0.10 

0.37 

0.42 

Trace. 

46.00 



This water is an excellent antacid in dyspepsia of certain types. 
It is also recommended in congestion of the kidneys, cystitis, etc. 
The upper or larger spring is mildly sulphurous, saline, and laxa- 
tive. It was analyzed by Dr. Anderson in 1889, with the follow- 
ing results: 

AGUA DE VIDA (UPPER SPRING). 

Alkaline-saline. Sulphureted. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium carbonate 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium carbonate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Calcium sulphate 
Manganese carbonate 
Alumina 
Silica 
Organic matter 



Grains. 

5.07 

2.25 

17.50 

Trace. 

3 19 

8.70 

11.92 

4.35 

Traces. 

0.40 

0.55 

Traces. 



Total solids 53.93 



CALIFORNIA. HI 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Sulphureted hydrogen 2 74 

Carbonic acid gas 9.25 

Temperature, 57.5° F. 

ALLEN SPRINGS, 

Lake County. 

These valuable springs are situated three miles east of Bartlett 
Springs, and some forty miles west of the town of Williams, in 
the Coast Range Mountains. The location is in a canyon at the 
head of Cache Creek, and the altitude is 1800 feet above tide- 
water. The resort and springs are delightfully shaded by huge 
oaks and towering pines and surmounted by evergreen hills. The 
climate is genial and salubrious, the atmosphere bracing and in- 
vigorating, and the evening air cool and pleasant. There is good 
hunting and fishing near by. There are three alkaline and two 
ferruginous springs on the place; all are cool and sparkling and 
delightfully aerated with carbonic anhydride. The soda spring 
makes a delicious drink, which may be improved by adding a little 
syrup. Dr. Anderson's analysis (1888) shows the following re- 
sults : 

ALLEN SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline. Carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 23.16 

Sodium bicarbonate . 4 25 

Sodium sulphate • . . . 0.78 

Potassium chloride 1.90 

Magnesium bicarbonate 27.40 

Potassium bicarbonate 0.75 

Magnesium chloride 63 00 

Calcium bicarbonate 20.14 

Calcium phosphate 55 

Ferrous carbonate . 0.93 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total 142 86 

Carbonic acid gas, 36 cubic inches. 

Prof. WenzelFs qualitative analysis also shows the presence of 
silica. The waters are gently aperient, and have gained consid- 
erable reputation in chronic hepatic and renal affections associated 
with dropsy. Dyspepsia, chronic constipation, and chronic mala- 
rial disorders are also benefited. The resort has ample accommo- 
dations for guests, beside good bathing facilities. The grounds 
are well adapted for camping. Samples of other springs on 
examination showed larger amounts of iron and less of magnesia 
and soda, and were also less strongly aerated. 



112 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

ALUM ROCK SPRINGS, 

Santa Clara County. 

Hotel. These springs are situated on the western slope of the 
Coast Range, about seven miles northeast of San Jose. The loca- 
tion is in a romantic canyon with a most unromantic name — Peni- 
tentiary Canyon — so called in consequence of the early Jesuits on 
the coast assembling there to do penance. The drive to San Jose 
is one of unusual grandeur, presenting an ever-varying scene of 
ruggedness and natural beauty. The canyon is densely wooded, and 
the almost perpendicular cliffs shade the carriage drive, making it 
delightfully cool and pleasant, even in the hottest part of the day. 
The nearness of the springs to San Jose, and the excellent accom- 
modations offered at the hotel, with the many natural advantages 
in consequence of the lovely Garden City climate, and the mineral 
waters, make Alum Rock Springs a favorite resort for tourists, 
summer visitors, and invalids. The summer temperature is rarely 
above 90° F., and in the winter it is never too low for comfort. 
Trout and mountain quail abound, affording good sport for rod and 

s un - 

There are several springs in activity at Alum Rock. The prin- 
cipal " soda" or drinking-water spring was found by Dr. Ander- 
son to contain the following ingredients: 

ALUM ROCK SPRING. 

Alkaline-saline. Carbonated. 

One TJ. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 7.14 

Sodium chloride 10.21 

Potassium carbonate 0.76 

Magnesium carbonate 8.92 

Magnesium sulphate 7.16 

Calcium carbonate 19.05 

Manganese carbonate Trace. 

Ferrous carbonate " 

Alumina 6.45 

Silica 2.52 

Total 62.21 

Free carbonic acid gas, excess. 

The chalybeate spring was analyzed by Prof. Hatch, with the 
following results: 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Ferrous oxide . 30 

Alumina . 0.15 

Manganese ......... 0.70 

Soda 3.40 



CALIFORNIA. 113 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassa 0.20 

Chlorine . _ . 1.60 

Hydrosulphuric acid 3.30 

Total solids 9.65 1 

There are also two thermal sulphur springs having a temperature 
of 85° F. These are used for bathing purposes. Alum Rock 
Springs have gained considerable reputation in the treatment of 
anaemia, chlorosis, chronic malaria, nervous prostration, and de- 
bility. They ought, furthermore, to be useful in the hemorrhagic 
diathesis, menorrhagia, etc., on account of the iron, alum, and 
acids the water contains. 

ANDERSON MINERAL SPRINGS, 
Lake County. 

Hotel and cottages. Location, nineteen miles from Calistoga, 
five miles from Middletown, and ten miles from the Great Gey- 
sers. They are easily reached by stage from the railroad termini, 
Calistoga, and Cloverdale. The mountain roads are well kept, and 
the stage ride is one of the most picturesque in the State. The 
ever-changing picture of hill and dale, forest and shrubbery, brooks 
with ferns and mosses, all combine to produce one of those pleasing 
panoramas which the witness loves to recall to mind in after days. 

The springs and resort are located in a cosey nook in a small 
canyon surrounded by forests and picturesque waterfalls. The 
atmosphere is balmy and exhilarating and free from humidity. 

The worshipper at Nature's shrine, the lover of grand and 
varied scenery, will find all that can be desired at the Anderson 
Mineral Springs. " The perennial mountain streams that softly 
murmur past the cottages, the bright waters gliding over mossy 
banks and beds of pebbles, breaking into showers of sparkling 
diamonds, the caves, the cascades, and waterfalls; the cool, leafy 
dells, the profound silence and solitude of the dense forests, where 
one might almost expect to- surprise Pan and his pipes — all, in the 
glittering moonlight, or brighter rays of old Sol, make a picture 
that only the pen of a Thoreau could describe or f$ie pencil of a 
Bierstadt display." 

Fish and game abound all the year round. The hotel and cot- 
tages afford excellent accommodations, and invalids and pleasure 
seekers come by the thousand to enjoy the many advantages of the 
spot. There are nine principal springs. The main drinking 
spring is the " Cold Sulphur/' located about 150 yards from the 
hotel. Following is the result of Anderson's analysis: 

1 It is well to mention that in this analysis the salts and elements are reduced to an anhy- 
drous state. The same analysis with the water of crystallization would probably yield a 
residue weighing several times more. 



114 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



COLD SULPHUR SPRING (ANDERSON* S SPRINGS). 

Saline. Sulpho-carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 1.09 

Sodium carbonate 9.27 

Sodium sulphate ........ 6.18 

Potassium salts ....... Traces. 

Magnesium carbonate . . . . . . . 11.73 

Magnesium sulphate 16.95 

Calcium carbonate 20.40 

Calcium sulphate 9.10 

Ferrous carbonate 0.46 

Arsenious salts Traces. 

Silica 2.45 

Organic matter . Traces. 

Total solids 77.63 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid gas 243.50 

Sulphureted hydrogen 4.20 

This is a saline and mildly sulphureted water, and very useful 
in chronic skin diseases of strumous and syphilitic origin. In 
liver and bowel troubles, glandular congestions, and in uterine and 
ovarian engorgement, the water has also been found of much value. 
It is aperient, diuretic, and alterative in its action. 

Another valuable water is the " Iron Spring." The following 
analysis was made by Mr. George E. Colby, of the University of 
California, in 1889: 



iron spring (Anderson's springs). 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium bicarbonate . 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium sulphate . 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium sulphate 
Calcium phosphate . 
Ferrous carbonate . 
Alumina . 
Boric acid (with spectroscope) 
Lithium (with spectroscope) 
Manganous carbonate 
Silica .... 
Organic matter 



Grains. 

0.18 

0.19 

3 42 

1.17 

7.35 

10.88 

0.15 

1.18 

0.93 

Strong test. 

marked test. 

1.77 

4.22 

Small quantity. 



Well 



Total solids 31.45 

Free carbonic acid gas, 25.80 cubic inches. 
Temperature of water, 124° F. 



CALIFORNIA. 115 

The action of this water is tonic and laxative, and valuable in 
anaemia, chlorosis, and diseases requiring recuperative agents. 

The " Sour Spring " is one of the few California mineral springs 
containing free sulphuric acid. Its sour taste was supposed to be 
due to alum, but the following analysis by Mr. George E. Colby 
(1889) shows that no alum is present: 

sour spring (Anderson's springs). 
Sulphated -saline. Acid. 

One U. 'S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 0.08 

Sodium sulphate ........ 0.49 

Potassium sulphate 0.87 

Magnesium sulphate 4.76 

Calcium sulphate 2.07 

Ferric sulphate 0.63 

Aluminum sulphate 1 ... ... 7.11 

Boric acid (with spectroscope) . . . Strong test. 

Lithium (with spectroscope) . . . Well-marked test. 

Ammonia (manganous sulphate) 0.33 

Silica 3.94 

Organic matter Traces. 

Total 20 28 

A considerable quantity of free sulphuric acid was also revealed 
by the analysis. The temperature of the water is 64.3° F. 

The Sour Spring waters have proved very beneficial in hemor- 
rhages of the lungs, menorrhagia, dyspepsia, etc. They are tonic, 
astringent, and gently laxative. 

Among other valuable springs in the Anderson group are the 
"Belmar" spring, a light saline sulphur water; the " Mag- 
nesia/ ' or " Father Joseph's" spring, a rich saline water with 
valuable laxative properties; the " Cosmopolitan," an excellent 
drinking water, with laxative effects, and the " Hot Sulphurous," 
or "Bathing" spring. These last waters have a temperature of 
145.5° F., and are very beneficial in rheumatism, chronic joint 
swellings, and skin diseases. There are good facilities for bathing. 
It is claimed that the inhalation of the hot sulphurous steam of 
this water is highly useful in cases of chronic bronchitis, incipient 
phthisis, and catarrhal affections of the nose and throat. On the 
rocks over the hot sulphurous and vapor springs are deposited 
incrustations of the vaporized minerals. These are collected and 
powdered and used as a snuff in cases of chronic nasal catarrh. It 
is said to produce very desirable results, and even in acute coryza 
and colds in the throat it has a grateful effect, often shortening the 
attack. All the mineral ingredients contained in the waters are 
found in this spring. 



<^ j 



1 A microscopical examination of the residue obtained by slow evaporation fails to show 
characteristic crystals of alum. 



116 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

ARROW-HEAD HOT SPRINGS, 

San Bernardino County. 

Post-office, Arrow-head Springs. Hotel. Access by stage from 
San Bernardino, six and a half miles distant to the south. Parties 
leaving Los Angeles, sixty-seven miles distant, should take the 
8.30 or 11 a.m. or 12.20 p.m. Santa Fe train, or the 7.45 or 8.30 
a.m. train on the Southern Pacific line. 

These springs burst from the mountain slope of the Sierra 
Madre, 2000 feet above the level of the sea, and 1000 feet above 
the foot of the mountain. A bench-like mesa, containing 100 
acres, projects at this point from the mountain, and is bounded on 
the east and on the west by two enormous canyons. Down the 
deep ravine or canyon on the east comes a mountain stream of 
water as cold as ice, while in the canyon on the west flows a stream 
formed by the boiling springs, so hot that it fills the air with 
steam and sulphurous gas. 

The Arrow-head Hotel is located near the springs, on the plateau 
of land between the two canyons. It is an elegant modern struc- 
ture with ample room for 150 guests. Every room is lighted by 
electricity, and the halls and larger rooms are heated by hot water 
from the springs, conducted in iron pipes. 

The Arrow-head Springs were known to the Indians long before 
the settlement of the country by the pale-faces, and were resorted 
to by them from far and near. On the face of the mountain back 
of the hotel is the figure of an arrow-head, 1360 feet long and 450 
feet wide, supposed to have been executed by the Indians. The 
figure gives its name to the resort, and so perfect is its contour and 
so elevated its situation that it can be seen from almost every part 
of the valley, and stands as a prominent landmark for miles 
around. 

The meteorological conditions are similar to those usually pre- 
vailing in Southern California, the weather being, as a rule, clear, 
balmy, and bright. The extreme temperature-records have been 
100° F. high, and 34° F. low. The winter season is most favor- 
able for visiting the springs. These are thirty-seven in number, 
the aggregate flow of water being equal to ten miners' inches. 
The following is an analysis of one of the springs by Prof. E. W. 
Hilgard, of the State University: 

ARROW-HEAD HOT SPRINGS. 

Salphated-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 4.00 

Sodium sulphate 42.48 

Sodium chloride ........ 8.18 

Lithium Strong test. 



CALIFORNIA. 117 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate • .1.34 

Calcium carbonate ........ 1.34 

Barium Faint test. 

Strontium Well-marked. 

Magnesium sulphate 0.15 

Magnesium carbonate ....... 0.32 

Silica 4.94 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total solids 63.39 

Free sulphureted hydrogen, 0.64 cubic inches. 
Temperature of water, 193° F. 

The analysis shows a considerable resemblance to the Carlsbad 
waters. The water is soft, clear, and pleasant to drink, and is 
said to eliminate malarial and miasmatic poisons from the system 
when taken internally. The waters owe their wide reputation, 
however, to their beneficial effects when used for bathing pur- 
poses. They are given in the form of vapor, hot mineral water, 
and mud baths. These baths are valuable in cases of rheumatism 
with stiffened joints, but are also employed in various neuralgic 
conditions, and for some of the manifestations of syphilis. 

AZULE SPRINGS, 

Santa Clara County. 
Location, twelve miles west of San Jose. Not a resort. 

AZULE SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline-carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 86.73 

Sodium carbonate 52.19 

Potassium chloride . 10.90 

Potassium carbonate ....... 2.85 

Magnesium carbonate ....... 78.16 

Magnesium chloride ....... 17.42 

Calcium carbonate 10.05 

Silica _ 3 20 

Organic matter . 0.18 

Total solids 261.68 

Free carbonic acid gas, 153.77 cubic inches. 
Temperature, 59.6° F. 

The action of the water is autacid, aperient, diuretic, and tonic. 
The water is Used commercially, being shipped in large quantities 
to all parts of the State. It resembles the water of Nassau Seltzer, 
in Germany. 



118 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

BARTLETT SPRINGS, 
Lake County. 

Post-office, Bartlett Springs. Hotel. Access: Since May 1, 
1892, the springs are reached by two routes from San Francisco. 
First, via San Francisco and Northern Pacific R. R. Leave San 
Francisco by the Tiburon Ferry, arriving at Pieta 11.50 a.m. 
Thence by stage to Lakeport, arriving 4.15 p.m. Thence by fast 
and well-equipped steamer " City of Lakeport/' across Clear 
Lake, disembarking at Bartlett Station at 5.45 p.m. Thence by 
a second six-in-hand stage to springs, arriving at 8 p.m. — a 
beautiful and picturesque route throughout. Second, leave San 
Francisco via Oakland Ferry, 8 a.m., arriving at Colusa Junction 
at 1.25 p.m. Change to Colusa R. R. A ride of forty-five 
minutes brings the visitor to Bites at 2.10 p.m. Thence take 
Miller and Long's stage-coach thirty-five miles to springs, arriving 
at 9 p.m. 

These springs have been known for upward of twenty years, and 
have gained a wide reputation as a health resort. No more pure 
and invigorating climate can be found than that of beautiful Lake 
County, and the Bartlett Springs, being located in a canyon with 
high mountains on the north and south, are particularly well 
located to resist sudden changes of temperature. The thermometer 
shows a mean of 85° F. in the summer, and is never below 20° F. 
in the winter. The surrounding scenery is grand and inspiring, 
and once looked upon is not easily forgotten. The elevation above 
the sea-level is about 2300 feet. On the springs property, consist- 
ing of 800 acres, can be found hundreds of mineral springs, no 
two having exactly the same composition. The following analysis 
of the principal spring, by Mr. George E. Colby, shows an alka- 
line-carbonated water of moderate strength and possessing, espe- 
cially in the sodium, calcium, and magnesium compounds, active 
remedial agents: 

BARTLETT SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride ,. 0.50 

Sodium bicarbonate 1.05 

Potassium bicarbonate 0.39 

Magnesium carbonate 6.62 

Calcium carbonate . . 30.14 

Calcium phosphate . . . . ' . . . . 0.49 

Calcium sulphate . 0.63 

Iron compounds Traces. 

Silica 3.47 

Lithium Traces. 

Barium carbonate 0.05 



CALIFORNIA. 119 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Strontium . . . None. 

Boric acid Traces. 

Organic matter " 

Total solids 43.34 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Free carbonic acid . 24.21 

Ammonia Faint trace. 

Temperature of water, 54° F. 

An analysis by Dr. Winslow Anderson shows slightly more 
solids per gallon and a somewhat smaller proportion of carbonic 
acid. There are said to be slight variations in the constituents of 
the water, as they are somewhat influenced by the wetness or dry- 
ness of the season, etc. 

Other well-known springs are the " Soda," " Iron," " Sweet," 
and " Gas" springs. A feature of great interest in the neighbor- 
hood is the gas tunnel, running eighty feet into the mountain side. 
This tunnel has had for years a steady and large flow of carbonic- 
acid gas. It rises to a height of about eighteen inches, and is 
so heavy that it is said to roll down tbe mountain side in a con- 
siderable volume. Birds, rabbits, squirrels, lizards, etc., in trying 
to cross its path are asphyxiated, and skeletons of some of these 
victims may be seen for quite a distance from the tunnel's mouth. 

The hotel is kept open the year round, but the season proper at 
Bartlett is from May 1st to November 15th. During this time 
from 300 to 500 guests are always on the grounds. Beside the 
hotel there are numerous cottages provided for those preferring 
housekeeping. 

The waters are highly recommended in chronic rheumatism, gout, 
sciatica, calculous diseases, dyspepsia, chronic alcoholism, etc. 
They are bottled and have an extensive sale on the Pacific coast. 

In the neighborhood of Bartlett Springs are two spring resorts 
where the waters are used for bathing. They are known respec- 
tively as Newman's Soap Springs and the Crabtree Hot Springs. 
Both are thermal. 

BLODGETT'S SPRINGS, 

Santa Clara County. 

Hotels and cottages. These excellent springs are picturesquely 
located in the Coast Range of mountains, about eight miles west 
of Gilroy. They are reached by the Southern Pacific R. R. to 
Gilroy, and from thence by a daily stage. The surroundings are 
beautiful. The atmosphere is pure, balmy, and invigorating, and 
the mineral water and baths are of considerable therapeutic value. 
One of the principal fountains is the Soda Spring. Anderson's 
analysis : 



120 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



blodgett's SPRINGS. 
Alkaline-carbonated. Sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 8.20 

Sodium carbonate 9.92 

Sodium sulphate Trace. 

Potassium chloride " 

Potassium iodide " 

Potassium carbonate 0.47 

Magnesium carbonate 6.65 

Magnesium sulphate 1.15 

Calcium carbonate 7.31 

Calcium sulphate 2.19 

Ferrous carbonate . Trace. 

Alumina 4.13 

Borates Trace. 

Silica 4.11 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total solids 44.13 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid .9.25 

Sulphureted hydrogen Trace. 

The waters are antacid, diuretic, aperient, and tonic, and of 
value in acid dyspepsia and catarrh of the stomach, constipation, 
kidney and bladder troubles. 

The next spring in importance is the Sulphur Spring. It is 
very similar in chemical composition to the Soda Spring, but con- 
tains a much larger volume of sulphureted hydrogen (7.25 cubic 
inches per United States gallon). This water is also antacid, 
laxative, tonic, and diuretic, and is said to be useful in rheumatism 
and sciatica, chronic arthritis, and skin diseases. Excellent bath- 
ing facilities have been constructed. 

BONANZA HOT AND COLD SPRINGS, 

Lake County. 

These springs are located two miles from Siegler's, six miles 
from Glenbrook, and eight miles from Lower Lake. The situa- 
tion is about 2500 feet above the sea-level, in a sequestered spot on 
the side of the mountain, among the pines and oaks. There are 
several pleasant carbonated waters on the place. One of these, 
the Cold Soda, is a sparkling, antacid water, possessing diuretic 
and aperient properties. On qualitative analysis the Soda Spring 
is found to contain sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, mag- 
nesium sulphate, calcium carbonate, silica, and free carbonic acid 
gas. Another spring close by is found to be sulphureted, and 
has a temperature of 84.2° F. This spring is used for bathing. 



CALIFORNIA. 121 

It yields on analysis: sodium sulphate, sodium chloride, magne- 
sium sulphate, calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, silica, and 
free sulphureted hydrogen gas. It is beneficial in gouty and 
strumous joint affections. 

BORAX SPRINGS. 

There are numerous springs, ponds, and lakes yielding borates in 
Lake and San Bernardino Counties, as well as in the more southern 
parts of the State. These are not utilized as health resorts, but 
yield large amounts of borax. According to the reports of the 
State Mineralogist, California produced more than $5,000,000 
worth of this useful substance during the last twenty years. 

BYRON SPRINGS, 

Contra Costa County. 

Post-office, Byron Springs. Hotel and cottages. These excel- 
lent springs are pleasantly situated near the foot-hills in a spur of 
the Coast Range of mountains, about sixteen miles southeast of 
Mount Diablo, and sixty-eight miles northeast of San Francisco. 
They are reached by the railroad line running from San Francisco 
to Stockton and Sacramento via Martinez. The springs are one 
and a half miles from Byron Station on this line. They lie in a 
small valley leading from the San Joaquin plains. The elevation 
is about 100 feet above tide-water, and the climate is mild and 
pleasant. An excellent hotel and a number of cottages have been 
erected for the accommodation of guests. Being only three hours' 
ride from San Francisco, the place is visited by thousands of 
people every year, and is constantly increasing in popularity. 
The springs are upward of fifty in number, and many of them are 
of great therapeutic value. They range in temperature from 52° 
to 140° F. Within a few feet of each other one finds a cold car- 
bonated spring and a hot sulphureted spring. The entire basin 
has the appearance of being an extinct volcanic crater. The cold 
soda springs probably come largely from the surface-water, while 
the hot springs undoubtedly have a much deeper origin down in 
the earth's crust. There are also several inflammable gas wells or 
springs, from which it is hoped an abundant supply of natural 
gas for illuminating and heating purposes will be obtained. The 
gas evidently consists in great part of carbureted hydrogen (CH 4 ). 
Of the fifty or more springs only seven or eight are in active use. 
We present several analyses made by Dr. Winslow Anderson: 



122 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



THE 



LIVER AND KIDNEY 



SPRING. 



Muriated- saline. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Potassium chloride 
Potassium iodide 
Potassium bromide 
MagDesium chloride 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium chloride . 
Calcium sulphate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Barium carbonate . 
Ferrous carbonate . 
Ammonium chloride 
Silica 
Organic matter 



Grains. 

622.07 

33.74 

0.79 

Trace. 
3.92 
15.75 
85.37 
1.12 
0.59 
0.93 
0.72 
0.05 
1.00 

Trace. 

769.05 



Total solids . 

Free carbonic acid gas, 7.82 cubic inches. 
Temperature of water, 66° F. 

The analysis shows this" water to be heavily impregnated with 
saline ingredients. The water is said to have a special action on 
the liver and kidneys, which fact gives the spring its name. 
Before the resort was improved it was the custom of the residents 
of the surrounding country to come with bottles and barrels and 
carry the water away for use. It is said to be very useful in dys- 
pepsia, chronic hepatic diseases, obstruction in the gall-ducts, and 
what is known as " gin livers." Its good effects are extended to 
intestinal atony or torpidity of the bowels. It is diuretic, and is 
said to have been successful in a number of cases of albuminuria. 
Its best effects are observed in alcoholic dyspepsia and in the 
" rocky" and dilapidated state of the system consequent upon ex- 
cessive conviviality. It was resorted to in these conditions long 
before an analysis was made. 



THE 



WHITE SULPHUR SPRING. 



Alkaline-saline-chalybeate. Sulphureted. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium bicarbonate . 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium chloride . 
Potassium carbonate 
Potassium sulphate . 
Magnesium chloride 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Calcium sulphate 



Grains. 

12.01 

12.94 

1.34 

Trace. 

2.37 

Trace. 

a 

2.50 
1.13 
0.51 



CALIFORNIA. 



123 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Ferrous carbonate 3.00 

Silica 0.26 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total solids 36.06 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid gas . . . . . . . .21.17 

Sulphureted hydrogen . . . . • . 5 80 

Temperature of water, 76° F. 

This will be seen to be a light alkaline sulphur water, with a 
well-marked quantity of ferruginous salt. Its action is tonic, 
diuretic, alterative, aperient, and antacid. It is very useful in 
affections consequent upon the uric-acid diathesis, such as rheuma- 
tism, gout, glandular enlargements, and many forms of skin disease. 



THE 



BLACK SULPHUR SPRING. 



Saline-sulphur eted. Carbonated. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium bicarbonate 
Potassium chloride . 
Potassium sulphate 
Potassium iodide 
Potassium bromide 
Magnesium chloride 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium chloride . 
Calcium sulphate . 
Calcium carbonate . 
Ferrous carbonate . 
Barium carbonate . 
Ammonium chloride 
Silica 
Organic matter 

Total solids . 
Gases. 
Carbonic acid . 
Sulphureted hydrogen 

Temperature of water, 90.3' 



Grains. 
395.00 
Trace. 

It 

35.62 

Trace. 

0.74 

0.16 

1.00 

9.50 

9.00 

3.20 

5.95 

0.70 

Trace. 
tt 

1.10 
Trace. 

461.97 
Cubic inches. 
25.60 
8.00 



This water contains a considerable quantity of the chlorides and 
carbonates, and is largely diuretic in consequence. It is also 
heavily charged with carbonic acid gas, and has a fair amount of 
sulphureted hydrogen gas. It is indicated in catarrhal irritation 
and inflammation of the genito-urinary tract, and has proved of 
service in cystitis, Bright' s disease, dyspepsia, and constipation. 
It is largely used for bathing purposes. 

Among other valuable springs at Byron are the "Iron" Spring, 



124 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



a well-marked alkaline chalybeate water; the "Hot Salt" Spring, 
having a temperature of 122.3° F., and much used for bathing; 
the " Iron Pipe" Spring, and the "Surprise" Spring. This latter 
spring is one of the most heavily charged saline waters in the world, 
containing 15,000 grains of common salt to each United States gallon 
of 231 cubic inches. With other mineral ingredients it is known 
to possess over 18,000 grains — about 40 ounces, or 33 per cent., 
of solid constituents to the gallon. The following comparative 
table of heavy waters shows the Surprise Spring to be one of the 
most remarkable known: 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Sea water 

Mono Lake (California) 

Castalian Mineral Spring (California) 

Owens Lake (California) . 

Syracuse, New York (salt well) 

Salt Lake (Utah), about 

Dead Sea (Holy Land) 

St. Clair Springs (Michigan) 

Clark's Eed Cross Mineral Springs (Michigan) 

Byron Surprise Spring .... 



Grains. 

2,138.91 

2,915.16 

4,422.25 

7,000.60 

9,221.00 

11,000.00 

13,488.10 

17,704.60 

17,825.77 

18,773.73 



The water is highly diuretic and laxative when taken internally, 
and ought to be valuable for bathing purposes. Two large bath- 
houses have been built at Byron, fitted with sulphurous, steam, 
vapor, and water baths in tub or plunge, at all temperatures. The 
moor or mud baths form an important feature of this resort. The 
hot sulphurous, saline mud has become famous in the treatment of 
obstinate cases of rheumatism, gout, arthritic joints, scrofula, and 
skin diseases. The following analysis shows the mineral constituents 
of this mud: 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium chloride 
Potassium iodide 
Potassium bromide 
Magnesium chloride 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium chloride 
Calcium sulphate . 
Calcium carbonate . 
Ferrous sulphate . 
Ammonium chloride 
Silica 
Organic matter 

Total solids 
Gases. 
Free carbonic acid 
Free sulphureted hydrogen 

Temperature of mud, 110° F 



Grains. 

274.93 

42.16 

26.40 

0.32 
Trace. 

2.06 
19 60 

7.50 
36.05 

3.09 

0.76 
Trace. 

5.62 

7.34 

425.83 
Cubic inches. 
17.75 
14.50 



CALIFORNIA. 



125 



CALIFORNIA SELTZER SPRINGS, 
Mendocino County. 

These springs are pleasantly located in the Coast Kange, twelve 
miles from Cloverdale. The surroundings are picturesque, and the 
climate is salubrious. There are comfortable accommodations for 
visitors. 

On analysis the Seltzer Spring was found by Anderson to be 
composed as follows : 

CALIFORNIA SELTZER SPRINGS. 



Alkaline-saline-caleic. Carbonated. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium bicarbonate . 
Sodium carbonate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Ferrous carbonate . 
Calcium carbonate . 
Organic matter 
Silica 



Total solids 

Free carbonic acid gas, 18.00 cub 
Temperature of water, 57° F. 



Grains. 

. 17.15 
. 53.00 
. Trace. 
. 44.60 
, Trace. 
. 7240 
, Trace. 



187.15 



c inches. 



The waters are sparkling and quite palatable. They have a 
diuretic and aperient action, and are beneficial in dyspepsia with 
acid eructations, constipation, acid states of the urine, cystitis, etc. 
They belong to the alkaline-carbonated class. 

CALISTOGA SPRINGS, 

Napa County. 

These valuable springs are situated nine miles south of Mount 
St. Helena. There are two sets of springs, one in the City of 
Calistoga and the other just outside the town. They are very simi- 
lar in chemical composition. There were at one time an excellent 
hotel and many fine cottages at the springs, bat since the fire in 
1868, which destroyed the former and several of the latter, the 
resort has changed hands many times, and has been allowed to lan- 
guish somewhat. It is said that the present proprietor contemplates 
fully restoring the once handsome resort. 

The mineral springs number some twenty or more, and range in 
temperature from 75° to 186° F. They are used for drinking and 
bathing purposes, and have acquired considerable reputation. The 
following analysis was made by Dr. Anderson of the waters of one 
of the springs at Magnolia Hotel: 



126 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 
CALISTOGA SPRINGS. 

Saline-sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride • . . 20.76 

Sodium carbonate , . 5.10 

Sodium sulphate 1.75 

Sodium iodide 0.16 

Potassium iodide Trace. 

Magnesium sulphate . . . . . . .2.90 

Calcium chloride 5.57 

Calcium sulphate 0.63 

Alumina 0.47 

Silica 4.55 

Organic matter . Trace. 

Total solids 41.89 

Free sulphureted hydrogen gas, 4.75 cubic inches. 
Temperature of water, 95° F. 

The following analysis shows the mineral ingredients of the Hot 
Swimming Pool on Senator Stanford's grounds: 

SWIMMING POOL (CALISTOGA SPRINGS.) 

Saline-sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 23.07 

Sodium carbonate 2.19 

Sodium sulphate 6.92 

Sodium iodide . . . 0.73 

Potassium iodide 0.21 

Potassium carbonate . 0.76 

Magnesium sulphate 1.16 

Magnesium chloride 0.40 

Calcium chloride 0.96 

Calcium sulphate , . .1.25 

Ferrous protoxide 0.45 

Manganese Trace. 

Alumina 0.27 

Silica 3.61 

Organic matter Traces. 

Total solids . 41.98 

Sulphureted hydrogen gas, 6.30 cubic inches. 
Temperature of water, 121.6° F. 

The springs have gained considerable celebrity in obstinate cases 
of syphilitic contamination, rheumatism, etc. 

CASTALIAN MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Inyo County. 

These springs are found near Owens Lake, and are thirteen in 
number, most of them being cold. One or two are sulphurous, and 



CALIFORNIA. 



127 



the others are alkaline and carbonated. The place is being devel- 
oped as a resort. Some of the waters are also used commercially, 
and are recommended in cutaneous diseases. The following anal- 
ysis of one of the springs was made by Prof. Thomas Price in 1880: 



CASTALIAN MINERAL SPRINGS. 



Alkaline-saline. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium carbonate 
Sodium sulphate . 
Sodium sulphate (?) 
Sodium chloride 
Potassium chloride 
Lime 
Magnesia 
Silica 
Boric acid 
Phosphoric acid . 
Iodine . 
Bromine 
Iron 
Organic matter 

Total solids 
Gases not determined. 



Grains. 

1724.11 

651.02 

46.34 

1840.72 

132.30 

Trace. 
it 

14.28 
Trace. 



13 48 



4422.25 



This is an exceedingly dense alkaline-saline water and cannot be 
used medicinally without dilution. There are other springs close 
by not so heavily impregnated. 

COAL VALLEY BOILING SPRINGS, 

Modoc County. 

These springs lie eight miles west of Modoc. They are not 
improved, and are mentioned here on account of their high tempera- 
ture — 212° F., that of boiling- water. An egg boils in the water 
in a few minutes. White incrustations of soda salts form about 
the margins of the springs. 



CORONADO SPRINGS, 

San Diego County. 

Hotel. These springs are located on and in the vicinity of Coronado 
Beach. They have an elevation of 30 feet above the ocean tide, 
and flow 50,000 gallons per hour. The water is clear and spark- 
ling, and pleasant to the taste, being soft, pure, and wholesome. 
On analysis it was found by Mr. C. Gilbert Wheeler, analyst, to 
contain the following mineral ingredients: 



128 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



CORONADO SPRINGS. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 10.17 

Potassium chloride 0.91 

Potassium sulphate ........ 0.55 

Magnesium . 4.73 

Calcium carbonate . . . . . , . .6.49 

Calcium sulphate 1.33 

Ferrous sesquioxide 0.04 

Silica 1.08 

Organic matter , . .0.99 

Total solids 26.29 

Gases not determined. 

This water is found to compare favorably with that of the 
Bethesda Spring at Waukesha, Wis. That well-known water con- 
tains slightly more than 25 grains of solid matter to the United 
States gallon, many of the constituents being the same as those of 
the Coronado waters. These waters are gently aperient, diuretic, 
and tonic, and useful in dyspepsia, anaemia, renal and cystic dis- 
orders. 

The accommodations at the Coronado Hotel are among the finest 
in the world. The building is a magnificent structure, and the 
scenery on the beach, on the shore of the Pacific Ocean, is never 
to be forgotten by one fortunate enough to have beheld it. 

DUNCAN SPRINGS. 

Mendocino County. 

Post-office, Hopland. Hotel and cottages. Access via San Fran- 
cisco and Northern Pacific P. P. to Hopland Station. The new 
hotel is located on a picturesque knoll, half a mile from the station. 
The springs are found on a hill 250 feet above the valley and 1000 
feet above the sea level. The surrounding country is of a rough, 
broken character, and the climate salubrious. The flow of water 
from the principal spring, the Duncan, is 1J gallons per minute 
There are several other springs, known as the " Seltzer," the " Iron, 
the " Borax," and the u Sulphur" Springs, their names indicating 
in a general way their character. The following analysis by A. W. 
Thatcher shows the mineral ingredients of the principal spring: 

DUNCAN SPRINGS. 

Alkaline- calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium bicarbonate 90.11 

Magnesium chloride 1.41 

Magnesium sulphate 1.64 

Calcium bicarbonate 15.64 



■)•> 



CALIFORNIA. 129 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silica 6.94 

Potassium bicarbonate ) 2 Q7 

Sodium bicarbonate j 

Total solids 118,11 

Free carbonic acid gas, 36.57 cubic inches. 

The waters are said to be much sought after iu the treatment of 
rheumatism, dyspepsia, and constipation. 

EL PASO DE ROBLES HOT AND COLD SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

San Luis Obispo County. 

Hotel and cottages. These springs lie in the beautiful valley of 
the Salinas River, about sixteen miles from the shores of the Pacific 
Ocean, and 216 miles from San Francisco. They are reached by the 
Southern Pacific R.R. via Soledad. Access may also be had from San 
Luis Obispo by stage. The name of El Paso de Robles is derived 
from the Spanish, meaning " the pass of the oaks/' from the fact 
that the main highway ran through this valley. For many miles this 
picturesque valley is covered with gigantic white oaks, live oaks, and 
huge cottonwoods, and nestled in one of these cosey groves is Paso 
Robles Retreat. The once wild " pass in the oaks" is now trans- 
formed into a blooming resort, with cultivated grounds, and Paso 
Robles is a delightful little town of about 1000 inhabitants. When 
the Southern Pacific Railroad is completed the place will become of 
considerable commercial importance. JSTear the springs and overlook- 
ing the prosperous little town a commodious and elegant hotel is 
under construction. The building will be of solid brick through- 
out. Some eighteen or twenty cosey cottages are also found under 
the umbrageous oaks in different parts of the extensive grounds. 
On each side of the resort and valley the evergreen hills, covered 
with forests of pine, oaks, manzanita groves, and sweet-scented 
shrubbery, form a pleasant contrast to Paso Robles proper. 

The climate is remarkably mild and luxurious all the year round, 
and the atmosphere is pure, balmy, and invigorating. 

The waters at Paso Robles are sulphurous and alkaline, and range 
in temperature from 59° to 122° F. They comprise the " Main Hot 
Sulphur " Spring, the " Mud or Moor " Spring, the " Soda," " Sand," 
" Cold, " " White Sulphur," " Iron," and " Garden " Springs. The 
great hot sulphureted spring is located about 300 yards from the 
hotel in a southeasterly direction. Over it has been constructed one 
of the finest bathing establishments on the coast, consisting of sixty 
individual bath-tubs, and a large vat, 15x30 feet, for a swimming or 
plunge bath. The flow of this spring is about 5000 gallons per 
hour, and it has a temperature ranging from 105° to 110° F. The 
following analysis was made by Dr. Winslow Anderson in 1889: 

9 



130 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



EL PASO DE EOBLES (MAIN SULPHUR SPRING S). 

A Ikaline-saline. Sulphureted. 



One U. S. gallon contains 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium bicarbonate 
Sodium carbonate 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium iodide . 
Sodium bromide 
Potassium chloride 
Potassium carbonate 
Potassium iodide 
Potassium sulphate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Calcium sulphate 
Ferrum peroxide 
Borates 
Lithates 
Alumina . 
Silica 

Iodides and bromides 
Organic matter 

Total solids . 

Gases. 
Free sulphureted hydrogen 
Free carbonic acid gas 



Grains. 

25.73 

41.19 

7.62 

7,25 

Trace. 
it 

1.57 

2.05 

Trace. 
u 

2.15 
5.11 
1.23 
2.94 
73 
Trace. 

0.25 
1.75 

Trace 
1.90 

. 101.47 

Cubic inches. 
. 3.75 

. 8.90 



These waters are found to be especially serviceable in subacute 
and chronic rheumatism and articular affections, scrofula, blood, 
glandular, and cutaneous affections. In catarrh of the nasopharynx 
the water, used as a hot douche, has proved highly beneficial. It 
is also useful in this manner in leucorrhceal discharges and in 
engorgement of the female pelvic organs. 

The Mud Springs, about a mile and a half north of the hotel, 
are also exceedingly beneficial in rheumatism, arthritis, stiff joints, 
sprains, synovitis, glandular enlargements, chronic cutaneous dis- 
eases, etc. They vary in temperature from 104° to 122° F., and 
have been found to be highly charged with mineral and gaseous 
ingredients. The mud springs cover a space of about twenty-five 
feet square, over which suitable bathing conveniences have been 
established. These consist of dressing-rooms, hot sulphurous water, 
plunges, and the mud plunge; this latter is a compartment or vat 
4x8 feet and nearly filled with prepared moor or mud, and so 
arranged that the hot sulphurous water and gases rise directly into 
it from the ground beneath. The mud springs flow collectively 
about 6000 gallons per hour. About 200 yards north of the Mud 
Baths is the Soda Spring. Its temperature is 77° F., and its flow 
is limited. The water is much used for drinking purposes. By 



CALIFORNIA. 



131 



allowing the small amount of sulphureted hydrogen to escape the 
water becomes very palatable. According to Anderson's analysis — 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride . . . 25.10 

Sodium carbonate 7.25 

Sodium bicarbonate 19 70 

Sodium sulphate 5.05 

Potassium carbonate 1.16 

Potassium sulphate 0.83 

Magnesium carbonate . . 3.17 

Magnesium sulphate 7.80 

Calcium carbonate 5.32 

Calcium sulphate . 6 47 

Iron peroxide . Trace. 

Silica 92 

Alumina . 0.85 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total solids 83.82 

Free gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid gas . 9.20 

Sulphureted hydrogen 1.60 

The water has valuable antacid and aperient properties. It 
belongs to the alkaline-carbonated class. The other springs at Paso 
Robles are not extensively used as yet, although some of them will, 
no doubt, be found very valuable. 



EUREKA SPRINGS, 
Humboldt County. 

Post-office, Eureka. These springs are located near the town of 
Eureka. The waters belong to the muriated-sulphureted class, and 
were analyzed by Prof. W. D. Johnson in 1885, with the following 
results : 

EUREKA SPRINGS. 

Muriated- saline. Sulphureted. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride . 
Sodium carbonate 
Sodium bromide . 
Potassium sulphate 
Magnesium chloride 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate . 
Alumina 
Silica . 
Ferrous carbonate 



Grains. 

1403.00 

10.10 

14.00 

12 20 

101.00 

211.30 

3 80 

42.50 

1.30 

0.95 

0.12 



132 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Manganese . Trace. 

Boric acid 

Iodine 

Lithium 

Total solids 1800.27 

Gases. 

Carbonic acid gas Small amount. 

Sulphureted hydrogen Saturated. 

This water is now used extensively by the residents of the neigh- 
boring districts. It is also shipped to San Francisco. The action 
of the water is laxative and diuretic. 

FELTS MINERAL SPRINGS, 
Humboldt County. 

Hotel. These springs lie about twenty-five miles from Eureka, 
near the head of Strong's Valley. There are numerous springs on 
the place, the most important yielding on analysis: 

Sodium chloride. Magnesium chloride. 

Sodium carbonate. Magnesium carbonate. 

Potassium chloride. Calcium carbonate. 

Potassium carbonate. Manganese. 

Potasssium sulphate. Traces of iron. 

Silica. Alumina. 

The grounds are elegantly laid out, and commodious quarters 
have been erected for the accommodation of guests. The resort is 
illuminated by natural gas from the premises. 

The waters are especially recommended in dropsical tendencies 
depending on the liver and kidneys. 

FULTON WELLS, 
Los Angeles County. 

Hotel and cottages. This resort is located about three miles 
north of Norwalk Station on the Los Angeles K. R., and thirteen 
miles from Los Angeles City. 

The wells were bored by Dr. Fulton, and the resort is conducted 
by that gentleman. The two principal wells are 350 feet deep and 
flow copiously. Anderson's analysis shows the following results: 

FULTON WELLS. 

A Ikaline-saline-chalybeate. Sulphureted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 9.60 

Sodium bicarbonate . ..... 2.90 

Sodium sulphate 0.95 



CALIFORNIA. 133 

One U. S. gallon contains :■' 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium bicarbonate . . . . . . . 17.46 

Ferrous carbonate 11.75 

Calcium carbonate 12.62 

Calcium sulphate 23.41 

Silica 2.45 

Organic matter ........ Trace. 

Total solids 81.13 

Gases. 

Free carbonic acid gas Excess. 

Free sulphureted hydrogen " 

Temperature of water, 64° F. 

This water may be described as a heavy alkaline-chalybeate. It 
enjoys considerable reputation in the treatment of anaemia, mala- 
rial troubles, atonic dyspepsia, congestion of the liver, etc. 

A large hotel, comfortable cottages, and excellent bathing facilities 
have been provided for guests. 

THE CALIFORNIA GEYSERS, 

Sonoma County. 

Hotel and cottages. This marvellous region is located in the 
northeastern part of Sonoma County, about one hundred miles north 
of San Francisco, sixteen miles from Cloverdale, and twenty-six 
miles from Calistoga. Formerly tourists rode on horseback for 
many miles to visit this realm of fumaroles and solfataras, which is 
situated about 1700 feet above the sea-level; but, thanks to the push 
and enterprise of our Western civilization, it may now be reached 
in a comfortable six-horse stage from the termini of the Cloverdale 
and Calistoga railroads over excellent mountain roads. It is a 
good plan to go by the way of Cloverdale and come back by way 
of Calistoga, as all the grandeur and beauty of the surrounding 
country may thus be seen. The following entertaining account of 
a visit to the Geysers is taken from Dr. Anderson's work -? 

u Leaving Cloverdale after luncheon, comfortably seated in our 
stage, with an experienced and accommodatingly communicative 
driver, who takes pleasure in pointing out the many objects of 
interest, we soon cross the Russian River and commence the ascent. 
The hills and mountains are robed in evergreen verdure of indige- 
nous flora, gigantic oaks, and towering pines. Here and there the 
huge bowlders and rocky cliffs stand out in bold relief, and as we 
wind up and around the mountain sides with the Pluton River many 
hundred feet below, basking and smiling in the afternoon sun, and 
rippling along its moss-covered banks and bright-pebbled bottom, 
with here and there a miniature cascade and waterfall, we feel that 
words cannot describe the grandeur of the scenery. 

1 Op. cit. 



134 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

u As we gain in altitude the view becomes more and more 
extended, until our eyes leap with vivid interest from peak to peak 
and valley to valley for miles around, feasting upon the beauties of 
nature. Some two or three miles down the canyon before we reach 
the geysers our attention is called to the large white or yellowish- 
white banks across the canyon. They are known as sulphur banks, 
and consist of deposits of sulphur and cinnabar, with incrustations 
of salts of sodium, potassium, magnesium, sulphur, etc. They are 
extinct craters, or the deposits of geysers and fumaroles which have 
died out, leaving evidences of volcanic action behind. Near these 
sulphur banks are found the famous Indian Springs, at which Edwin 
Forrest camped for one season and was completely restored to health." 

The waters are diuretic, laxative, and antacid, and are valuable 
in dyspepsia, torpidity of the liver and bowels, and in renal and 
cystic diseases. (See table for analysis.) 

Near by are the real " Indian Mud Springs," which are highly 
extolled in the treatment of chronic rheumatism, gout, arthritis, and 
synovitis, and scrofulous and cutaneous contaminations. (See table.) 

"As we draw nearer and nearer the sylvan resort our ears are 
greeted with sounds like those of a steamboat or locomotive — puff, 
puff — at regular intervals. These we are told, and as we ascertained 
afterward, come from the ' Steamboat Springs.' After a few more 
horseshoe curves have been passed and several more of those mag- 
nificent landscapes have been mentally photographed on the brain, 
we reach the geyser resort. The many cosey cottages, the hotel and 
grounds, are situated in a leafy dell on the side of 'the mountain 
opposite the Geyser Canyon. The huge oaks and pines afford 
pleasant shade to the commodious verandas as we sit and enjoy the 
pure, dry, invigorating and exhilarating mountain air and pictur- 
esque scenery which surrounds us on every side." 

A Trip Through the Geyser Canyon. 

" Bright and early next morning we set out for our trip ' over 
the river' to his Majesty's Plutonian shores. In the summer the 
best time out is from 4.30 to 5 a.m., in order that the full volume 
of the steam and sulphurous vapors may be perceived as they rise 
several hundred feet in the air. Later in the morning the sun's 
rays condense the vapors so that they are not visible so far above 
the ground. We are armed with a long staff, like the pilgrims of 
old, and with our guide we set out to cross the Pluton River — this 
time on a bridge. Before doing so, however, our attention is called 
to a clear, cool spring known as the ' Iron ' Spring. It is located 
near the edge of the Pluton River on the same side as the hotel." 

The water of this spring belongs to the light chalybeate class (see 
table); its action is tonic, aperient, and detergent. 

" Immediately after crossing the Pluton River a change in the 
atmosphere becomes noticeable. On the side where the hotel is built 



CALIFORNIA. 135 

the air is pure, dry, and invigorating; on the side where the 
Geyser Canyon is located the atmosphere is mixed with the per- 
fumes from the interior realm. Near the path on the bank of the 
river as we proceed up the canyon is situated quite a remarkable 
spring, containing large quantities of aluminum, sulphate of mag- 
nesia, and silicic acid. It is known as the ' Alum Spring ' (see 
table). 

" Following our guide, we soon realize that we are neariug the 
brink of eternity. We cross the Devil's or Geyser Canyon and come 
to the alum and sulphur spring, having a temperature of 160° F. 
Proceeding further on we next come to the i Black Sulphur Springs/ 
in which we find sulphide of iron. The ground is now getting 
warm under our feet, and the fumes from the ' lower regions ' make 
us think of the hereafter, and as we push on a deep and steep ravine 
is entered, from which boiling hot steam and gases escape in every 
direction until we feel awe-struck in this strange place. Passing 
along through the ravine with the boiling water running at our feet 
we enter Proserpine's Grotto, in which is placed the ' Devil's Arm- 
chair.' This latter is hollowed out in the shape and form of a 
large parlor chair. In this we sit with great solemnity, to make 
sure of the benevolent friendship of his Satanic Majesty. The next 
point of interest in this Dante-like pilgrimage is the ' Devil's 
Kitchen,' with warning signs of danger stuck up on every hand. 
The country rock is serpentine sandstone and limestone, with 
igneous deposits and incrustations of sulphur, soda, cinnabar, etc., 
and as the fumaroles, cracks, and fissures emit their boiling waters 
and vapors saturated with free sulphuric, sulphurous, and hydro- 
chloric acids and carbonic anhydride, all having a strong disinte- 
grating action on the formation, everything is in consequence soft 
and yielding. The banks and rocks are like clay and sand, easily 
dislodged upon the slighest touch, hence the signs of danger. We 
are now fairly in the mouth of a boiling, seething, trembling, and 
smoking Plutonian realm. The ground under our feet is becoming 
hotter and hotter, and the sulphurous fumes and vapors are nearly 

suffocating " In this olla podrida of Hadean liquids 

are a number of interesting points, including several springs, to be 
observed. Xear at hand is a hot " Epsom Salt" spring, having a 
temperature of 150° F. and containing over 140 grains of magne- 
sium sulphate to the gallon of water. Another boiling spring of 
iron and sulphur has a temperature of 208° F. On the right side 
of the path is a large, black, sulphurous spring continually boiling 
and rumbling as the black, inky fluid reaches the dawn of day at a 
temperature of 162° F. It is the " Devil's Inkstand"— a hot, 
sulphurous, iron and alum sulphide and sulphate water, which 
makes very fair writing fluid. For this purpose it is used at the 
Geyser Hotel, where the visitor inscribes his name on the register 
with his Majesty's ink. 

You next come to the " Hot Alum Spring," containing over 



136 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

sixty grains of aluminium sulphate to the gallon (see table). This 
spring water is an excellent haemostatic in hemorrhages from the 
lungs, etc. Its action is at once tonic, laxative, and astringent. 

" As we proceed along the not over • straight and narrow path' 
it is literally and practically important that we follow our guide 
and the ' narrow path ' here, lest one misstep hurl us into that 
1 undiscovered country from whose bourne no traveller returns/ 
Innumerable springs and vents and subterranean outlets spurt and 
spout in every direction. i Pluto's Punch-bowl' is a large spring 
of hot lemonade, containing sulphuric acid and sulphates. The 
i Geyser Smokestack ' is a large opening from which issue vol- 
umes of sulphur-laden fumes, which rise into the air for several 
hundred feet, where they condense and deposit again on the ground 
as water and sulphur, etc. One of the most interesting springs in 
the Geyser Canyon is the ' Witches' Caldron,' a large, boiling cir- 
cular spring over seven feet in diameter and of unfathomable depth. 
The water has a temperature of 212° F., and is unceasingly boiling 
and bubbling. . . ." 

On analysis this remarkable fumarole, having its source prob- 
ably hundreds of feet below the surface, yields water rich in sodium, 
calcium, and magnesium sulphates. (See table.) 

" Next comes the ' Devil's Canopy' and the ' Geyser Safety- 
valve,' an intermittent, scalding spring, which ejects streams of 
boiling water to the height of fifteen feet ; then the ' Devil's 
Pulpit,' a little elevation where his Satanic Majesty (presumably) 
goes to direct the workings of his laboratory. A little farther up 
and to the left are the wonderful ' Steamboat Geysers,' which can 
be heard a mile or more away, blowing and snorting intermittently 
at high pressure. This is seemingly a true geyser. The steam is 
so hot that it does not begin to condense until it is ten or fifteen 
feet from the surface. Tourists are apt to burn their fingers trying 
to find out what makes the noise, as the steam is not visible. The 
temperature here is 214° F. . . ." 

We then pass on to the " Devil's Grist-mill," where a large 
column of steam escapes from a hole in the rock with so much force 
that sticks and stones placed at the orifice are blown away like bits 
of paper. Loud subterranean noises are heard within, resembling 
those of a grist-mill, hence its name. Going still farther up the 
ravine is found to bifurcate. The left fork is still active, having 
dozens of springs, with temperatures ranging from 100° F. to 
210° F. The right fork is cool and pleasant, with several pure 
water springs. 

" Ascending at the bifurcation some 160 feet we come to an ele- 
vation — a plateau of smooth, plastic clay, stained with iron and sul- 
phur. This clay has a temperature of 170° F. A long pole is 
introduced into the yielding formation, and forthwith issue hot, 
smoking vapors. The edge of this plateau is called l Lover's 
Leap.' Here the view of the boiling, seething, roaring, steaming, 



CALIFORNIA. 137 

groaning, and bubbling springs below is one of unrivalled grandeur. 
One hundred and sixty feet below you and all along the Devil's 
Canyon is one mass of smoking fury, shrill whistles, regularly 
intermittent puffs, and groans issuing from the interior of the 
earth. ..." 

To the eastward is " Lover's Retreat," a pleasant oasis in this 
wilderness of sulphurous clouds. Here, also, is the " Temperance 
Spring" of clear, cold water. Near it is a large, fallen oak which 
serves at once for a seat, and a knot-hole in one of the huge branches 
is known as the " Post-office." Here we leave our cards, in case 
civilization is never reached again. " Going along the usual route 
we pass over the ' Fire Mountain/ with its hundreds of small 
orifices through which miniature geysers issue. The temperature 
of this ochreous clay is 175° F. A little east of this are located 
'Alkali Lake 7 and the i Lava Beds/ Here the crust is so thin 
that stamping on it causes a hollow sound. This is evidently an 
extinct volcanic crater on a small scale. 

" We now pass the ' Indian Sweat Bath' and come to another 
remarkable spring known as the ' Devil's Teakettle. ' This is 
one of the strongest vapor springs on the coast. The orifice is 
three feet in diameter, and opens out of the side of the mountain, 
with a huge bowlder overhanging it. l Teakettle Spring ' is about 
half a mile from the active springs in Geyser Canyon. The vapor 
is emitted with such force that a large bunch of brush placed in 
front of it is instantly swept away for many feet. This steam is 
above the boiling point, and is sulphurous in character, and con- 
tains a large quantity of free sulphuric acid. Formerly, a huge 
cone with a steam whistle attached to it was constructed over the 
orifice, but it made such a noise as to keep the guests awake at 
nights, and was therefore taken down. (See table for analysis.) 

" The route now lies along the side of the mountain, where a 
narrow path has been cut out of solid igneous rock. Below is the 
Pluton River, and above the snorting geysers. Issuing from the 
side of the solid glass mountain are the remarkable springs, the 
( Hot Acid ' and the ' Lemonade/ whose waters are rich in potassium 
salts, so valuable in many conditions and diseases. The acid 
spring is remarkable from the fact that it contains 154 grains of 
free sulphuric acid to the gallon, and the lemonade spring from 
the fact that it is one of the few springs in California which has 
free muriatic acid (see table). These waters are among the finest 
in the State for dyspepsia, torpidity of the liver and bowels, 
malaria, ansemia, and many blood, glandular, and cutaneous affec- 
tions " 

The next place of interest is the "Devil's Oven," a large ex- 
cavation in this silicon oxide mountain, where in years gone by the 
igneous rock was at a white heat. All over this realm of subter- 
ranean outlets the crust of the earth is covered with the products 
of the Plutonian shores — sulphur, iron, magnesia, nitre, alum, etc. 



138 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

On again reaching Pluton River several more cold and hot springs 
are seen. Some are sulphureted and others are ferruginous, mag- 
nesic, and aluminic. Several hundred feet up the Pluton River 
has been constructed a large and commodious bathing establishment, 
which spans the river. Every facility for bathing has been arranged. 
The hot sulphurous vapor issues directly through the side of the 
mountain and gains admission into suitable apartments where the 
bather can enjoy the medicinal effects of the sulphurous fumes and 
steam vapors at any desired temperature. This bathing fluid is 
remarkable on account of the large amount of borates it holds in 
solution (see table for analysis). This is one of the best bathing 
waters on the coast. The borates and sulphates render the skin 
soft, white, and pliable; it has proved highly beneficial in the 
treatment of many cutaneous, syphilitic, and strumous contamina- 
tions, rheumatism, and chronic joint troubles, white swellings, gout, 
and other articular diseases. Internally the action of the water is 
laxative, diuretic, and diaphoretic. A large swimming pond has 
been constructed by damming the Pluton River. The water has a 
temperature of 75° F., and is a combination of all the mineral 
spring waters. 

ANALYSIS OF WATERS FROM SEVERAL SPRINGS AT THE 
CALIFORNIA GEYSERS. 













£&h' : ft 




„ 




■d 


>^\ 


Contents per U. S. gallon 


c 

CO* 
OJlH 

aa 




kS^ 


hep* 


Creek belc 
3. temp.96° 

de of hill 
temp. 138° 


o . 

P. 


a 

8 

to 


bo 

.2 


a>o 

~a 

tj o> 
&0g 

a -3 


B% 


expressed in grains. 


3& 

£2 


S 3 

-a g 
<** 


Co 

11 

to . 

1* 


Iron Geyser 
Alum Sj rg 

Spring on si 
near river, 


6J6q 


•~o 

Co 

§> 

•- a 
i— i 


*1 


Hot Sulph. 1 
bath-house 

Devil's Teal 
temp. 212° 


Potassium bisulphate 


7.53 


0.42 


1.14 












Potassium sulphate . 
















] 0.21 






Sodium bisulphate 






53.91 


39.82 


9.62 


5.14 








17.12 


98.16 


Sodium sulphate . 














3.15 


3.23 


3.29 




j 2.36 


Sodium carbonate . 


















1.40 






Calcium sulphate . 








6.98 


4.44 


3.81 


5.34 


1.10 


3.32 


6.42 


8.72 0.65 4.36 


Calcium carbonate . 




















7.35 






Calcium silicate . . 
















10 18 










Calcium borate . . 




















.... 






6.62 


Magnesium sulphate 






40.73 


9.62 


91.29 


34.49 


16.66 




2.52 


59.33 


41.12 




39.09 


Magnesium carbonate 


















15.47 










Magnesium silicate 
















15.46 












Magnesium borate . 
























17.31 




Iron sulphate . . 






12.25 




16.63 


7.34 


0.08 


0.11 







28.81 


0.16 


Iron carbonate . 


















0.12 


0.07 








Aluminum sulphate 






82.02 


2.04 


20.62 


63.82 




0.20 






22.78 


118.78 


2.39 31.16 


Alumina .... 








0.27 






0.89 




0.17 


0.18 








Free sulphuric acid 






31.82 




154.37 


6.45 










32.30 


5.75 


110.64 


Hydrochloric acid . 






1.19 






















Silicic acid .... 






16.50 


4.37 


21.11 


17.26 


3.50 


17.25 


0.99 5.42 


12.25 


18.08 


8.63 12.83 


Sulphureted hydrogen 




Sat. 


Sat. 


Sat. 


Sat. 


Sat. 





Sat. 


Sat. 


Sat. 


Sat. Sat. 


Boracic acid .... 








Str. t 


races 







] 






Str. traces 


Total . . . 


195.95 


63.53 


319.22 


138.11 29.62 


47.53 


7.12 33.39 

! . 


150.20 


221.26 


38.12296.24 



CALIFORNIA. 



139 



The geysers are wonderful and picturesque exhibitions of the 
nearly extinct volcanic forces slumbering beneath the romantic 
"Devil's Canyon." The region covers an area of about 400 
acres, most of the activity, however, being confined to the 
"Devil's" or "Geyser" canyon, comprising about sixty acres. 
Collectively, the springs, hot and cold, flow about 100,000 gal- 
lons daily. The owners of these valuable springs contemplate 
making extensive improvements in the near future. New hotels 
and cottages will be erected, new and complete bathing establish- 
ments constructed, and the great natural advantages of the place so 
improved as to make the "Geysers" one of the world's greatest 
sanitariums. 

From the foregoing analyses made by Professor Thomas Price, 
it will be observed that at the Geysers can be found probably as 
great a variety of mineral waters as at any other place on the con- 
tinent, or perhaps in the world. (See opposite page.) 

There are other geysers in various parts of California, but they 
have not so far reached any great importance as health resorts. 
Near Litton' s Station, in Sonoma County, some few miles from 
Geyserville, is a pleasant resort known as the "Geyser Spa" or 
"Soda Springs." The surrounding country is picturesque, and 
the climate mild and salubrious. A large number of people go to 
Geyser Spa every year. The waters are highly esteemed for their 
antacid, diuretic, and aperient properties. The following analysis 
was made by Dr. "Winslow Anderson in 1888 : 

GEYSER SPA. 

Alkaline-chalybeate. Carbonated. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium carbonate . 
Sodium bicarbonate . 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium carbonate 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Ferrous carbonate . 
Silica 
Organic matter 



Total solids . 
Carbonic acid gas, saturated 



Grains. 

8.93 

4.97 

21.16 

2.60 

Trace. 
9.03 
1.14 
4.90 
2.09 
3.75 

Trace. 

58.57 



A previous analysis made by Bauer and Price yielded results 
almost identical with Anderson's. 



140 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

GILROY HOT SPRINGS, 

Santa Clara County. 

Post-office, Gilroy Springs. Hotel. These springs are located 
on the Coyote River nine miles northeast of the town of Gilroy, in 
the Santa Clara Mountains. They are reached by the Southern 
Pacific R. R. to Gilroy, and from thence by stage over a pictur- 
esque mountain road. The springs lie nestled in among the moun- 
tains, surrounded by fragrant forests of spruce and pine. The 
atmosphere is rich in ozone, and the climate very genial. There 
is one main spring, which flows in great abundance. The tem- 
perature of the water varies from 108° F. to 115° F. Anderson's 
analysis : 

GILROY HOT SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline. Sulpho-carbonaied. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 31.75 

Sodium carbonate 1.42 

Sodium sulphate 0.75 

Potassium iodide Trace. 

Potassium sulphate 2.16 

Magnesium carbonate ....... 2.45 

Magnesium sulphate 9 04 

Calcium chloride 8.50 

Calcium sulphate 2.70 

Ferrous carbonate . . 0.26 

Ferrous oxide Trace. 

Arsenic " 

Silica 3.31 

Organic matter 0.52 

Total solids . . . .'*',. . .62 86 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Free carbonic acid gas 12.17 

Free sulphureted hydrogen . . . . . .9.25 

The analysis shows a light alkaline-sulphureted water. It is 
used with considerable benefit in syphilis, rheumatism, scrofula, 
and glandular swellings, chronic skin eruptions, etc. The water 
is also used for bathing, for which excellent facilities have been 
constructed. 

GLEN ALPINE MINERAL SPRINGS, 

El Dorado County. 

Back in the mountain fastnesses at a distance of seven miles from 
Lake Tahoe, and at an elevation of 6700 feet above the sea-level, 
are Gilmore's Glen Alpine Mineral Springs and Health Resort. 



CALIFORNIA. 141 

The wild, rugged gorge in which they are situated runs back from 
Tahoe a distance of some ten miles. It is diversified throughout 
its length with varied scenes of beauty and grandeur, and termi- 
nates abruptly in a glacial amphitheatre. The mighty formation 
which originated here went grinding, crushing, and cutting its 
way down, forming the beds in which now lie the beautiful lakes, 
in a chain of which Tahoe is the last link. The old glacier has 
written its record deep in the granite faces of the majestic moun- 
tains, which look down in silence on the results of those terrific 
convulsions of nature which are still shown in the masses of giant 
bowlders piled upon their sites, and in the scratched or polished 
surface of stone in the bed of the canyon below. But there is no 
suggestion of the chaos and desolation of those days of their birth 
revealed in the tranquil bosoms of the lakes, which now lie slum- 
bering, or awake and sparkling in the depths of the canyon, where 
thick groves of pine, tamarack, spruce, and silver fir cast deep, 
cool shadows. The region is rich in exquisite flowers and ferns. 
4< Those dimpling lakes, with the wild beauty of their surroundings, 
are sufficient to enthrall the heart of him who visits them ; but if he 
be devoted to the rod and reel he will find an additional charm in 
the swarms of speckled beauties which sport in the clear depths 
and rise to the glancing fly." 

First in the chain of lakes is the " Half Moon," which lies with 
Lake " Alta Morris " in the amphitheatre at the head of the canyon. 
The outlet tumbles down its rocky bed into "Lake Susie," a mile 
below — a picturesque romantic spot. Nearby is " Heather Lake," 
which needs a Scott to sing its beauties. The stream continues 
from Lake Susie, making an abrupt leap at first, which forms the 
beautiful Glen Alpine Falls; then bubbling on to find " Lake '84," 
less than a mile below. Leaving that lake the bright stream dashes 
on, passing the Glen Alpine Springs. There it " glides under lily 
pods" into a lake named " Lily" from the abundance of its water- 
lilies. " Fallen Leaf Lake," the gem of the Sierras, is just a mile 
below " Lily" and separated from Tahoe by a level strip one mile 
in width. The drive from Tahoe to the head of Fallen Leaf, wind- 
ing around its shores, is very beautiful. This region has been 
opened to the public with great labor and expense by the construc- 
tion of a wagon road as far as Glen Alpine Springs, and mountain 
trails to all the lakes, including a path for the ascent of Mt. Tallac, 
which rears its head 10,000 feet above the level of the sea, and 
commands a wide and magnificent view of the distant peaks and 
numerous lakes. Good accommodations for guests w T ill now be 
found at Glen Alpine Springs. Analysis by Dr. Anderson : 



142 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



GLEN ALPINE SPRINGS. 

A Ikaline-saline-chalybeate. Carbonated. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium carbonate 
Potassium carbonate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate 
Ferrous carbonate 
Alumina . 
Boratis 
Silica 
Organic matter 



Grains. 

21.17 

32.75 

Trace. 

9.96 

45.09 

4.10 

1.80 

1.43 

Trace. 

2.50 

Trace. 

. 118.80 



Total solids . , . . 

Free carbonic acid gas, 138.36 cubic inches 
Temperature of water, 39 6° F. 

The water is very palatable and sparkling. Its action is 
gently aperient and diuretic, and the water is useful in dys- 
pepsia and torpidity of the bowels as well as in renal and cystic 
disorders. It contains sufficient iron to give it important proper- 
ties as a ferruginous tonic. 



GORDON SPRINGS, 

Lake County. 

These springs lie in Cobb's Valley, about half-way between 
Calistoga and Lakeport. They are romantically situated in the 
heart of a mountain and forest region. The climate is very fine. 
The location is about 3000 feet above the sea-level. The prin- 
cipal spring flows about 300 gallons of water hourly, having a 
temperature of 100° F. The waters are sparkling, alkaline, and 
have antacid and aperient properties. Following is Winslow An- 
derson' s analysis : 

GORDON SPRINGS. 

Sulphated- saline. Alkaline-carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 20.75 

Sodium carbonate 3.19 

Sodium sulphate 8.62 

Potassium carbonate 073 

Magnesium carbonate 6.14 

Magnesium sulphate 10.93 

Calcium carbonate 11.16 

Calcium sulphate 23.46 

Alumina 3.55 



CALIFORNIA. 143 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silica 2,27 

Organic matter Trace. 



Total solids 90.80 

Carbonic acid gas, large excess. 

The waters have considerable reputation in chronic albuminuria 
and in cystitis; they are also valuable in acid dyspepsia. A pleasant 
resort has been established, and it is worthy of remark that per- 
sons suffering from chronic bronchitis, catarrh, asthma, and the 
early stages of consumption do well at this eyrie among the pines. 

HARBIN HOT SULPHUR SPRINGS, 
Lake County. 

Post-office, Harbin Springs. Hotel. Access : Take boat at Oak- 
land Ferry from San Francisco. At Yallejo change for Napa Val- 
ley branch to Calistoga; thence a twenty mile stage ride brings one 
to the springs. Time from San Francisco, seven and one-half 
hours. The location is at the base of a spur of the Coast Range 
of Mountains, 2000 feet above tide-water. Lake County has been 
justly named the Switzerland of America, and it would be difficult 
to find a more delightful and picturesque location than that of the 
Harbin Springs. 

" With mountains perpetually clad in garments of evergreen and 
hills with verdure bright forming the background of the landscape, 
with brooks and rills now smoothly gliding by moss-covered banks 
and anon by silvery paths, over shining pebbles, with here and 
there a miniature cascade, in their ever restless journey to the 
broad Pacific." 

The mountain air is very invigorating and not subject to extremes 
of heat or cold, the mean temperature being 70° F. The waters 
are sulphurous and saline, the principal spring flowing 1500 gal- 
lons per hour. There is also a small chalybeate fount yielding 
only sixty gallons per hour. The sulphur spring has a tempera- 
ture of 122° F., and is used for bathing, for which excellent facili- 
ties have been provided. Following is an analysis of this water : 

HARBIN HOT SULPHUR SPRINGS. 

Saline-chalybeate. Sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 23.05 

Sodium carbonate 5.42 

Sodium sulphate 10.19 

Potassium carbonate 1.74 

Magnesium carbonate . . . . . . 6.18 

Magnesium sulphate 11.94 

Calcium carbonate 9.10 



144 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 14.63 

Ferrous sulphate 1.75 

Arsenious salts 0.07 

Alumina • • 1-60 

Silica 2.76 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total solids 87.43 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid gas 4.26 

Free sulphureted hydrogen 11.74 

It is said that much benefit accrues from the use of this water in 
chronic rheumatism and gout and other articular affections as well 
as in certain varieties of skin diseases. 

The chalybeate spring shows the following mineral ingredients : 

CHALYBEATE SPRING (HARBIN HOT SPRINGS). 



Sulphated-saline. Chalybeate. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium carbonate 
Sodium bicarbonate . 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium chloride . 
Potassium carbonate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate 
Ferrous carbonate 
Alumina . 
Silica 
Organic matter 



Grains. 

7.50 

14,22 

1.45 

5.25 

Trace. 
1.73 
4.16 
6.11 
2.07 

Trace. 
1.90 
0.73 
1.41 

Trace. 

. 46.53 



Total solids 
Carbonic acid gas, 9.34 cubic inches. 

This water is clear and sparkling, and has a pleasant taste. It 
is tonic, antacid, diuretic, and aperient, and is useful in dyspepsia, 
anaemia, chlorosis, chronic malarial poisoning, and wasting dis- 
eases. In addition there are two more important springs, known 
as the " Magnesia 7 ' and the " Arsenic" Springs. The last named 
spring has gained quite a reputation in syphilitic and skin diseases, 
glandular indurations, etc. 

HIGHLAND SPRINGS, 
Lake County. 

Post-office, Highland Springs. Hotel and cottages. These ex- 
cellent springs are found within the edge of the mountains, about 



CALIFORNIA. 145 

four miles from Kelseyville and seven miles from Lakeport. 
They are reached by the Southern Pacific R. R. on the south to 
Calistoga, and thence by stage; also by the Northern Pacific Road 
on the southwest to Cloverdale, and thence by stage. The drive 
from Calistoga or Cloverdale is exceedingly picturesque. The 
road leads through a romantic mountain region until an elevation 
of 3200 feet is gained. Here a grand panorama is revealed. As 
far as the eye can reach in every direction are mountains and val- 
leys, peaks upon peaks, mountain streams and brooks, forest, and 
shrubbery. The most picturesque of all is the view northward 
over Clear Lake and Lake County. This is a magnificent sheet of 
water twenty-five miles long and six to eight miles wide. It has 
an elevation of 1200 feet above the Pacific Ocean, and lies peace- 
fully smiling in the embrace of the mountains on every side with 
the towering head of " Uncle Sam" above them all. The bright 
cultivated fields appear like a checkerboard in the valley below. 
The gigantic oaks, the largest in the State, are scattered here and 
there to lend variety to the enchanting picture. The descent to 
the springs is made in much less than half the time it takes to 
make the ascent, and the resort is soon seen lying in a level seques- 
tered spot surrounded by hills and by trees of many years' growth. 
At Highlands we find a commodious hotel and many elegant cot- 
tages built with a view to health and pleasure combined. A large, 
pure mountain stream, which is well supplied with fish, runs past 
the hotel. The usual mild, genial climate of Lake County prevails 
here. The altitude is about 1700 feet, and it is claimed to be an 
excellent place for consumptives. There are about twenty springs 
at Highlands, five of the most important having been examined by 
Anderson in 1888. These analyses show results practically iden- 
tical with those of Professor Rising in 1882, except in the case of 
the " Neptune" Spring, which seems to have lost greatly, espe- 
cially in calcium salt, in the course of six years. 

The principal springs are the "Magic," the " Neptune," the 
" Seltzer," the " Dutch" or " Ems," and the " Diana" Springs. 
The waters are chiefly of the alkaline-saline type, most of them 
containing a well-marked proportion of iron. Following are anal- 
yses of two of the representative springs : 

THE SELTZER SPRING. 

Alkaline-chalybeate. Carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 0.67 

Sodium carbonate 2.06 

Sodium bicarbonate . . 12.72 

Potassium bicarbonate 0.50 

Magnesium bicarbonate 33.95 

Calcium bicarbonate 52.25 

Manganese bicarbonate Trace. 

10 



146 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Ferrous carbonate .1.43 

Silica 5.13 

Alumina . . . . . . . . ... 1.75 

Organic matter . Trace. 

Total solids 110.46 

Free carbonic acid gas, 98.41 grains. 
Temperature of water, 60.4° F. 

The water is antacid, tonic, laxative, and diuretic, and has been 
used with much satisfaction in dyspepsia, neuralgia, kidney and 
bladder troubles, calculi, etc., and in rheumatism, gout, and skin 
diseases. 

THE " DUTCH " OR " EMS " SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-chalybeate. Carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride . . . 1.76 

Sodium bicarbonate 17.50 

Sodium carbonate 2.45 

Potassium bicarbonate 0.78 

Magnesium bicarbonate 66.55 

Magnesium carbonate 1.63 

Calcium bicarbonate 57.32 

Manganese bicarbonate Trace. 

Ferrous carbonate 1.53 

Silica . . 7.23 

Alumina 0.12 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total solids 156.86 

Free carbonic acid gas, 85.90 grains. 
Temperature of water, 77° F. 

This water is more diuretic and laxative than the Seltzer. The 
Highland bathing water is artificially heated. It is also an alka- 
line-saline fluid with considerable carbonic acid gas and some iron. 
The baths are used for rheumatism and joint-affections. 

HOT BORATE SPRING, 

Lake County. 

This remarkable spring is situated near the town of Lakeport 
and on the edge of Clear Lake. The spring flows 18,000 gallons 
per hour, and has a temperature of 124° F. (July, 1888). On 
analysis it is found to contain the following mineral ingredients : 



CALIFORNIA. 147 

HOT BORATE SPRING. 

Alkaline-saline. Borated and ammoniated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 86.82 

Sodium bicarbonate . 75.40 

Sodium biborate 201.75 

Potassium iodides 0.12 

Potassium chloride Trace. 

Potassium bromide " 

Potassium bicarbonate 4.26 

Ammonium bicarbonate 96.20 

Magnesium bicarbonate 0.73 

Calcium sulphate Trace. 

Alumina. 2.04 

Silica 7.96 

Organic matter 9.07 

Total solids 483.95 

Free carbonic acid gas, 30.75 grains. 

An analysis by Dr. Moore shows a much smaller percentage of 
borax — 103 grains per gallon. 

The spring is remarkable on account of the excessive amount of 
borax and ammonium salts which it contains. Professor Whitney 
states that the water is changeable both in its rate of flow and in 
its proportion of mineral ingredients. It is used in Lakeport and 
vicinity for kidney and bladder troubles. It is claimed that the 
water has dissolved a stone in the bladder. 

HOT MUD SPRINGS, 

Siskiyou County. 

- Extensive hot mud beds and springs are found on the banks of 
Shovel Creek. The locality is filled with sulphurous fumes, and 
heavy incrustations of native sulphur deposits may be seen around 
the margins of the springs. A small resort has sprung up at this 
place, and chronic rheumatic and crippled invalids are said to 
improve while using the baths. 

HOT SPRING ON PAOHA ISLAND IN MONO LAKE. 

This spring has a temperature of 110° F. Although on a small 
island in the middle of Mono Lake, which contains 3000 grains of 
salt to the gallon, this spring has only 37.88 grains in -a similar 
amount of water. 

HOUGHS MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Lake County. 

These springs are pleasantly located on the north side of Cache 
Creek, about thirty- two miles from Williams, at an altitude above 



148 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

the sea-level of 1960 feet. The place is reached from San Fran- 
cisco to Williams or Calistoga by rail, and thence by stage. The 
waters are all cold, having a temperature of 60° F. 

No. 1, the main spriug, contains magnesia, soda, silica, alumina, 
and ferruginous salts, with an excess of carbonic acid gas. The 
water is tonic, aperient, and diuretic. 

No. 2 flows from an artificial well dug about twenty-five feet 
deep. It is strongly impregnated with iron and magnesia salts, 
and large draughts produce free evacuations. 

No. 3, also a well, twenty-eight feet deep, contains some sulphur 
and is much used for cutaneous and rheumatic diseases. 

No. 4 is a carbonated water. The resort is a pleasant one, and 
is gaining in public favor every year. 



HOWARD SPRINGS, 
Lake County. 

Post-office, Putah. Hotel and cottages. Access from San Fran- 
cisco, Sacramento, or Woodland to Calistoga, thence by stage to the 
springs. These are some fourteen in number, and are picturesquely 
located in a mountainous pine region 2240 feet above the level of 
the sea. Following is a quantitative analysis of the principal 
springs by Professor W. T. Wenzell, California College of Phar- 



macy, San Francisco 












One U. S. gallon 


Excelsior 


The Twins 


Eureka 


Neptune 


Soda 


contains : 


Spring. 


Spring. 


Spring. 


Spring. 


Spring. 




No. 1. 


No. 2. 


No. 3. 


No. 4. 


No. 5. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Sodium chloride . 


101.67 


30.96 


35.70 


29.61 


9.38 


Potassium chloride 


1.13 


19.71 


25.65 


14.64 


12.81 


Lithium chloride . 


8.35 


0.03 


0.09 


0.06 




Sodium bicarbonate 


34.10 


73.97 


82.35 




37.72 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


2.81 


114.10 


110.25 


7SM 


59.32 


Calcium bicarbonate . 


6.30 


10.88 


5.84 


32.14 


35.64 


Iron bicarbonate . 


1.85 


1.14 


. . 






Alumina 


0.03 


0.15 


0.10 


0.19 


0.1*3 


Oxide of iron 






4.95 


0.20 


0.09 


Silica .... 


13.10 


V.24 


3.40 


8.34 


6.95 


Organic matter 


0.14 


0.32 


0.20 


0.25 


0.26 


Total . 


156.84 


260.50 


268.53 


158.77 


152.28 




Cubic ins. 


Cubic ins. 


Cubic ins. 


Cubic ins. 


Cubic ins. 


Free carbonic acid gas . 


134.00 


77.50 


150.00 


120.00 


117.00 


Temperature 


75° 


102° 


110° 


85° 


60° 



The " Excelsior Spring " is quite similar to some of the Saratoga 
springs of New York. It will be observed that the percentage of 
sodium chloride is much less than that of its namesake, the Sara- 
toga Excelsior, while the amount of sodium bicarbonate is about 
twice as great. The water is mildly purgative, and on account of 
the large quantity of lithia which it contains is useful in a number 



CALIFORNIA. 149 

of urinary complaints, especially calculus and gravel. The " Twins " 
No. 2, although only six feet apart, show a remarkable difference 
of temperature, one being cold at 50° F., the other thermal at 
102° F. The water of the hot spring is a very effective purga- 
tive, and is used in habitual constipation, chronic dyspepsia, and 
in certain diseases of the liver and kidneys. Owing to the large 
quantity of iron contained in the " Eureka" spring (No. 3), it has 
gained great celebrity in the treatment of anaemia, debility, etc. 
The "Neptune" (No. 4) is also quite rich in iron, besides con- 
taining, as the analysis shows, considerable quantities of magnesia, 
lime, and soda. The water is tonic and mildly laxative in its 
action. The " Soda" Spring (No. 5), being very rich in carbonic 
acid gas, forms a pleasant, cooling, effervescent draught, if taken 
directly from the springs. It contains a little iron and has mild 
tonic properties. 

KLAMATH HOT SPRINGS, 

Siskiyou County. 

These springs are located on the Shasta Division of the Southern 
Pacific R. R., some eighteen miles from Ager. The resort is 2700 
feet above the sea-level, and is surrounded by a wild and pictur- 
esque country with snow-capped mountain peaks and hills clad in 
evergreen forests. There are ample accommodations for invalids 
and guests, as well as excellent bathing facilities. The waters are 
alkaline-saline and sulphurous. Some of them are carbonated. 
The springs have already gained considerable celebrity in the 
treatment of chronic rheumatism, gout, synovitis, chronic cutaneous 
diseases, dyspepsia, etc. 

LAKE TAHOE, or CARNELIAN HOT SPRINGS, 
Placer County. 

These hot and cold mineral springs are located on Carnelian Bay, 
at the northern end of Lake Tahoe. They form part of the attrac- 
tions of this famous inland sea. They are reached by rail to 
Truckee, and from thence by stage over a good mountain road in 
about two and one-half hours' drive. The scenery en route is 
grand. The Truckee River is crossed and recrossed, mountain 
sides and heights are scaled, and fertile valleys, on which graze 
immense herds of cattle, are traversed. Forests of beautiful pine 
and cedar rear themselves at intervals; humming saw-mills fill the 
air with life, and wild, romantic views greet the eye at every turn. 

Lake Tahoe is a noble sheet of water, having an altitude of 6202 
feet above the sea-level. It is divided by the California and 
Nevada State line, has a length of twenty-one miles, a width of 
twelve miles, and is 1645 feet in depth. 

The appointments at the springs resort are very complete. Ex- 



150 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

cellent bathing facilities have been provided, where all kinds of 
cold and hot sulphur baths may be taken. The springs are about 
fifty in number, and are well kept and cared for. The waters are 
sulphurous and saline, and a few are carbonated. They contain 
sodium chloride, calcium sulphate, silica, organic matter, magne- 
sium sulphate, and free sulphureted hydrogen gas. The baths are 
used with success in rheumatic and gouty troubles, and the waters 
are taken internally for liver and kidney disorders, chronic consti- 
pation, and cutaneous diseases. The high altitude and invigorating 
mountain air recommend the location as a resort for broncho-pul- 
monary affections. There are excellent facilities for camping, hunt- 
ing, and fishing in the vicinity. 

LANE MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Calaveras County. 

These springs lie thirty-five miles east of Stockton. They are 
1000 feet above the sea-level, and are surrounded by hills and val- 
leys clad in forests of pine. The main spring flows from 50 to 75 
gallons per hour. The following probably incorrectly reported 
analysis is said to have been made by the San Francisco Refining 
and Analytical Association : 

LANE MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Acid- chalybeate. Sulphureted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron carbonate 122.00 

Magnesium carbonate .38.51 

Epsom carbonate (?) 29.76 

Alumina 2.01 

Sodium carbonate ........ 8.52 

Free sulphuric acid 15.24 

Silica 15.20 

Potassium carbonate ....... 18.01 

Organic matter 2.72 

Total solids 251.97 

Free sulphureted hydrogen gas, 105 cubic inches. 

This water has been in use for several years, and is said to be 
beneficial in constipation, dyspepsia, chronic malarial poisoning, and 
in kidney and liver complaints. 

LITTON SELTZER SPRINGS, 

Sonoma County. 

Post-office, Healdsburg. Hotel and cottages. These excellent 
seltzer and soda springs are located about four miles north of Healds- 
burg, on the line of the San Francisco and Northern Pacific R. R. 



CALIFORNIA. 151 

The springs and adjoining property — about 1000 acres — have been 
incorporated, and extensive buildings, in the way of hotels, cottages, 
bath-houses, etc., are contemplated. Some of the waters are used 
commercially. The water is slightly acid when first drawn, but by 
exposure it loses its carbonic anhydride and becomes alkaline. The 
following analysis was made some years ago by Dr. Winslow Ander- 
son : 

LITTON SELTZER SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline. Aluminous. Chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

. Sodium chloride 79.34 

Sodium bicarbonate 6.26 

Sodium carbonate 72.73 

Potassium carbonate 3.60 

Magnesium bicarbonate 13.90 

Magnesium sulphate 6.75 

Calcium bicarbonate 14.05 

Calcium sulphate 5.03 

Ferrous carbonate ........ 2.14 

Alumina . 6.81 

Borates 4.43 

Lithia Trace. 

Ammonia .......... 0.33 

Silica 8.09 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total solids 223.46 

Free carbonic acid gas, 375.60 grains. 
Temperature, 62° F. 

A previous analysis by Prof. Hanks showed 228.69 grains in 
solids and 383.75 grains in carbonic anhydride to the United States 
gallon. The temperature of the water is 62° F. 

It is much used as an antacid in dyspepsia, and in uric-acid states. 
The water has aperient and diuretic properties. 

MARK WEST SPRINGS, 

Sonoma County. 

Hotel and cottages. This resort is situated eight miles from Santa 
Rosa near the famous " Petrified Forest/' on Mark West Creek. 
It is reached by rail to Calistoga or Santa Rosa, and thence by car- 
riage or stage over a picturesque drive to the springs. The moun- 
tain region along the road is coming under a high state of cultivation, 
and beautiful villas and private mountain retreats are springing up 
in all directions. The springs are beautifully located at an elevation 
of 800 feet in a small valley formed by the junction of four canyons. 
The hotel and grounds are at the bases of three venerable mountains, 
known as Mt. Washington, Mt. Lincoln, and Mt. Grant. The air 
is clear and dry, the temperature ranging from 80° to 90° F., with 



152 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

cool, bracing sea breezes. There are excellent hotel accommoda- 
tions and several cottages for family use. Hot sulphur and mud 
baths have been constructed with all facilities for the comfort of the 
visitor or invalid. There are several springs on the place, one of 
them, a sulphur spring, yielding about 200 gallons per hour. The 
temperature of the water is 82° F. It contains : 

Sulphate of sodium. Carbonate of lime. 

Sulphate of magnesium. Silica. 

Salts of potassium (trace). Alumina. 

Chloride of sodium. Free carbonic acid gas. 

Carbonate of sodium. Sulphureted hydrogen gas. 

Carbonate of potassium. 

There is also a strong chalybeate spring, yielding 600 gallons 
of water per hour, having a temperature of 65° F. The largest 
spring has a flow of 5000 gallons hourly; this is a sparkling carbo- 
nated water, very palatable, and gently aperient in its action. The 
water at these springs has been found useful in a considerable variety 
of affections. The baths are sulphurous. 

MONO LAKE, 

Mono County. 

This remarkable body of water is located near the centre of Mono 
County, about ten miles south of the town of Bodie. The length 
of the lake from east to west is about fourteen miles, and its greatest 
breadth nine miles. Its altitude is 6370 feet above the sea-level. 

In his article on the ' ' Mineral and Thermal Springs of Califor- 
nia/ ' read before the Ninth International Medical Congress, Prof. 
W. F. McNutt likens this lake to the Dead Sea of the Holy Land. 
The analysis shows, however, that the waters of this lake (see 
below) are not so salt as those of the ancient Palestine sea. The lake 
receives much of its water and its salts from the rivers and creeks 
which flow through volcanic soil and empty into it. Numerous 
springs are found all over the lake. The most curious of these are 
some of the fresh-water springs, holding in solution small quantities 
of calcium carbonate, which precipitate and deposit around the open- 
ing of the springs, forming irregular tubes clustered together in 
columns. These vase-shaped structures are ten to forty feet long 
and rise from the bottom of the lake upward and above the surface. 
In the centre of these columnar pillars are small holes through 
which flows this sweet water. In Mono Lake we find several 
islands, some of them two or three miles in length. Their compo- 
sition is of volcanic material, and all over the surface are hot 
springs and jets of hot steam, making the surrounding water quite 
warm. On several of these little islands are small craters, fifty or 
more feet in diameter. They are now filled with water. All 
around Mono Lake are unmistakable evidences of great volcanic 



CALIFORNIA. 



153 



activity during the tertiary and post-tertiary periods, and there are 
the best of reasons for believing that the lake itself is a large extinct 
crater. The water, being likened to the Dead Sea, was supposed to 
be destitute of life. There are found, however, numerous worm- 
like, minute organisms, plainly visible to the naked eye, in the water 
near the surface. The larvae of these animals are thrown upon the 
shores of the lake by the waves, and there accumulate in large quan- 
tities. The scenery around Mono Lake is grand and impressive. 
Situated as it is at so high an elevation, and surrounded on all sides 
by snow-capped mountains, a picture is presented to which only a 
true artist could do justice. 

The water is more like a bitter brine to the taste than a mineral 
water. Its action is exceedingly diuretic, even in small quantities. 
Several analyses of this water have been made. The following one 
by Dr. Winslow Anderson is, perhaps, the most complete and com- 
prehensive : 

MONO LAKE. 



Muriated- saline. Calcic. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride . 
Sodium carbonate 
Sodium sulphate . 
Sodium phosphate 
Potassium chloride 
Potassium carbonate 
Potassium phosphate 
Magnesium chloride 
Magnesium carbonate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium chloride . 
Calcium carbonate 
Calcium sulphide . 
Calcium sulphate . 
Ferrous carbonate 
Alumina 
Borates . 
Silicates 
Organic matter 

Total solids 



Gases. 
Free carbonic acid gas 
Free sulphureted hydrogen . 

Temperature of water, 63° to 80 c 



Grains. 

795.24 

26.40 

17.10 

5.93 

281.17 

10.60 

3.05 

365.60 

9.45 

127.50 

1075.55 

52.76 

Trace. 

57.07 

7.14 

26.63 

19.75 

9.62 

24.60 

2915.16 

Cubic inches. 
17.16 
0.62 



F. 



The composition will probably vary somewhat in different locali- 
ties, being influenced by the proximity of the various springs. 



154 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

NAPA SODA SPRINGS, 

Napa County. 

Post-office, Napa Soda Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access : 
Take Oakland Ferry (from San Francisco) at 8 a.m. for Napa City, 
forty-six miles distant, arriving at 10.10 a.m. Then take stage to 
springs, five miles distant. Spring, summer, and autumn, are 
suitable seasons for visiting the springs. The resort is charmingly 
located on the southwestern slope of the Coast Range, at an eleva- 
tion of about 1000 feet above the level of the sea. From the 
Rotunda Hotel many beautiful views are spread before the eye in 
all directions. Looking southward over the beautiful valley of 
Napa County one sees a landscape seldom surpassed for loveliness, 
and which always remains fresh in the memory. The green fields, 
cultivated farms, orchards and vineyards, gardens and houses, check- 
ered here and there in an irregular manner with straight and wind- 
ing lanes, creeks and rivers, and groves of stately oaks, and in the 
distance the San Francisco Bay, glistening and rippling in the sun's 
rays, blend to make a harmonious whole, to which only the trained 
tongue or pen can do justice. To the westward may be seen the 
great Pacific, guarded by the sentinel, Mt. Tamalpais, and many 
ranges of mountains and hills. To the eastward Mt. Diablo looms 
up in the distance, half-veiled in violet mists. To the north we see 
Mt. St. Helena and the Coast Ranges with their rich alluvial valleys. 
The local picture of Napa Soda Springs is scarcely less interesting. 
We find groves of oaks gracefully festooned with immortal mistle- 
toe, the tall and stately pine and the Eucalyptus globulus, lawns and 
flower beds, cultivated and natural, with many shady nooks and 
sylvan bowers — combined nature and art — producing as lovely a 
spot as the tired business man with his family, or the invalid with 
his many ailments, could possibly find. The climate is warm, dry, 
and salubrious, uniting the advantages of mountain air with breezes 
direct from the sea. The mineral springs here are among the most 
noted in the State. They number twenty-seven in all, with an 
average daily flow of about 4000 gallons. The temperature of the 
water ranges from 65° to 68° F. The main spring, the Pagoda, 
from which most of the commercial Napa soda is obtained, is an 
alkaline-chalybeate water strongly charged with carbonic anhydride. 
It is delightfully clear and sparkling, and has an agreeably pungent 
taste. Following is Dr. Anderson's analysis : 

PAGODA SPRING (NAPA SODA SPRING). 

Alkaline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 7.14 

Sodium bicarbonate 12.95 

Sodium carbonate 1.10 



CALIFORNIA. 



155 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium bicarbonate 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Calcium carbonate 
Ferrous carbonate 
Silica 
Alumina . 
Organic matter 



Grains. 
1.62 

Trace. 
3.04 
21.76 
0.78 
9.55 
7.90 
0.74 
0.57 

Trace. 



Total solids 67.15 

Free carbonic acid gas, 143.62 cubic inches. 
Temperature of water, 67.7° F. 

Over this spring a beautiful pagoda, supported by solid stone 
pillars, and resting upon a tessellated marble floor, a natural stone 
basin has been artistically arranged, through which sparkling soda 
bubbles in all its freshness. 

There are many other important springs at Napa, including the 
well-known Iron Spring and the Lemon Spring. The former was 
analyzed by Prof. Lanzwurt in 1870, with the following result : 



IRON SPRING (NAPA SODA SPRING). 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium bicarbonate . 
Sodium sulphate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Ferrous carbonate . 
Silica 
Alumina . 



Total solids 



Grains. 
5.20 

13.12 
1.84 

26.12 

10.83 
7.84 
0.62 
0.60 



66.17 



Free carbonic acid gas, undetermined. 
Temperature, 68 F. 

The waters of all the springs have the same general characters — 
alkaline-chalybeate, clear and sparkliug. Napa soda water is highly 
esteemed as a beverage. It is sold in every city and town of the 
coast, and is one of the pleasantest summer drinks to be found. 
The water is an efficient aid to digestion, being antacid and tonic. 
When taken early in the morning before breakfast its action is 
gently aperient. The ferruginous salts held in solution by the car- 
bonic acid gas are valuable in anaemia and chlorotic conditions, 
malarial toxsemia, and many disorders requiring iron for the con- 
structive metamorphosis of red blood-corpuscles. Much benefit is 
derived from a course at the springs in Bright' s disease and chronic 
cystitis, and in acid states of the blood and urine. The waters have 
also proved beneficial in the treatment of chronic and subacute 



156 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

metritis and ovaritis, and are said to be better borne by the stomach 
in these and the many varied uterine complications than almost any 
other chalybeate tonic. 

The grounds at Napa Soda Springs cover over a thousand acres 
of hill and valley. The place is thoroughly improved, and the 
visitor will find every arrangement provided for his comfort and 
recreation while sojourning there. Among the attractive features 
should be mentioned the excellent bathing facilities, both tub and 
plunge. There is also a swimming bath measuring 150 feet in 
length by 50 feet in width, and with a depth of water varying from 
four to ten feet. 

NEWSOM'S ARROYO GRANDE SPRINGS, 

San Luis Obispo County. 

Post-office, Arroyo Grande. Hotel and cottages. Access : By 
rail to Arroyo Grande, thence by stage two miles to springs. The 
ocean beach road affords one of the finest drives in that section of 
the country. The springs are pleasantly situated at an altitude of 
about 400 feet. They lie about fourteen miles south of San Luis 
Obispo. The climate here is one of almost perpetual sunshine, with 
occasional spring and fall rains. On the place are three principal 
springs whose waters range in temperature from 40° to 100° F., 
and flow 49,000 gallons hourly. The following analysis was made 
by Winslow Anderson: 

NEWSOM'S ARROYO GRANDE SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 4.10 

Sodium carbonate 1.75 

Sodium sulphate 3.92 

Potassium carbonate 0.15 

Potassium sulphate 2.90 

Magnesium carbonate 6.41 

Magnesium sulphate 2.47 

Calcium carbonate 8.25 

Calcium sulphate 0.76 

Ferrous carbonate 3.98 

Alumina 0.33 

Silica 2.03 

Organic matter 0.27 

Total solids 37.32 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Free carbonic acid gas 14.90 

Free sulphureted hydrogen 3.56 

Temperature of water analyzed, 100.5° F. 1 
1 An older analysis by an unknown analyst shows almost the same results. 



CALIFORNIA. 157 

These waters have gained considerable reputation in the treatment 
of old cases of chronic rheumatism and goat, catarrhal affections of 
the bladder and bowels, skin diseases, etc. For uterine disorders 
the hot sulphurous douche has been highly recommended. 

OJAI HOT SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Ventura County. 

Access : via Southern Pacific R. B,. to Ventura, thence fifteen 
miles by stage to springs. This resort is beautifully situated in 
Waterfall Canyon, about five miles from the thriving village of 
JSTordhofr". The altitude of this location is about 1000 feet above 
the sea-level. The surrounding scenery is very fine, and the vicinity 
affords excellent hunting and fishing. The springs flow about 50,000 
gallons per hour, and have a temperature ranging from 60° to 104° 
F. Several of the springs are carbonated, and others are sulphureted. 
Among the well-known springs are the Fountain of Life, St. Jacob's 
Well, and the Mother of Eve Springs. These Ojai waters contain 
the carbonates and sulphates of sodium, potassium, and magnesium, 
the carbonates of iron and lime, silicates, and carbonic acid and 
sulphureted hydrogen gases. Many stiff-jointed, rheumatic and 
gouty persons repair to these springs for relief, and it is stated that 
a fair percentage of them are not disappointed in their quest. Good 
accommodations are provided for visitors. 

OWENS LAKE, 

Inyo County. 

This second Dead Sea in California is located at the southern end 
of Owens Valley in Inyo County. It is eighteen miles long and 
ten miles wide. Its surface embraces 100 square miles. The waters 
are exceedingly rich in saline and alkaline ingredients. The fol- 
lowing analysis was made by Prof. Phillips, of London, in 1883 : 

OWENS LAKE. 

A Ikaline-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 2450.81 

Sodium carbonate 797.01 

Sodium sulphate 2427.69 

Potassium sulphate 29.77 

Potassium silicate ........ 116.23 

Organic matter 14.11 

Total 5835.62 

We are informed by Dr. I. J. Woodin, of Independence, Cal., 
that numerous fresh-water springs are found along the shores of 



158 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

the lake, some of which are cold and others boiling hot. At the 
southwest end of the lake there is a valuable white sulphur spring 
which has not so far been improved. At a short distance from this 
spring is a mountain formed in great part of sulphur, of which Dr. 
Woodin sends us a handsome specimen, composed probably almost 
entirely of the pure element. The aspect of the country is moun- 
tainous, the elevation of the lake being 3000 feet above the Pacific. 
The region offers many attractions as a health resort, and it will no 
doubt soon be developed. 

PACIFIC CONGRESS SPRINGS, 

Santa Clara County. 

Post-office, Saratoga. Hotel and cottages. Access: Stages con- 
nect at Los Gatos with Southern Pacific trains leaving San Francisco 
morning and evening. Time, three hours and fifteen minutes. These 
springs obtain their name from their resemblance to the well-known 
Congress Spring at Saratoga, New York. 

The Santa Clara Valley is celebrated for its excellent climate and 
dry, pure, and invigorating air. A large and commodious hotel 
and several cottages have been established at an elevation of 735 
feet above the sea-level. The springs are located about one hundred 
feet further up the mountain side. The drives about these springs 
are among the finest in the State. There are several springs on the 
premises which flow in great profusion. The waters belong to the 
alkaline-chalybeate class. They are very valuable for table pur- 
poses. The following analysis was made by Anderson in 1888 : 

pacific congress springs. 
Saline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 115.76 

Sodium carbonate 120.42 

Sodium sulphate 12.95 

Potassium carbonate 2.06 

Magnesium carbonate 26.34 

Magnesium sulphate 14.17 

Calcium carbonate 16.03 

Calcium sulphate 14.19 

Ferrous carbonate 13.87 

Alumina 4.50 

Silica 3.98 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total solids 334.27 

Free carbonic acid gas, 44.17 cubic inches. 
Temperature of water, 50° F. 

It will be observed that this water is much less densely mineral- 
ized than is that of its New York namesake. The Saratoga Con- 



CALIFORNIA. 159 

gress Spring contains over 700 grains of solid ingredients to the 
United States gallon, and over 392 cubic inches of carbonic acid 
gas. The California Congress waters are, however, much more 
strongly chalybeate than those of Saratoga. Their action is decid- 
edly tonic from this large infusion of iron. They are also mildly 
aperient (from the presence of Glauber's and Epsom salts), diuretic, 
and antacid (from the presence of alkaline carbonates). The springs 
have gained considerable celebrity in the treatment of anaemia, dys- 
pepsia, liver and kidney troubles, irritability of the bladder, rheu- 
matism, gout, and cutaneous affections. The waters are shipped to 
all parts of the coast. 

PAEAISO HOT SPRINGS. 

Post-office, Paraiso Springs. New cottages. Access : Take 8.15 
a.m. Southern Pacific train from the corner of Third and Townsend 
Streets, San Francisco, reaching Soledad Station at 1.43 p.m. Thence 
by stage a drive of one hour and a half to the springs. 

" Paraiso Springs," says Mr. E. S. Harrison, in his history of 
Monterey County, " were the property of the Mission Soledad, 
which lies about five miles northeast of the Springs. The title of 
the present owner was obtained from the Church of Pome, to which 
a patent was granted by the Mexican Government in 1778. In the 
records of the Mission Soledad the healing and invigorating quali- 
ties of these waters are duly set forth. 

The springs are situated in a picturesque alcove of the Santa Lucia 
Mountains on the western border of the Salinas Valley, about 150 
miles south of San Francisco. The altitude of the location, being 
nearly 1000 feet above the valley, renders the atmosphere dry, 
bracing, and invigorating. Below the resort and for miles beyond 
the eye scans the fertile valley, traversed by the grand Salinas River, 
and Arroyo Seco, and the far-away Gabilan Mountains, forming a 
picture of inexpressible charm and glory. The commodious hotel 
and cottages combine all the luxury and comforts with convenience 
and wholesomeness that can be found anywhere. On the premises 
are several valuable springs flowing about 2000 gallons of water per 
hour, consisting of sulphur, soda, and iron waters. The tempera- 
ture of the springs varies from 100° to 118° F. The following 
analysis of the principal sulphur spring was made by Dr. Anderson 
in 1889: 

SULPHUR SPRING (PARAISO SPRINGS). 

Saline-sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 2.76 

Sodium carbonate 1.15 

Sodium sulphate 37.10 

Potassium sulphate 0.83 

Magnesium carbonate 6.09 



160 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium sulphate 2.19 

Calcium carbonate 0.89 

Calcium sulphate • . - 4.40 

Ferrous oxide 0.73 

Silica • 2.55 

Organic matter 7.35 

Total solids 66.04 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid gas . . . . . . . 2.04 

Sulphureted hydrogen 9.25 

Temperature, 114° F. 
This is said to be one of the best bathing waters on the coast. 

THE GREAT PAKAISO HOT SODA SPRING. 

Sulphated-saline. 

One V. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride . . 3.37 

Sodium carbonate ........ 5.06 

Sodium sulphate 34.60 

Potassium chloride 0.32 

Potassium sulphate Trace. 

Magnesium carbonate 0.75 

Magnesium sulphate 1.10 

Calcium carbonate 1.30 

Calcium sulphate 6.45 

Ferrous carbonate 0.89 

Alumina . 0.56 

Silica 2.90 

Organic matter 4.15 

Total solids 61.45 

Free carbonic acid gas, 2.95 cubic inches. 
Temperature of water, 118° F. 

Qualitatively this water closely resembles the famous Carlsbad 
sprudel water, but is less highly mineralized. Thousands of visitors, 
invalids, and pleasure-seekers visit Paraiso Springs yearly, and the 
excellence of the mineral waters, the salubrity of the climate, and 
the pictoresqueness of the location bid fair to make Paraiso one of 
the most prominent mineral health resorts on the coast. 

PIEDMONT WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Alameda County. 

These springs are located three miles from Oakland, and have 
gained considerable local reputation in the treatment of rheumatism, 
jaundice, liver and kidney troubles, and disorders of the stomach. 
There is a well-kept hotel with pleasant grounds at the place, and its 
nearness to San Francisco makes it available for residents of that 
city as a day resort. The situation on the western slope of the 



CALIFORNIA. 



161 



Berkeley Hills commands a most picturesque view over the San 
Francisco Bay and the Golden Gate. The following analysis by 
Winslow Anderson shows the mineral ingredients of two of the 
springs : 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride . 
Sodium bicarbonate , 
Sodium carbonate 
Potassium carbonate . 
Potassium iodide 
Magnesium carbonate 
Magnesium sulphate . 
Calcium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate 
Ferrous carbonate 
Alumina 
Borates 
Silicates 
Organic matter . 

Total solids 
Gases. 
Carbonic acid gas 
Sulphureted hydrogen 
Temperature of water , 



The Iron Spring. The Sulphur Spring. 
Grains. Grains. 



. 5.10 


7.91 


. 11.70 


9.40 


0.52 


6.20 


. 3.15 


0.76 


. Trace. 


Trace. 


. 6.37 


3.17 


. 1.03 


17.80 


. 2.13 


3.32 


. 1.60 


7.09 


. 1.73 


Trace. 


. 0.45 


u 


. 5.23 


1.90 


. 4.19 


5.06 


. Trace. 


Trace. 


. 43.20 


62.61 


Cubic inches. 


Cubic inches. 


. 7.25 


4.60 


. Trace. 


9.25 


58° 


60° 



These analyses show that the waters are valuable as a tonic, 
antacid, diuretic, and aperient; they are useful in dyspepsia, consti- 
pation, anaemia, rheumatism, and liver and kidney troubles. 



SAN BERNARDINO HOT SPRINGS, 

San Bernardino County. 

These springs are fourteen miles from Arrow-head Hot Springs. 
They are picturesquely located at an elevation of 1600 feet above 
the sea-level. The springs vary in temperature from 100° to 175°. 
The waters have acquired considerable reputation in the surround- 
ing district. The following analysis was made by Prof. Oscar 
Loew: 

SAN BERNARDINO HOT SPRINGS. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium sulphate . 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Ferrous carbonate 
Silica 



Sulphated-saline. 



Grains. 

7.46 

47.63 

1.34 

Trace. 

6.23 

Trace. 

11.95 



Total solids 74.61 

It will be observed that the waters are saline and calcic. 

11 



162 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

SANTA BARBARA HOT SPRINGS, 

Santa Barbara County. 

Post-office, Santa Barbara. Hotel and cottages. These famous 
hot sulphurous and soda springs are situated in the beautiful Santa 
Ynes Mountains, six and a half miles northeast of Santa Barbara 
City. The location is 1450 feet above the sea-level, and unites 
many advantages of climate and scenery. The resort suffered from 
unwarranted neglect for a time, but we are informed that a large 
and commodious hotel and a spacious pagoda bath-house, with 
staiued-glass wiudows, and all modern facilities for health and com- 
fort, have recently been erected. 

The springs are twenty-two in number, and range in temperature 
from 99° to 122° F. Analyses have been made by Oscar Loew and 
Winslow Andersou. We present Anderson's analysis as more recent 
and more complete than that of Loew : 

SANTA BARBARA HOT SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline. Sulpho-carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 1.74 

Sodium carbonate 2.17 

Sodium sulphate 14.92 

Magnesium sulphate 7.75 

Calcium sulphate ........ 6.03 

Aluminum sulphate ........ 2.90 

Arsenic Trace. 

Silica 1.18 

Sulphuric acid Trace. 

Organic matter " 

Total solids 36.69 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Free carbonic acid gas 19.14 

Sulphureted hydrogen 9.16 

Loew's analysis shows a slightly greater proportion of solid ingre- 
dients. It will be observed that the waters resemble those of the 
Arkansas Hot Springs. 

They have been found useful in the treatment of rheumatism, gout, 
and other joint affections, Bright' s disease, and bladder irritation. 

Excellent results have been observed from the use of the baths 
in syphilitic and scrofulous contaminations, glandular enlargements, 
and chronic skin diseases. 

SANTA ROSA WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Sonoma County. 

These springs are pleasantly situated about two miles from the 
town of Santa Rosa. The surrounding country is delightful in 



CALIFORNIA. 



163 



character and the climate very genial. There are good accommo- 
dations for visitors, and the resort is prosperous and thriving. 

The springs are mostly sulphureted and cold, having temperatures 
ranging from 59° to 62° F. The principal spring was found by 
Anderson to have the following composition : 

SANTA ROSA WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 



Light saline- sulphureted. 



One U. S. gallon contains: 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium carborjate 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium carbonate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate 
Ferrous carbonate 
Alumina . 
Borates 
Silica 
Organic matter 



Grains. 
5.72 
2.19 
6.90 
0.63 
0.75 
9.07 

Trace. 
1.40 

Trace. 
0.93 

Trace. 
1.16 

Trace. 



Total solids 28.75 



Cubic inches. 

Free carbonic acid gas 4.16 

Free sulphureted hydrogen 6.47 

The action of this water is slightly aperient and diuretic. It is 
useful iu congestion of the liver due to malarial poisoning, and in 
rheumatism, kidney and bladder troubles, and skin diseases. Excel- 
lent bathing facilities have recently been provided, the water being 
artificiallv heated. 



SANTA YSABEL SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

San Luis Obispo County. 

Hotel and cottages. These valuable springs are located two and 
a half miles southeast of Paso Robles, on the line of the Southern 
Pacific Railroad, by which they may be reached. The location is 
a very delightful one, being in a small canyon about one mile east 
of the Salinas River. It is surrounded on all sides by the rolling 
hills covered with groves of gigantic oaks, towering pines, and clus- 
tering mauzanitas. The atmosphere is sweet and balmy, and ranges 
from about 60° to 75° F. all the year round. The elevation is 
1000 feet above the sea-level, and the distance from the coast is 
about thirty miles. The soil of the neighboring land is exceedingly 
fertile, producing almost every known variety of fruit, as ascertained 
from the United States Experimental Station, close by. 

The main warm sulphur spring flows 20,000 gallons per hour. 



164 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The waters are clear and sparkling, lightly sulphureted and freely 
carbonated. The following analysis of three of the springs was 
made by Winslow Anderson in 1888 : 

SANTA YSABEL SULPHUR SPRINGS. 



One U. S. gallon 


Main Warm 


Cold Sulp 


bur Springs. 


contains : Sulphur Spring. 


(No. 1.) 


(No. 2.) 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Sodium chloride . 


18.10 


11.47 


11.50 


Sodium carbonate 


6.91 


13.16 


13.09 


Sodium bicarbonate 


29.04 






Sodium sulphate . 


7.25 


5.10 


5.07 


Sodium iodide 


Trace. 


Trace. 


Trace. 


Potassium bromide 


a 


u 


•' 


Potassium iodide . 


a 


a 


tt 


Potassium chloride 


« 






Potassium carbonate 


0.83 


. 




Magnesium carbonate . 


6.16 


7.41 


7.37 


Magnesium sulphate . 


4.85 


4.05 


4.00 


Calcium carbonate 


245 


1.09 


1.06 


Calcium sulphate . 


2.32 


2.90 


2.95 


Manganese carbonate . 


0.13 


0.34 


0.35 


Ferrous carbonate 


0.98 


0.25 


0.26 


Borates 


Trace. 






Alumina 


0.73 


6.83 


6.84 


Barium salts 


Trace. 






Silica 


1.68 


1.17 


1.20 


Organic matter 


Trace. 
81.43 


Trace. 

47.78 


Trace. 


Total solids 


47.69 


Gases. 


Cubic inches. 


Cubic inches. 


Cubic inches 


Free sulphureted hydrogen . 


4.65 


3.24 


3.25 


Free carbonic acid gas 


11.75 


11.41 


11.30 


Temperature of water . 


96.3° 


59° 


59.2° 



The waters are tonic, antacid, diuretic, aperient, and sedative. 
The cold springs, being less densely impregnated with mineral ingre- 
dients, possess these qualities in a lighter degree than the warm. 
The waters have been found highly useful in a Avide range of affec- 
tions, embracing disorders of the liver, stomach, and bowels, catarrhal 
affections of the kidneys, chronic rheumatism, glandular indurations, 
obstinate syphilitic infection, and chronic cutaneous diseases. There 
are other valuable springs on the property, including a Warm Sul- 
phur Mud Spring, which contains the following mineral ingredients, 
estimated in grains per United States gallon : 



Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium bicarbonate 
Sodium carbonate 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium iodide . 
Potassium iodide 
Potassium bromide 
Potassium chloride 



Grains. 

17.10 

27.04 

7.06 

7.25 

Trace. 



CALIFORNIA. 165 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium carbonate • 0.43 

Magnesium carbonate 5.73 

Magnesium sulphate ....... 3.94 

Calcium carbonate • 2.45 

Calcium sulphate 2.35 

Manganese carbonate 0.36 

Ferrous carbonate 0.63 

Alumina 0.65 

Borates Trace. 

Barium carbonate ........ a 

Silica 6.32 

Organic matter 0.76 

Total solids 82.07 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Free sulphureted hydrogen 4. 71 

Free carbonic acid . 7.10 

Temperature of mud, 95° F. 

This hot sulphurous mud is excellently adapted for bathing pur- 
poses. Extensive improvements are under way at this resort. Good 
roads and building sites have been laid out, and a depot landing 
selected. A large mountain lake is in course of construction, which 
will be from 800 to 1000 feet long by several hundred feet broad. 
On its waters will be several pleasure boats. About one hundred 
feet above the lake, on a pleasant plateau commanding magnificent 
views of the Salinas Valley, a spacious modern hotel and a number 
of cosey cottages will be reared. Thorough bathing facilities will 
also be provided. With its natural advantages of climate, soil, and 
surroundings Santa Ysabel Resort promises to be one of the pleas- 
antest inland watering places in that section of the country. It 
will be under the patronage of the Presbyterian Church. 

SEIGLER'S SPRINGS, 

Lake County. 

Hotel. These springs are located at the foot of Seigler Moun- 
tain, at an elevation of 2372 feet above the sea. They are in the 
neighborhood of Adams and Bonanza Springs, and lie in Seigler 
Valley, which is about one and a half miles long by half a mile in 
width. The surrounding country affords many excellent drives, 
and magnificent views are encountered on every hand. There are 
twenty or more springs, which yield approximately 3000 gallons 
per hour. The "Arsenic " Spring has a temperature of 96° F., and 
is much used for syphilis, scrofula, and cutaneous diseases. The 
" Soda" Spring is alkaline and carbonated, and forms a delicious 
drinking-water. It has been much in vogue for Bright' s disease, 
bladder troubles, etc. The "Magnesia" Spring is heavily charged 
with Epsom salts and carbonic acid gas. A glassful before break- 
fast insures an easy and painless evacuation of the bowels. The 



166 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Sulphur Spring is mostly used for bathing and for lung, liver, and 
rheumatic troubles. There are very good accommodations at the 
springs. 

SKAGG'S HOT SPRINGS, 

Sonoma County. 

Post-office, Skagg's Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access from 
Tiburon Ferry, San Francisco, 7.40 a.m. and 3.30 p.m., arrive at 
Geyserville and connect with stage for springs at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. 
Connections from Sacramento by Carquinez and Santa Rosa R. R. 
to Santa Rosa, thence via San Francisco and Northern Pacific R. R. 
to Geyserville. Skagg's Hot Springs are pleasantly located in the 
Coast Range Mountains, in a picturesque spot, nine miles west of 
Greyserville and twenty miles east of the coast. The surrounding 
mountains are clothed with every variety of California verdure, and 
abound with trout streams. Many varieties of game are also found, 
including bear, deer, grouse, and quail. We are informed that a 
new road from the springs to the coast has recently been constructed, 
making accessible the Gualalla River, a widely celebrated trout- 
fishing stream. The springs, four in number, yield 15 gallons of 
water per minute, having a temperature of about 120° to 140° F., 
and a somewhat pungent, agreeably alkaline taste. Excellent bath- 
ing facilities have been provided. Analyses have been made by 
Prof. Eugene AV. Hilgard and Dr. Winslow Anderson, which show 
no material difference in their results : 



SKAGGS HOT SPRINGS. 

Carbonated. Borated. 

One U. S. gallon 
contains : 
Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium bicarbonate 
Sodium biborate 
Sodium iodide 
Potassium chloride 
Potassium sulphate 
Potassium iodide 
Magnesium carbonate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Ferrous carbonate . 
Barium carbonate . 
Lithium carbonate . 
Strontium carbonate 
Alumina . 
Silica 
Organic matter 

Total solids . . . . . 216.35 214.80 

Free carbonic acid gas, 124 cubic inches. Not determined. 







Anderson's 


Hilgard 's 


analysis. 


analysis. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


5.54 


5.90 






. 159.03 


161.27 






. 24.19 


26.47 






0.13 


Trace. 






0.34 


0.20 






0.94 


0.26 






. Trace. 








. 11.46 


li.ii 






1.27 








3.75 


2.20 






0.62 


0.05 






0.25 


0.24 






. Trace. 


0.06 






a 


0.02 






ct 


Trace. 






\ '. 8.83 


7.02 






. Trace. 





CALIFORNIA. 



167 



The waters here are very useful in rheumatism, neuralgia, sciatica, 
etc., as well as in affections involving the bladder and kidneys. 
They are highly recommended by medical men on the coast, and 
the proprietor has determined to keep the resort open all the year. 



ST. HELENA WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Napa County. 

Post-office, St. Helena. Hotel and cottages. Access : Take ferry 
from San Francisco, foot of Market Street, at 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. 
Arrive at St. Helena via Calistoga train at 11.03 a.m. and 7.08 p.m. 
Take stage to springs, two miles distant. 

This beautiful summer resort is located in one of California's love- 
liest valleys. The neighboring mountain sides are covered with 
forests, shrubbery, ferns, and wild flowers of every description. 
Brooks and cascades are seen on every hand. The grand old Cali- 
fornia redwoods, which are found here in great abundance, are alone 
worth a visit to this region. The mineral springs are numerous and 
valuable, and chiefly of the saline- chalybeate type. Mr. Sanford 
Johnson, the proprietor, furnishes us with the following analysis of 
three of the springs : 

ST. HELENA WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 

Salin e-s ulp hureted. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 


Spring No. 2 


Spring No. 6. 


Spring No. 7 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Carbonate of iron 


1.25 


2.44 


5.56 


Carbonate of magnesium . 


0.62 


0.56 


4 36 


Sulphate of sodium 


8.26 


11.33 


12.84 


Chloride of sodium 


21.72 


23 41 


14.23 


Chloride of calcium . 


1.32 


0.86 


0.78 


Chloride of magnesium 


0.87 


2.22 


0.65 


Sulphides of sodium and calcium 


2.65 


1.85 
42.67 


1.62 


Total solids 


36.69 


40.04 


Gase. C 


ubic inches. 


Cubic inches. 




Sulphureted hydrogen 


6.15 


4.25 


Trace. 



There are six other springs which have not been completely 
analyzed. The waters vary in temperature from 64.4° to 97.25° F. 
The analysis shows them to possess valuable tonic properties. They 
are said to have considerable value in rheumatism and kidney 
affections. 

SUMMIT SODA SPRINGS, 

Placer County. 

Post-office, Summit Soda Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access 
via Central Pacific R. P. to Summit Station, thence by stage or car- 



168 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

riage twelve miles to the springs. The location is near the summit 
of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, at an altitude of 6000 feet above 
the sea-level. The region is one of picturesque grandeur, and the 
magnificent view from the neighborhood of the springs is unob- 
structed for miles around. The air is pure, dry, and invigorating, 
being cool and pleasant all the summer. The springs are situated 
in an expansion at the head of a deep canyon along which winds 
one of the forks of the American River. The hotels and cottages 
are pleasantly located, and good bathing facilities are at hand. Two 
analyses have been made, which we submit : 



SUMMIT SODA SPKINGS. 

Alkaline-saline-chalybeate, 



One U. S. gallon 


Dr. Winslow 


J. T. Randolph 


contains : 


Anderson, 1888. 


1878. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Sodium chloride 


. 26.18 


26.22 


Sodium bicarbonate . 


4.11 


. . . 


Sodium carbonate 


5.75 


9.50 


Potassium carbonate 


0.82 


Trace. 


Magnesium carbonate 


4.05 


4.20 


Calcium bicarbonate . 


. 38.93 


43.20 


Calcium carbonate 


6.55 




Ferrous oxide . 




1.75 


Ferrous carbonate 


2.70 




Borates .... 


. Trace. 




Alumina .... 


1.13 


1.75 


Silica .... 


1.94 


2.06 


Organic matter . 


. Trace. 




Total solids 


. 92.16 


88.68 


Free carbonic acid gas, 187.2* 


) cubic inches (saturated). 



The water has antacid, diuretic, aperient, and tonic properties, 
and is useful in the treatment of dyspepsia, torpidity of the liver 
and bowels, Bright' s disease, stone in the bladder, etc. 



THERMAL ACID SPRINGS, 



Inyo County. 

These remarkable springs are found in the Caso Range, twelve 
miles east of Little Owens Lake, and sixteen miles southeast of 
Olamoha. The country for miles around the springs is rich in pure 
crystallized sulphur, having, no doubt, been ejected by the sulphur- 
ous steam in the form of sulphurous anhydride (S0 2 ). On being 
exposed to the air the sulphur was deposited pure and water 
liberated. 

This seems to be a rational explanation of the formation of these 
large sulphur banks. The water now flows through the small crev- 
ices and fissures, accompanied by sulphurous steam and vapors in 



CALIFORNIA. 



169 



rather limited quantities. The following analysis of the waters 
has been made by a chemist whose name has been lost : 



THERMAL ACID SPRINGS. 



Heavy acid- chalybeate. Saline. Aluminous. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 
Sodium sulphate . 
Potassium sulphate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium sulphate . 
Aluminum sulphate (?) 
Ferric sulphate (?) 
Sulphuric acid (?) 
Nitric acid . 
Chlorine 
Ammonia 
Lithium 



Total solids 



Grains. 

145.75 

880.33 

891.91 

69.96 

7404.41 

1934.56 

4670.72 

Trace. 



15,997.64 



In Anderson's work on the mineral springs of California the 
above analysis is stated in parts per 1000. Its correctness cannot 
be vouched for. 

This acid sulphate water does not seem to have come into much 
use as yet. Well diluted and properly administered, it ought to be 
valuable in many conditions requiring tonic and astringent remedies. 
It will be observed that the water closely resembles that of the 
Matchless Mineral Wells of Butler County, Alabama, being, how- 
ever, according to the above analysis, much stronger. 



TOLENAS SPRINGS, 

Solano County. 

These well-known springs are located about five miles north of 
the town of Suisun in Solano County, adjoining the famous Tolenas 
onyx quarries. They are reached by rail from San Francisco or 
Sacramento to Suisun, and thence by stage over a good level road. 
The resort is 1253 feet above the sea, and is pleasantly located. On 
a clear day the State Capitol, Suisun Bay and Valley, and many 
other points of interest are easily seen. There are nineteen springs 
in all at Tolenas, flowing between 600 and 700 gallons per hour. 
The temperature of the water varies from 60° to 65° F. The 
springs have had a local reputation for over thirty years, and of 
late the water has been bottled and sold extensively all over the 
State. The resort is at this time in a very flourishing condition. 
Two analyses have been made, one by J. Hewston, Jr., the other 
by Dr. Winslow Anderson. They show no important differences 
in their results. Following is Anderson's analysis : 



170 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



TOLENAS SPRINGS. 



Alkaline-saline. Borated. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 










Solids. Grains. 


Sodium chloride 194.16 


Sodium carbonate . 








46.93 


Sodium bicarbonate 








6.45 


Sodium biborate 








19.13 


Potassium chloride 








6.47 


Potassium iodide . 








1.75 


Magnesium carbonate 








11.58 


Calcium carbonate , 








49.80 


Ferrous carbonate . 








0.89 


Alumina .... 








1.10 


Silicates .... 








1.92 


Organic matter 








Trace. 


Total solids 


340.18 


Free carbonic acid gas, 31.2 


7 cul 


)ic inches. 





Temperature of water, 61.5° F. 

Hewston's analysis shows 360 grains of solid matter to the gallon. 
The water is warmly indorsed by many who have used it. In 
chronic skin affections, eczema, scrofula, and syphilitic contamina- 
tions it seems to act well. Chronic gastric disturbances, kidney and 
bladder diseases also improve under its use. The water is gently 
aperient and strongly diuretic. 

TUSCAN (or LICK) SPRINGS, 

Tehama County. 

Post-office, Reel Bluff. Hotels and cottages. The Tuscan Springs, 
about fifty in number, are located about eight miles northwest of 
Red Bluff, 200 miles north of San Francisco, and 135 miles north 
of Sacramento. They cover an area of about ten acres, and are 
situated at an elevation of 900 feet above the sea level. No com- 
plete analysis seems to have been made, but the waters resemble in 
medicinal properties those of the Kentucky Blue Lick Springs. A 
partial analysis of the Red Spring was made by Dr. F. W. Hatch, 
a number of years ago. It contains : 



Sulphuric acid. 1 

Hydrochloric acid. 

Lime. 

Sodium chloride (20.72 grs. per U. 

S. gallon), 
Lithia. 



Iodine (4.50 grs. per U. S. 

Carbonic acid. 

Iron bicarbonate. 

Potassium chloride. 

Magnesia. 

Alumina. 



Ion). 



Temperature of water, 78° to 80° F. 

The White and Black Springs are also in use, but they have not 
been analyzed. Most, if not all, of the springs contain sulphureted 
hydrogen in considerable quantities. The temperature of the springs 



Probably in combination.— J. K. C 



CALIFORNIA. 



171 



varies from 67° to 94° F. Their action is tonic and alterative, 
laxative or cathartic, according to the amount taken. Ample facili- 
ties for bathing are furnished to guests. There is also a plunge bath 
thirty by sixty feet, four feet deep at one end, and thirteen feet at 
the other. The waters have considerable reputation on the Pacific 
coast in the treatment of syphilitic skin affections, scrofula, rheu- 
matism, liver and kidney troubles. They are used commercially, 
having a considerable sale on the coast. 

UKIAH VICHY SPRINGS, 

Mendocino County. 

Access via San Francisco and Northern Pacific R. R. to Ukiah, 
thence a drive of three miles to the springs. 

This pleasant resort, otherwise known as Doolan's Vichy Springs, 
lies nestled among enchanting hills which fringe the boundary line 
of Lake and Mendociuo Counties. This region has a combination 
of advantages which make it a natural sanitarium. From April to 
November the climate is delightfully balmy and the atmosphere is 
pure, clear, and invigorating. The scenery is of a pleasing and 
attractive character, and the neighborhood of the springs affords 
excellent fishing and gunning. The waters belong to the alkaline- 
carbonated class, and are clear and sparkling, with an agreeably 
pungent taste. Their chemical composition closely resembles that 
of the celebrated Vichy Springs of France, and their physiological 
action on the human economy is practically identical with that exer- 
cised by those waters. Following is Anderson's analysis : 

URIAH VICHY SPRINGS. 



Alkaline- saline. Carbonated. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium carbonate 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium phosphate 
Potassium chloride 
Potassium carbonate 
Potassium sulphate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Ferrous carbonate . 
Strontium carbonate 
Barium carbonate . 
Lithium carbonate . 
Borates . 
Arseniates 
Aluminates 
Silica 



Total solids . 
Carbonic acid gas, 224.75 cubic inches 
Temperature of water, 93° F. 



Grains. 

28.60 

195.52 

0.36 

0.09 

Trace. 
« 

19.75 

18.14 

0.07 



Trace. 

Trace*. 
5.92 

. 268.45 



172 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The French Vichy contains 311.88 grains per United States gal- 
lon. As an antacid, tonic, aperient, diuretic, and alterative mineral 
water the Ukiah Vichy ranks among the best in the country. It 
has proved highly beneficial in irritable states of the gastrointes- 
tinal mucous membrane, dyspepsia, torpidity of the bowels, sluggish 
action of the liver, etc. Excellent results have also been observed 
in Bright' s disease, acid states of the blood and urine, rheumatism, 
and gout. The waters are soon to be used commercially. 

There are numerous other springs on the premises which have not 
been analyzed. Good accommodations and bathing facilities are 
provided for visitors. 

UPPER SODA SPRINGS, 

Siskyou County. 

Hotel. These excellent springs are situated on the line of the 
Shasta scenic route of the Southern Pacific R. R , at an elevation 
of 2363 feet above the sea-level. The location is in Sacramento 
Canyon, and is picturesquely surrounded by immense forests of 
pine, fir, spruce, cedar, etc., interspersed by romantic mountain 
streams. The walls of the canyon are almost perpendicular. Here 
and there are enormous granite shafts rising hundreds of feet into 
the air. The majestic Mt. Shasta, with its snow-capped apex keeps 
eternal watch over the whole. 

At the springs is a quiet, spacious, old-fashioned hotel with wide 
verandas and an air of solid home-like comfort. The waters are of 
the alkaline-carbonated class and are exceedingly palatable and 
wholesome. They contain chlorides of sodium and potassium, car- 
bonates and bicarbonates of sodium, magnesium, potassium, iron, 
calcium, sulphates of sodium and magnesium, and a large quantity 
of free carbonic acid gas. The water is aperient, diuretic, tonic, 
and antacid It is highly recommended in the treatment of the 
uric-acid diathesis, gravel, and calculi, and irritative states of blad- 
der and kidneys. The water is also of value in acid dyspepsia and 
flatulence. 

VOLCANIC MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Inyo County. 

In Death's Valley are located several remarkable springs. One 
of these was analyzed by Prof. Price several years ago and found 
to contain over 4000 grains of solids per gallon. The water is chlo- 
rinated and alkaline, and contains presumably both sulphureted 
hydrogen and carbonic acid gas. Following is the analysis: 



CALIFORNIA. 



173 



VOLCANIC MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Muriated and Sulphated Saline. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride . 
Sodium carbonate 
Sodium sulphate . 
Sodium sulphide . 
Potassium chloride 
Magnesia and lime 
Silica .... 
Organic matter 
Iodine .... 
Bromine 
Iron . 
Boric acid 
Phosphoric acid . 

Total solids 
Gases not determined. 



Grains. 

1840.72 

1724.11 

651.02 

46.34 

132.30 

Traces. 

14.28 

13.48 

Traces. 



4422.25 



The water is not used to any extent. There are other volcanic 
springs near Volcanic Station on the line of the Southern Pacific 
R. R. in San Diego County. The waters are reported to be sulphur- 
ous in character, but as far as we can learn they are not employed 
medicinally as yet. 

WARNER'S RANCHE SPRINGS, 

San Diego County. 

These springs are located about thirty miles from San Diego. 
They are also spoken of by the Spanish as Aguas Calientes, but are 
not identical with the springs described under that head. The flow 
of Warner's Springs is about 1500 gallons per hour, and the tem- 
perature of the springs varies from 74° to 142° F. The waters are of 
the saline-sulphureted class, and are much used by the inhabitants 
of the surrounding country. They have a great local reputation 
in the treatment of syphilis and chronic skin diseases. A pleasant 
little resort is now established there. 



WILBUR SPRINGS, 

Colusa County. 

These mineral springs are located thirty miles from Colusa. 
They are pleasantly situated and have acquired considerable repu- 
tation. The waters are hot and sulphureted, and, according to Ander- 
son's analysis, one United States gallon contains : 



174 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 19.75 

Sodium carbonate . 3.40 

Sodium sulphate 26.19 

Potassium chloride . 0.46 

Silicates 6.95 

Magnesium sulphate .. 22.90 

Magnesium carbonate 5.10 

Calcium carbonate . . 8.44 

Calcium sulphate 20.62 

Ferrous sulphate 4.16 

Alumina 3.93 

Potassium iodide 0.75 

Organic matter 1.74 

Total solids 124.39 

Sulphureted hydrogen gas, 43.97 cubic inches. 

A hotel and cottages have been built, and there are also excellent 
camping facilities. 

WITTER'S MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Lake County. 

These springs are pleasantly located about one mile east of Pear- 
son's Springs, five miles from Upper Lake, and three miles from 
Blue Lake. The altitude is 1800 feet. The resort is a growing 
one, and is very picturesquely located, having excellent views of 
the lakes, valleys, and mountains in the vicinity. There are a good 
hotel, several cottages, and fine bathing facilities for hot and cold 
mineral baths. The springs are all cold and flow about 60 gallons 
an hour. There are cold soda and iron springs and cold sulphur 
springs. The principal spring is composed as follows : 



WITTER S MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Saline-chalybeate. Sulphureted. 

One U. S gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 17.42 

Sodium carbonate 5.96 

Sodium sulphate 11.50 

Potassium carbonate 3. 15 

Magnesium carbonate 7.10 

Magnesium sulphate 20.62 

Ferrous carbonate 1.17 

Manganese carbonate 0.86 

Alumina 1.65 

Borates 0.42 

Silica . . . 6.33 

Organic matter 0.76 

Total solids 76.94 



CALIFORNIA. 



lib 



Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid gas 7.65 

Sulphureted hydrogen 5.25 

Temperature of water, 59.3° F. 

This spring has received the very emphatic if not euphonious title 
of Dead Shot Spring, having reference to the action of the water 
on the diseases for which it is recommended. The water is said to 
be highly efficacious in liver, kidney, and bowel disorders. 



YOUNG'S NATURAL GAS WELL AND MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Lake County. 

These natural wonders are located in the eastern edge of Kelsey- 
ville on a slightly elevated ground, about three miles south of Clear 
Lake and near the base of Uncle Sam Mountain. The well is so 
far more of a curiosity than a health resort. While boring for 
gas, in 1888, the proprietors were met at a depth of about 158 
feet by a large volume of water and gas rushing out with great 
force. This has continued to flow, geyser-fashion, ever since. For 
an instant it stops, and then comes another violent ejection to the 
height of about forty feet; this occurs seventy or eighty times to 
the minute. The flow is about 6000 gallons of water per hour, 
having a temperature of 76° F. Many people from various locali- 
ties visit the place to witness the peculiar phenomenon. The water 
has been extensively used by the people of Kelsey ville and vicinity, 
who pronounce it excellent for liver, kidney, and bowel disorders. 
The following analysis of the water was made by Winslow Ander- 
son in 1889 : 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium carbonate . 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium carbonate 
Potassium iodide . 
Magnesium carbonate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Calcium sulphate . 
Manganese carbonate 
Ferrous carbonate . 
Barium carbonate . 
Lithium carbonate . 
Borates . 
Alumina . 
Silicates . 
Organic matter 



Total solids 



Grams. 

15.76 

36.52 

19.16 

3.40 

0.78 

7.14 

21.90 

6.36 

9.72 

0.18 

4.95 

Trace. 

u 

3.12 

5.18 

6.45 

Trace. 

140.62 



Free carbonic acid gas, 9.60 cubic inches. 

Petroleum and carbureted hydrogen (inflammable gas), traces. 



176 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The water may be described as a fairly strong saline-chalybeate. 
If sufficiently palatable it ought to have valuable therapeutic prop- 
erties. Its action is tonic, antacid, aperient, and diuretic. It is 
the owner's intention to establish a health and pleasure resort on the 
premises. Several inflammable gas wells are also found on the 
ground. These yield a gas composed largely of light carbureted 
hydrogen. 

ZEM ZEM SPRINGS, 

Lake County. 

These springs are located on the southeastern side of Clear Lake, 
and take their name from the Holy Well in Mecca. The waters 
have a temperature of 64° F., and, according to an analysis said to 
have been made by Dr. Boon, contain the following ingredients : 

One U. S. gallon contains : Grains. 

Sulphur ......... 291.15 

Iron . 157.50 

Magnesia 163.24 

Solid matter 612.15 



Total solids 1224,04 

They have some notoriety in the treatment of dyspepsia and 
rheumatism and diseases of the liver and kidneys. 

There are numerous other springs in California, which for con- 
venience may be divided into three classes : 

1. Those used as resorts, or whose waters are used commercially, 
but of which no analysis has been made or of which no account 
can be obtained for publication. 

2. Those which are so far undeveloped. These constitute the far 
greater class. 

3. Those which have once been used but for various reasons are 
now abandoned. This class embraces but few localities. 

Of these three classes it seems proper to mention a few of the 
more prominent of the first subdivision only : 

The Anti-Fat Springs, near Temescal, San Bernardino County. 

Bear Valley Hot Springs, San Bernardino County . 

Benton Hot Springs, Mono County. 

Blank's Hot Sulphur Springs, Colusa County. 

Branhick's Boiling Springs, Lassen County. 

Campbell's Hot Springs, Sierra County. 

Cold Soda Springs, Tuolumne County. 

Cook's Springs, Colusa County. 

Elsinore Springs, San Diego County. 

Hibb's Soda Springs, Shasta County. 

Hot Mud Springs, Siskiyou County. 

Isham's Springs, San Diego County. 

Las Cruces Hot Springs, Santa Barbara County. 



COLORADO. 177 

Little Yosemite Soda Springs, Tulare County. 
Lower Soda Springs, Shasta County. 
Madrone Mineral Springs, Santa Clara County. 
Magnetic Mineral Springs, Santa Cruz County. 
Matilija Hot Springs, Ventura County. 
Mill's Mineral Springs, Lake County. 
Mission San Jose Hot Springs, Alameda County. 
Monticito Hot Springs, Santa Barbara County. 
Nicholas Springs, Santa Cruz County. 
Paert's Hot Springs, Mono County. 
San Juan Capistrano Springs, San Bernardino County. 
San Rafael Springs, Marin County. 
Saratoga Mineral Springs, Inyo County. 
Shafer's Hot Springs, Lassen County. 
Simmons Hot Sulphur Springs, Colusa County. 
Stewart's Hot Springs, San Diego County. 
Tule River Soda Springs, Tulare County. 
Vallejo Sulphur Springs, Solano County. 
Veronica Spring, Santa Barbara County. 
Warm Sulphur Springs, Kern County. 

The following springs not mentioned reported sales of water for 
1895 1 1 

Alhambra Mineral Spring, Martinez, Contra Costa County. 
Almaden Vichy Springs, New Almaden, Santa Clara County. 
El Toro Spring, Novato, Marin County. 
Mount Lowe Springs, near Pasadena, Los Angeles County. 



COLORADO. 



Colorado extends from 37° to 41.5° north latitude, and from 
102° to 109° west longitude. It is the third largest State in the 
Union, ranking after Texas and California, and comprises an area 
of 104,500 square miles. The main range of the Rocky Mountains 
runs through the centre of the State and forms the Continental 
Divide. Some of the peaks of this region attain an enormous eleva- 
tion, and in the giddy heights, yawning chasms, terrific canyons, 
and perpendicular gulches we find some of the grandest and most 
awe-inspiring scenery in the world. From one side of the Conti- 
nental Divide the streams flow into the Gulf of Mexico, and from 
the other into the Pacific Ocean. The principal rivers are the South 
Platte and the Arkansas, and these, with their tributaries, suffice to 
irrigate all the farm-lands in the agricultural portions of the State. 
The streams are fringed by cottonwood, box-elder, and w T illow trees, 

1 United States Geological Reports, 1895-96. 
12 



178 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

and on the foot-hills and mountains spruce and cedar cover vast 
areas. 

Eain falls from May to July, but the other months are dry. 
The mean annual temperature is about 48° F. The climate of 
Colorado is proverbially salubrious, the atmosphere being dry and 
bracing and generally free from malarial and other miasmatic 
poisons. The annual mortality-rate shown by the latest United 
States Census returns was 13.23 per 1000, the death-rate from 
consumption being 1.18 per 1000 of population. 

Both hot and cold mineral springs abound in Colorado, and con- 
tribute no little to the reputation of the State as a health resort. 
Some of these, though but recently developed, have already acquired 
a wide celebrity. The following account of the Colorado mineral 
water resorts is based upon personal visits and inspection, upon cor- 
respondence with different localities of the State, and upon Peale's 
report to the United States Geological Survey, and Dr. Charles 
Denison's Rocky Mountain Health Resorts. 

GLENWOOD SPRINGS, 

Garfield County. 

Post-office, Glenwood Springs. Hotel Colorado. This magnifi- 
cent watering place was visited by the author during the autumn of 
1893, and the following description is based upon an article pub* 
lished in the Post- Graduate 1 for January, 189-1, containing memo- 
randa of the visit : 

u In a grand amphitheatre of the Rocky Mountains, 5200 feet 
above the level of the sea, and 280 miles west of Denver, is located 
the new watering place and health resort which rejoices in the poetic 
name of Glenwood Springs. This point is reached from the East by 
the Denver and Rio Grande and the Colorado Midland branch of 
the Atchison, Topeka and Santa F6 R. R., both transcontinental 
routes Dame Nature has been lavish in her adornment of this 
grand aud picturesque region. On emerging from the last of the 
tunnels of the Grand River Canyon the tourist finds himself in a 
natural park of perhaps a mile in diameter and several miles in 
length, surrounded on the north, east, and west by lofty forest-clad 
hills. The valley is intersected by the Grand River and the Roar- 
ing Fork, two romantic mountain streams which unite here to form 
a current of considerable size. The southern portion of the valley 
affords a magnificent view of snow-capped Mount Sopris, a peak of 
surpassing majesty and grandeur. A. climb of 2000 feet to the 
summit of Lookout Mountain, which forms the eastern wall of the 
amphitheatre, reveals a panorama of dazzling beauty and splendor. 
Seventy miles eastward is outlined the glistening snow-crowned 

1 " Across the Rockies to Glenwood Springs, with an Account of the New Colorado Health 
Resort," by James K. Crook, M.D. 



COLORADO. 



179 



chain of the Continental Divide, while to the west the eye spans 
the valley of the Book Cliffs, whose majestic outlines ninety miles 
distant are clearly defined. To the north stretches the great White 
River plateau. Turning the eye south the lofty summits of the Elk 
Range, fifty miles distant across the intervening valleys of the Roar- 
ing Fork and Crystal Rivers, come into view. On the left or 
eastern bank of the Grand River, at the foot of Lookout Mountain, 
is located the town of Glen wood Springs, a place of about 3000 
inhabitants and the county seat of Garfield County. The ground 
slopes gently from the mountain on the east to the two rivers on the 
west and south, affording excellent natural drainage. The streets 
are well laid out at right angles, and the houses for the most part 
well built and of a substantial character. The town is well lighted 
by electric illuminators. The climate of the region is superb; the 
clear, bracing mountain air infusing the visitor at once with a sense 
of exhilaration and a desire for activity. The humidity of the 
atmosphere is exceedingly low, as the visitor soon learns by the 
constant dryness of the lips. The temperature is never excessive 
in summer, while the nights are invariably cool. During the cold 
season the location is admirably protected by the surrounding moun- 
tains, which form a natural bulwark against the winter winds. 
Rainy and cloudy weather is the exception, and it is said that 
invalids may safely be out of doors 320 io 335 days in the year. 
The prime attraction of Glenwood lies just across the Grand River, 
where are located the magnificent hot saline-sulphur springs, which 
give the place its name. These are upward of a dozen in number, 
but only the two largest — the Yam pa and the so-called Cocktail 
Spring, yielding about 4000 gallons of water per minute — are im- 
proved. The waters from these springs are used to supply the 
recently erected elegant and commodious bath-houses and the mam- 
moth natatorium or swimming pool." 

An analysis of the waters at Glenwood Springs was made bv 
Charles F. Chandler, Ph.D., of New York, June 12, 1888. One 
United States gallon of 231 inches of water contains the following. 



YAMPA SPRING. 






Muriated-saline. Sulph ureted. 




One U. S. gallon contains : 




Solids. 


Grains. 


Sodium chloride 


1089.83 


Magnesium chloride 








13.09 


Sodium bromide . 








0.56 


Sodium iodide 








Trace. 


Calcium fluoride . 








(t 


Potassium sulphate 








24.04 


Calcium sulphate . 








92.38 


Lithium bicarbonate 








0.22 


Magnesium bicarbonate 








13.55 


Calcium bicarbonate 








24.37 



180 MINERAL SPEINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron bicarbonate Trace. 

Sodium phosphate 

Sodium biborate 

Aluminum 

Silica 1.97 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total 1260.01 

Temperature of water, 124.2° F. 

Carbonic acid is copiously discharged from the springs. Sul- 
phureted hydrogen is discharged in perceptible quantity. 

" The temperature of the Yainpa, the largest spring of the group, 
as taken by the author, October 21, 1893, was 124.6° F., and of the 
Cocktail, 126.4° F. The specific gravity of the former when cooled 
down to 83° F. was 1013, and of the latter a trifle less. That the 
waters are strongly impregnated with sulphureted hydrogen is 
readily shown by the heavy deposit of sulphur crystals on stones in 
the springs and on the surrounding sandstone walls. In the Yampa 
Spring the gas is in sufficient quantity to impart a decided bluish 
tinge to the water, rendering it slightly opalescent. The atmosphere 
immediately surrounding the springs is heavily charged with the 
escaping vapor. The great swimming pool is upward of an acre in 
extent, and is graduated in depth from three and a half to five and 
a half feet. It is constructed of the famous Colorado sandstone, 
and its bottom is paved with pressed brick. 

"The waters from the springs inflowing into the pool are cooled 
to some extent by contact with the air and by evaporation, but the 
temperature is further lowered, by an artificial cold-water geyser 
near the western end of the basin, supplied from a near-by mountain 
reservoir. An average temperature of 93° to 98° F. is thus main- 
tained, and bathing may be indulged in the year round. The cold- 
water fountain, the spring-board, and the toboggan slide form very 
agreeable, though not strictly therapeutical, additions to a bath in 
the pool. In immediate juxtaposition to the natatorium is the sani- 
tarium, or bath-house, recently erected at a cost of $100,000. This 
establishment has ample facilities for the different varieties of bath, 
with a lounging and dressing chamber for each bath-room. The 
pool and bath-house are charmingly located in a little park taste- 
fully adorned with shade trees, flower-bordered walks, and terraced 
lawns. The eastern boundary of the park is swept by the Grand 
River, which describes a majestic curve at this point, and separates 
the grounds from the outside world. On the rising ground coter- 
minous with the western boundaries of the park, and forming a 
charming centre-piece against the dark timber-clad mountain back- 
ground, is located the new Hotel Colorado, opened in June, 1893. 
The Eastern visitor is struck with amazement at the evidences of 
modern comfort, convenience, and luxury which greet the eye at 



COLORADO. 181 

every tarn in this beautiful and commodious caravansary. Space 
prevents us from going into details; but when we have said that 
the guest will find in the Colorado every arrangement for his well- 
being and comfort that the newest and best hotels of New York 
can supply, further description is unnecessary. 

" Another interesting and unique feature of Glenwood Springs 
should not pass unnoticed. Across the river from the Yampa, and 
two or three hundred yards up the stream, is the entrance to a cave 
which extends for some distance under the mountain. This cave 
has a natural temperature ranging from 105° to 110° F., which is 
saturated at all times with the vapor of water strongly impregnated 
with sulphur like that of the springs. After a few minutes in the 
cave the surface of the body is bedewed with a profuse perspiration. 
Advantage has been taken of this natural vapor chamber, and a 
bath-house, with the requisite adjuncts, has been constructed at its 
entrance. The cave itself is lighted by electricity, and attendants 
are on hand to supply the wants of bathers, either in the cavern or 
in private rooms. 

" The adaptability of Glenwood Springs as a health resort may 
be considered with reference to two important points : 

u 1. As to the climate and general surroundings. The high ele- 
vation, the protected situation, and the pure, dry, atmosphere place it 
at once on a par with such well-known resorts as Manitou and Colo- 
rado Springs. From a priori reasoning, we would deem the loca- 
tion suitable for debilitated conditions resulting from almost any 
cause, but especially those due to pulmonary trouble. Almost all 
persons in such conditions visiting the place experience a gain in 
weight and strength appreciable within a few days after arrival. 
The rarefied air would, of course, be a contraindication in cases of 
heart disease, aneurism, or the hemorrhagic diathesis. 

u 2. As to the springs and baths. The waters are highly thermal, 
and the analysis and other evidences show them to be strongly saline 
and sulphureted. What we require now is the careful medical obser- 
vation of actual, individual cases. During the author's sojourn at 
the springs a number of persons, some of them from distant points, 
were using the baths, but they were for the most part acting under 
their own guidance, which fact invalidated their testimony. As 
far as could be learned, however, the evidence is strongly in favor 
of the utility of the baths in cases of chronic rheumatism, gout, 
cutaneous and renal diseases. One old gentleman, who had suffered 
for an indefinite period from rheumatism in his hip, assured the 
author that he gained more benefit from two of the baths at full 
heat than he had received from years of previous treatment. A gen- 
tleman from Illinois, suffering from chronic nephritis, who had been 
treated by a number of well-known physicians, including Dr. Bel- 
field, of Chicago, had resorted to the vapor cave in an almost help- 
less condition three months previously. His improvement, as shown 
by a loss of his headache, an increased daily quantity of urine, and 



182 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

a gain in weight and strength, had begun at once and had been 
steadily maintained. In common with all hot baths, these waters 
are contraindicated in fatty degeneration of any important struc- 
ture, in atheroma, aneurism, or organic heart disease, and in the 
predisposition to pulmonary, cerebral, gastric, or intestinal hemor- 
rhage. In conclusion, it may be said that for cases requiring a high, 
dry, and bracing atmosphere, for those in which hot saline-sulphur 
baths are indicated, or for persons who simply seek recreation or 
pleasure, Glen wood Springs offers superior advantages." 



HOT SULPHUR SPRINGS, 
Middle Park, Grand County. 

Hotels. Access via Union Pacific R. R., fifty miles west from 
Denver to Georgetown; thence by daily stage fifty miles to springs, 
passing over the Snowy, or main range, of the Rocky Mountains 
at 11,250 feet altitude. 

These springs are located in the Middle Park on the banks of 
the Grand River, 7625 feet above the sea-level. This river forms 
the only drainage outlet to the Middle Park, a mountain basin 
ninety by fifty miles in extent. The enclosing peaks vary in 
height from 9000 to 14,000 feet. The prevailing weather in this 
neighborhood is clear, with westerly winds. There is considerable 
snow in winter, with a steady range of temperature of about 32° 
to 50° F., but occasionally dropping as low as 20° to 25° below 
zero. As many as twenty-two of the springs are well situated for 
improvement, although the baths now in use take water from only 
three or four. The exact flow of water cannot be stated positively, 
although it is believed to be greater than that of the Arkansas Hot 
Springs. A strong smell of sulphureted hydrogen pervades the 
neighborhood of the springs, and with a favoring wind may be 
noticed for a distance of hundreds of rods up the valley. The 
channels through which the waters flow are lined with a soft, 
yellowish-white, velvety substance, having the odor of sulphur. 1 
This substance is evidently not a sediment, as it stands up like the 
pile of velvet, and is not deposited in layers, while the water itself 
is as clear and bright as that of any mountain spring. It is said to 
be very palatable aud to rest well on delicate stomachs. The fol- 
lowing analyses were made some years ago by Prof. Mallett, Jr. : 

1 Probably a confervoid growth known as sulfuraria.— J. K. C. 



COLORADO. 



183 



HOT SULPHUR SPRINGS. 
Saline-sulphur eied. 
Spring No. 1 (Eed Sulphur). Temperature, 109.5° F. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 
Calcium carbonate . 
Sodium carbonate . 
Magnesium carbonate 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium sulphate . 
Free carbonic acid . 
Lithium . 
Iron .... 


dine). T 
urn). Te 

Sulphur). 


empe 
nper 

Tei 


rature, 91' 
iture, 97.5 

nperature 


> F. 
°F. 

lll c 


Grains. 
. 10.08 

58.57 
. 6.57 

14.61 

. 8.48 

0.50 

. 2.94 

. Trace. 

u 


Total 

Spring No. 2 (Si 
One U. S. gallon contains : 
Sodium carbonate 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium silicate 
Potassium sulphate . 
Magnesium carbonate 
Iron .... 
Lithia 
Ammonia . 

Total . 

Spring No. 3 (Al 
One U. S. gallon contains : 
Sodium carbonate 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium chloride 
Potassium sulphate . 
Magnesium sulphate 
Silicic acid 
Free carbonic acid . 

Iron 

Lithia . 

Ammonia . . . . 

Total 

Spring No. 4 (Little 

One U. S. gallon contains : 
Sodium carbonate 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium chloride 
Potassium sulphate . 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Silicic acid 
Free carbonic acid . 


. 101.75 

Grains. 

50.45 

. 8.97 

1.46 

0.07 

4.14 

Trace. 

it 
65.09 

Grains. 

20.37 

17.53 

13.29 

1.03 

5.26 

0.61 

8.42 

Trace. 

66.51 

F. 

Grains. 

29.42 

14.25 

12.18 

7.03 

2.66 

8.46 

0.54 

0.42 



184 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : Grains. 

Iron Trace. 

Ammonia " 

Total 74.96 

Spring No. 5 (Big Sulphur). Temperature, 115° F. 
One II. S. gallon contains : Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 39.37 

Sodium sulphate . 9.85 

Sodium chloride 13.97 

Potassium sulphate 0.96 

Magnesium carbonate 1.93 

Calcium carbonate . . . . . . . . 3.68 

Free carbonic acid 9.49 

Silicic acid 1.31 

Iron . Trace. 

Ammonia " 

Total .... .... 80.56 

Spring No. 6 (Bath Spring). Temperature, 117° F. 
One U. S. gallon contains : Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 22.42 

Sodium sulphate 25 1 1 

Sodium chloride 13.11 

Potassium sulphate 1.69 

Calcium carbonate 6.43 

Free carbonic acid 4.69 

Silicic acid 1.36 

Iron Trace. 

Ammonia " 

Total 74.81 

The supply of water furnished for analysis was insufficient to 
detect solids present in exceedingly minute quantities. The lithia 
was discovered by means of a spectroscope in the residue left after 
evaporating 300 cubic centimetres of the water. 

No gaseous constituents are shown, as the analyses were made 
from bottled water, which had been standing for some time after 
removal from the springs, and it is believed that the sulphureted 
hydrogen (or other gas) which may have been present had either 
escaped or been oxidized to sulphuric acid. The waters are recom- 
mended in cutaneous, hepatic, uterine, neuralgic, gouty, and rheu- 
matic disorders, and in the manifestations of tertiary syphilis. As 
with thermal waters generally, they are contraindicated in most 
acute diseases, in tuberculosis and cancer, in fatty degeneration of 
any important structure, in aneurism or organic heart-disease, and 
in predispositions to cerebral, gastric, pulmonary, or intestinal 
hemorrhage. There are two hotels at the Hot Sulphur Springs 
and several private houses where guests may obtain accommoda- 
tions. 



COLORADO. 185 

IDAHO HOT SPRINGS, 
Clear Cbeek County, 

Post-office, Idaho Hot Springs. Hotel. Access via Colorado 
Division of the Union Pacific R. R., the route lying through the 
famous Clear Creek Canyon. 

These springs are situated in the Rocky Mountains at an eleva- 
tion of 7500 feet above the sea-level. The location is exceedingly 
picturesque, and the climate of a wholesome and salubrious char- 
acter. Invigorating mountain breezes prevail throughout the sum- 
mer. The facilities for bathing form a special attraction at these 
springs. Three immense swimming pools have been constructed, 
besides numerous private baths, the water ranging in temperature 
from 85° to 115° F. A natural tunnel furnishes excellent con- 
veniences for a ready-made vapor bath, and is largely resorted to. 
The following analysis of the Idaho Hot Springs water has been 
made by J. G. Pohle, analytical chemist : 

IDAHO HOT SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline. 

One TJ. S. gallon contains : Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 30.80 

Calcium carbonate 9.52 

Magnesium carbonate 2.88 

Iron carbonate ........ 4.12 

Sodium sulphate 29.36 

Calcium sulphate 3.44 

Sodium chloride 4.16 

Calcium and magnesium chlorides .... Trace. 

Sodium silicate 4.00 

Magnesium sulphate ....... 18.72 

Total solids 107.00 

Within five minutes' walk of the Hot Springs there is a cold 
spring of sparkling, effervescent water, excellent for drinking pur- 
poses. A good carriage road leads to the summit of Bellevue 
Mountain, less than three miles distant, which is said to afford the 
most majestic mountain view in Colorado. 

MANITOU SPRINGS, 1 

El Paso County. 

Post-office, Manitou Springs. Hotels : Barker, Cliff House, 
Manitou House, Mansions, and numerous others. Access via Den- 
ver and Rio Grande and Colorado Midland P. R. 

1 So called by the Indians (" Manitou "—the Great Spirit), to whom the springs were known 
for many generations. 



186 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Manitou is situated six miles west of Colorado Springs, immedi- 
ately at the foot of Pike's Peak. Here are located the celebrated 
effervescent soda and iron springs which in early days gave the 
name of springs to the town of Colorado Springs. An electric rail- 
road, with cars at frequent intervals, unites the two places. The 
town of Manitou Springs contains a permanent population of more 
than 2000 souls, which number is augmented during the summer 
months by about 125,000 visitors from all parts of the United 
States and from foreign countries. Dame [Nature was in a fanciful 
mood when she fashioned the topography of this wild and rugged 
region. Few similar areas of the earth's surface present a greater 
number and variety of weird, grotesque, and romantic features than 
are to be found in the vicinity of Manitou Springs. The scope of 
this work allows us only to enumerate a few of the more prominent 
points of interest within a few miles of the place. Iron Springs 
and Hotel, one mile; Rainbow Falls and Grand Caverns, one and 
one-quarter miles; Crystal Park, three miles; Garden of the Gods, 
three miles; Glen Eyrie, five miles; Monument Park, by rail, seven 
and one-half miles; Xorth Cheyenne Canyon, eight and one-half 
miles; South Cheyenne Canyon, nine miles; Summit of Pike's 
Peak (via cog-wheel railroad), twelve miles. In addition to these 
well-known localities there are scores of canyons, caves, waterfalls, 
and charming nooks which the sojourner may seek out for himself. 
The railroad journey to the top of Pike's Peak is one never to be 
forgotten. The view from the immense height of 14,147 feet is 
almost appalling in its scope and grandeur. A post-office for the 
benefit of tourists is maintained at the apex of the Peak by the 
National Government during the summer season. It has been 
well described as the loftiest post-office in the United States. 

The meteorological conditions at Manitou and Colorado Springs 
are very favorable to invalids, the climate being dry and the tempera- 
ture even and not subject to sudden changes. The w r inter months 
are mild and pleasant — so mild, indeed, that excursions are almost 
daily made to the neighboring canyons and glens, where outdoor 
picnics are held with as much safety to health as in the summer. 1 
Within the town limits are nine cold springs, which are divided 
into two groups : (1) the Soda Springs, which resemble in taste and 
properties the well-known Apollinaris water ; and (2) the Iron 
Springs. These springs are controlled by the Manitou Mineral 
Water Company, and, in addition to the immense local consumption 
by visitors, are bottled and sold to dealers throughout the United 
States. The Manitou Ginger-ale and Manitou Soda-water also have 
an extensive sale, and an inspection of the immense bottling estab- 
lishment of the company is one of the features of a visit to the resort. 

1 Dr. L. D. Seebree gives us the following average temperatures for the winter months : 
November, 48° ; December, 43° ; January, 40°; February, 4S° ; March, 50° : April, 64°. These 
records were made at 12 noon. At 6 p.m. the temperature was 12° to 15° lower. There was no 
rain from November 11th to March 15th, 



COLORADO. 187 

The two principal springs, as analyzed by Prof. Elwyn Waller, 
Ph.D., analytical chemist, New York City, were found to contain: 



MANITOU SODA SPRINGS. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Potassium sulphate . 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium carbonate 
Lithium carbonate . 
Calcium carbonate . 
Magnesium carbonate 
Iron oxide 
Alumina . 
Silica 



Manitou. 


Navajo. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


23.94 


23.79 


10.68 


15.35 


11.14 


10.93 


40.66 


42.60 


0.71 


0.61 


69 08 


69.33 


16.68 


16.04 


0.02. 


0.02 


0.07 


0.10 


2.49 


2.46 



Total 174.47 182.23 

Both containing free carbonic acid gas. / l&'f'l 

The waters of these springs are especially recommended in 
dyspepsia. Daring the author's sojourn at the springs, he had 
abundant opportunity to test the virtues of the Soda Springs in 
his own person and in that of one of his travelling companions. 
A glass of this water will almost instantly give relief in pyrosis, 
acid eructations, or flatulence, and its habitual use prevents the 
recurrence of these disagreeable symptoms. They are further of 
decided benefit in renal and bladder disorders. The waters of the 
Soda Springs, being clear, sparkling, and exceedingly palatable, 
form an excellent table beverage. The iron waters are highly bene- 
ficial in debility, in early phthisis, and in anaemia and chlorosis. 

Numerous excellent hotels and boarding houses are maintained 
at Manitou Springs. The visitor will find all the arrangements 
for his comfort and well being to be had at any first-class Eastern 
resort. 

MORRISON SPRINGS, 

Jefferson County. 

Post-office, Morrison. Hotel recently built. Access from Den- 
ver via Denver, Gunnison and Leadville Railroad. 

Morrison Springs are located fourteen miles southwest from Den- 
ver, in the basin of Bear Creek, and just within the Rocky Mountain 
foot-hills, at an altitude of 6000 feet above the sea-level. Xo com- 
plete quantitative analysis of the waters seems to have been made, 
but Dr. W. C. McXeal, of Morrison, furnishes us the following 
report of a partial qualitative examination : 

Sulphureted hydrogen. Iron. 

Calcium bicarbonate. Magnesium sulphate (40 grs. per gal.). 

Manganese. Potassium (trace). 

suiptaric acM > Donbtless in combination . 

Arsenious acid j 

Temperature of water, 80° F. 



188 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

This incomplete analysis would indicate that the waters possess 
tonic, laxative, and alterative properties. They are recommended 
in renal, digestive, skin, and rheumatic affections, and in chronic 
syphilis. 

OURAY SPRINGS, 
Ouray County. 

Post-office, Ouray. Hotel and cottages. Access via Denver and 
Rio Grande R. R. (narrow-gauge) from Denver, Colorado Springs, 
and Pueblo. 

The town of Ouray is situated in a picturesque amphitheatre of 
the Rocky Mountains, 389 miles from the city of Denver. The 
altitude of the town-site is 7500 feet above the sea-level, but the 
neighboring mountain peaks tower several thousand feet higher. 
Mt. Sneiflis, five miles west, reaches an elevation of 14,225 feet, 
while Uncompahgre Peak, ten miles east of the town, attains the 
superb altitude of 14,440 feet above tide- water. The famous and 
beautiful Bear Creek Falls are two miles south of the town, and 
near them is the wonderful piece of toll-road, cut in walls of per- 
pendicular quartzite. All about the neighborhood are rich mines 
of gold and silver. There are also many other natural features 
of interest, including caves, water- falls, canyons, peaks, lakes, and 
gorges, reached by good roads or mountain trails. The climatic 
conditions about Ouray are quite unexceptionable, sunshine being the 
rule, with warm and pleasant days during the summer, followed by 
cool, refreshing nights. The highest summer temperature is about 
90° F., and the lowest winter minimum 5° F. ; but, owing to the 
rarity and dryness of the atmosphere, these extremes represent much 
less variation than in most localities of the East. The number of 
springs in the town limits is estimated at more than 100, the tem- 
perature of their waters ranging from 130° to 140° F. No analysis 
has been made, but we are informed by the proprietor of a number 
of the springs that the waters contain lime, soda, manganese, and 
iron, and some of them sulphur. Two bath-houses have been fitted 
up, and are much resorted to in the treatment of rheumatic affec- 
tions. It is said that the internal use of the waters has been found 
beneficial in cases of dyspepsia, indigestion, constipation, and blood 
and skin disorders. 

The city of Ouray has about 2500 permanent inhabitants, and is 
well supplied with pure and wholesome water from mountain springs 
by water-works constructed on the gravity plan. The city possesses 
a complete system of sewerage, and is always in a clean and healthful 
condition. The climate is said to be very beneficial to persons suffer- 
ing from bronchial and pulmonary troubles. 



COLORADO. 



189 



PAGOSA SPRINGS, 

Archuleta County. 

Post-office, Pagosa Springs. Hotels and boarding-houses. Access 
via Denver and Eio Grande K. R. to Amargo, New Mexico, thence 
twenty-eight miles by daily stage over a good road to the springs. 

This resort is located in a picturesque, heavily wooded mountain 
region, at an altitude of about 7000 feet above the sea-level. Bear, 
elk, deer, and wild turkeys abound in the neighboring mountains, 
and it is said that a basket of trout may be taken at any time with- 
out going beyond the village limits. The country is new, but is 
fast being developed, and hundreds of people from different parts 
of the United States camp out in the neighborhood ever} T summer, 
in order to avail themselves of the salubrious climate and many 
other attractions to be found here. There is considerable snow in 
January, February, and March, but during the remainder of the 
year the weather is clear and beautiful. The summer temperature 
reaches 90° F. at times, but owing to the bracing atmosphere no 
discomfort is felt. The nights are always cool. 

There is but one mineral spring at Pagosa. It is situated on a 
small elevation, and from it the water issues through crevices in 
various directions. The water-supply is quite inexhaustible, as it 
is estimated that the combined currents from the spring would form 
a stream three feet deep and six feet wide. 

Dr. H. G. Haxby, of the springs, furnishes us the following 
analysis, supposed to have been made under the auspices of the 
United States Government when it maintained a fort at this point : 



PAGOSA HOT 


SPRINGS. 










Alkaline- saline. 


One U. S. gallon 1 contains : 


Grains. 


Sodium chloride 


. 61.81 


Sodium carbonate . 














83.27 


Sodium sulphate 














150.21 


Calcium carbonate . 














41.76 


Magnesium carbonate 














6.65 


Lithium carbonate 














3.28 


Potassium carbonate 














2.80 


Iron protoxide 














0.16 


Manganese protoxide 














0.11 


Calcium fluoride 














0.30 


Calcium phosphide 














0.03 


Silica 














0.71 


Total . 




351.09 



Temperature of water, 155° F. 
Elevation, 7000 feet. 



Converted from grammes per litre. 



190 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The waters are said to possess valuable properties in the treat- 
ment of rheumatism, gout, syphilis, and anaemic conditions. Dr. 
Haxby informs us that he has seen exceedingly obstinate cases of 
chronic rheumatism cured or greatly benefited by a two weeks' 
course of the hot baths. 

PONCHO HOT SPRINGS, 

Chaffee County. 

Post-office, Poncho Springs. Hotel and cottages. The springs 
are reached by the Denver and Pio Grande P. P. (three trains 
daily); stages from the hotel meet all trains. The springs are 
said to be more than 100 in number and to flow 1,000,000 gallons 
of water hourly. The topography of the country is broken and 
rugged, the hotel being situated on the mountain side at an eleva- 
tion of 8000 feet above tide-water. The summer temperature 
ranges from 60° to 85° F.; winter, 40° to 25° F., the mercury 
very seldom dropping to zero. Mr. L. L. Woodruff, the manager 
of the springs, furnishes the following rather indefinite analysis 
by an unknown chemist. The figures probably refer to grains per 
gallon : 

Analysis. 

Silicic acid 32.73 

Sesquioxide of iron . . . . . . . 1.27 

Alumina 5.20 

Lime 20.00 

Magnesia 0.74 

Chlorine 0.06 

Carbonic acid gas 22.50 

Organic matter 6.24 

Water 1.72 

Sulphuric acid 4.46 

Potash 2.08 

Soda 1.00 

Iodine 1.50 

Bromine 1.50 

Total - . 101.00 

Temperature of water, 145° to 185° F. 

The springs furnish ample facilities for plunge, vapor, and tub 
baths. Pheumatism, blood and skin diseases are among the dis- 
orders benefited by the baths and waters at Poncho. 

ROYAL GORGE HOT SPRINGS, 
Feemont County. 

Post-office, Canyon City. Hotel. Access from Denver via 
Denver and Pio Grande P. P. Canyon City is also the western 
terminus of the Arkansas Valley Branch of the Atchison, Topeka, 
and Santa Fe P. P. The town of Canyon City, with a population 



COLORADO. 



191 



of 3500, is rapidly becoming a charming city of healthful, cosey 
homes. It is the county seat of Fremont County, and is situated 
on the north and south banks of the Arkansas River, one hundred 
and sixty miles south by west of Denver and one hundred miles below 
Lea^ville. The scenery about the place is grand and romantic to 
a high degree. A few minutes' walk takes the tourist to the famous 
Eoyal Gorge, where the granite cliffs tower 2000 feet above the 
head. Within half an hour's ride on horseback is the top of the 
great Fremont Peak, offering a panorama to the enraptured eye 
as sublime as the imagination could depict. The altitude of the 
springs is 5200 feet above the sea-level. The location is protected 
by the mountains on three sides, and the report of the United States 
Meteorological Bureau shows that for any given month in winter 
the temperature on an average is six degrees warmer than at any 
other point in the State. The rainfall is only 14 inches per annum, 
and it is said that there are over 300 sunny days in every year. The 
capacity of the hot springs is difficult to estimate, as they break out 
into the Arkansas River in several places. One of them, which issues 
from the earth a little above low water, yields 15 gallons per minute, 
but the combined flow of the springs would be many times greater. 

Within half a mile of the hot springs are cold soda and iron 
springs. Excellent bathing facilities have recently been provided 
at the hot springs. 

The following analyses are by Prof. Oscar Loew, of the United 
States Geological Survey: 



ROYAL GORGE HOT SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 73.20 

Magnesium carbonate 12.80 

Calcium carbonate 33.50 

Sodium sulphate . 79.30 

Sodium chloride 18.20 

Lithium chloride Trace. 



Total . 






. 217.00 


Temperature of water, 


102° F. 




ROYAL GORGE COLD 


SODA 


AND IRON SPRINGS. 


One U. S. gallon contains : 






Iron Duke. Little Ute 


Solids. 






Grains. Grains. 


Sodium chloride 






. 83.00 118.00 


Sodium sulphate 






. 12 20 12.10 


Sodium carbonate 






. 76.80 76.40 


Calcium carbonate . 






. 33.00 22.50 


Magnesium carbonate 






. 14.60 14.00 


Iron .... 






. Traces. Traces. 


Lithia 






(i « 



Total 



219.60 



243.00 



192 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The waters of both cold and hot springs are highly charged with 
carbonic acid gas. The hot baths here are highly recommended for 
rheumatism and skin diseases. Dr. Prentiss, of Canyon City, in- 
forms us that persons suffering from pulmonary trouble are usually 
much improved by a sojourn in the sunny, even climate of this 
region. 

SPRINGDALE SELTZER SPRINGS, 1 

Boulder County. 

Post-office, Springdale. Hotel. These springs are located in 
James Creek Canyon, ten miles from Boulder and eighteen miles 
from Longmont. Within easy distance are Balarat, Gold Hill, 
Sunshine, and Jamestown, these being the largest mining camps of 
Boulder County. The famous " Golden Age," " Big Blossom," 
and " Rip Van Dam" mines are also close at hand. There are a 
number of springs in the neighborhood, varying in their ingredi- 
ents and therapeutical effects, but the only one used commercially 
is the Seltzer Spring water, of wdiich the following is an analysis 
by Dr. Jackson, State Assayer of Massachusetts : 

SPRINGDALE SELTZER SPRINGS. 

Saline-chalybeate. lodated and bromated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : Grains. 

Sodium sulphate 107.55 

Calcium carbonate (bicarbonate in the water) . . 43.31 

Sodium chloride 4.95 

Sodium iodide and bromide 1.28 

Sodium bicarbonate 5.46 

Iron bicarbonate 3.99 

Magnesium bicarbonate . . . .... . 0.74 

Sodium silicate in the water 3.99 

Total 171.27 

As shown by the analysis, a close analogy exists between these 
waters and those of the Saratoga Seltzer and the Old Source Spring 
of St. Moritz, Switzerland. They are weaker than the Saratoga 
Seltzer in lime and chloride of sodium, but stronger in iron and 
sulphate of sodium. The Springdale water contains six times as 
much of the latter salt as the Old Source water. 

According to Dr. Charles Denison, of Denver, the Springdale 
water possesses valuable alterative and tonic properties, and is also 
slightly diuretic. It is indicated in dyspepsia, debility, anaemia, etc. 



Routt County. 

Post-office, Steamboat Springs. Hotels. Access via Denver and 
Rio Grande R. R. to Walcott, thence by stage, a twelve hours' ride 

1 Described by Walton under the name of " Rocky Mountain Springs." 



COLORADO. 193 

to springs. Also connected by good mountain roads with Laramie 
City, Wyoming, and with Georgetown, Dillon, Glenwood Springs, 
Hayden, and other points. 

The town of Steamboat Springs is located in a charming valley in 
northwest Colorado, just over the main range of the Rocky Moun- 
tains, and near the headwaters of the Yampa River. The site is 
upon a bend of the Yampa, where, from its northerly flow, it turns 
sharply to the west. The mountain range here follows the contour 
of the river, lifting its lofty summits, covered all summer with their 
ever-melting but never-melted snow on two sides of the valley, to 
the north and east. Thus is formed a natural basin, sheltered on 
the side toward the north by its mountain bulwark, leaving its 
southern slope open to the rays of genial sunshine. Three large 
mountain streams — Soda Creek, Crystal Brook, and Spring Creek 
— rise at different points along the curve in the mountain range, 
and, converging as they flow down, join the Yampa on the town 
site. These bring a never-failing supply of pure water from the 
summits of the mountain, and with a group of sixty varieties of 
hot, warm, and cold mineral springs make this valley one of the 
most remarkable natural watering places in the world. The first 
settlement was made in the valley in July, 1874, by Mr. James 
H. Cranford, the present manager of the springs. Since that time 
a flourishing town, containing churches, schools, libraries, banks, 
newspapers, and other adjuncts of civilization, has sprung into exist- 
ence. The town and vicinity offer many attractions to the enter- 
prising settler, as well as to the tourist, the sportsman, and the 
invalid. The climate during the open season — i. e., from April 
until late in December — is ideally temperate, clear, balmy days 
and cool nights being the rule. The springs, one hundred and 
forty in number, yield an exhaustless supply of water, but they 
have not been fully developed as yet. They range in temperature 
from 40° to 103° F., but none of them appears to have been sub- 
jected to a complete analytical examination. Among the prominent 
ingredients are soda, magnesia, iron, and sulphur. The waters have 
been found useful in rheumatism and skin diseases, and were 
resorted to by the Indians for many years before the appearance of 
the pale-face in this region. A large bath-house with swimming- 
pool and numerous bath-rooms has been built to utilize the water 
from the hot springs. 

Wagon Wheel Gap Hot Springs, Rio Grande County, on the 
Wagon Wheel Gap branch of the Denver and Rio Grande R. R., 
are now used as a resort. The springs are three in number. Nos. 
1 and 3 are hot; temperature 150° F. and 140° F., respectively, 
and contain, according to Lieuteuant Wheeler, U.S.A., salts of 
sodium, calcium, magnesium, lithium, and potassium, and sulphur- 
eted hydrogen. No. 2 is cold and feebly mineralized. Avery good 
hotel has been built. All varieties of baths, and two swimming 
reservoirs have also been constructed. 

13 



194 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The following springs and wells of Colorado are used as resorts : 

Artesian Magnetic Mineral Spring, Pueblo, Pueblo County. 

Hartsel Hot Mineral Springs, Hartsel, Park County. 

Liberty Hot Springs, Wagon Wheel Gap, Rio Grande County. 

Parnassus Springs, Red Creek, Pueblo County. 

Porter's Springs, Denver, Arapahoe County. 

Shaw's Magnetic Springs near Del Norte, Rio Grande County. 

Tomichi Hot Springs, Elgin, Gunnison County. 

Trimble Springs, Trimble, La Plata County. 

The following springs are used commercially: 

Canyon City Vichy Springs, Canyon City, Fremont County. 

Carlile Soda and Iron Springs, near Pueblo, Pueblo County. 

Colorado Carlsbad Springs, Barr, Arapahoe County. 

Hiawatha Spring, Manitou, El Paso County. 

As Colorado is but thinly settled, it possesses numerous springs 
which have not yet been improved. 



CONNECTICUT. 



Connecticut, one of the original thirteen States, extends from 41° 
to 42° 2 1' north latitude, and from 70° 55' to 73° 50' west longitude, 
It comprises an area of 4730 square miles. The principal rivers 
are the Connecticut, Thames, Housatonic, Naugatuck, and Mystic. 

Numerous miniature lakes are distributed over its surface. The 
climate of Connecticut is marked by great extremes and sudden 
changes; the winters are cold, the summers very warm. The district 
bordering on the sea is the hottest, and the northwestern portion the 
coldest. The mean annual temperature as observed at Hartford is 
about 50° F., and the rainfall varies from 41 to 47 inches, accord- 
ing to the place of observation. The State has no lofty mountains, 
but its limits include the southern extremities of the two great New 
England ranges — the Green and the White Mountains. The mor- 
tality-rate, according to the last census, was 19.52 per 1000. The 
death-rate from phthisis was 2.34 per 1000. 

The mineral springs of Connecticut are comparatively unimpor- 
tant, at least in point of number, and are not densely mineralized. 
They are chiefly feeble chalybeates, occurring in deposits of bog-iron 
ore or in connection with iron pyrites. Some are also weakly snl- 
phureted. Many of the Connecticut springs have never been im- 
proved, and few of the waters have been used in commerce, yet some 
of them have had considerable local celebrity. The reputation of 
Stafford Springs, the only locality given by Walton, long since 
transcended the limits of the State. Some of the places once 
resorted to have fallen into disuse. The following account of the 
springs in present use was gained chiefly by correspondence with 



CONNECTICUT. 



195 



Ferrous carbonate 
Silicic oxide. 
Alumina . 
Ammonia . 
Phosphoric acid 



Traces. 



various persons in the State. Little can be learned from the recog- 
nized publications on the subject of springs. 

NORTH HAVEN POOL, 
New Haven County. 

The waters of this pool have had a local reputation for more than 
one hundred years, and it is said that Dr. Trumbull, the historian 
of Connecticut, was in the habit of accommodating boarders who 
came to avail themselves of their medicinal effects. According to 
an analysis by Prof. S. W. Johnson, the following ingredients are 
found : 

Sodium sulphate. 
Sodium chloride. 
Potassium sulphate. 
Calcium sulphate. 
Calcium carbonate. 
Magnesium carbonate. 

The iron is present in sufficient quantities to give the waters useful 
tonic properties. They are said to be of decided value in chronic 
skin affections. The waters are bottled and sold in one-, two-, and 
four-gallon jugs. 

OXFORD MINERAL SPRING, 

New Haven County. 

Post-office, Oxford. Good hotel within one-half mile. 

This spring has been well known to residents of the neighborhood 
for many years, but it has ouly recently been brought to the atten- 
tion of the public. Its medicinal properties are supposed to have 
been known to the Indians, as arrowheads and other evidences of 
aboriginal life are frequently found near it. The spring yields 
about 1 J gallons of pure, sparkling water per minute. An analysis 
by Prof. George F. Barker, of the Sheffield Scientific School, in 1873, 
resulted as follows : 

OXFORD MINERAE SPRING. 

Light Saline-chalybeate. 



One U. S. gallon contains 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium sulphate 
Lithium sulphate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium sulphate 
Iron carbonate . 
Silica and insoluble matter 
Organic matter 
Loss in analysis 



Grains. 

0.35 

0.49 

Trace. 

a 

0.62 
1.16 
0.91 
1.33 
1.22 
0.10 



Total 



6.18 



196 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The path of the stream can be easily traced by the abundant 
bright yellow deposit of hydrate of iron. In the short time since 
this water was brought before the public it has risen high in popular 
favor as an invigorant and general tonic. It is useful in conditions 
of debility and anaemia, and in stomach, liver, and renal disorders, 
etc. The water is used commercially, and is said to be acquiring an 
extensive sale. 

SOUTH FARM MANGANO- CHALYBEATE WELL, 

Litchfield County. 

Post-office, Litchfield. Inn and cottages. Access via New York, 
New Haven, and Hartford R. R. to Litchfield, thence two miles by 
carriage to spring. 

This pleasant new resort is located in a hilly section of Connecti- 
cut, 1114 feet above sea-level, and is surrounded by lovely scenery. 
The climatic conditions during the season, lasting from May to De- 
cember, are very desirable. The following table shows the tempera- 
ture-range for July and August, 1896 : 

8 A.M. Noon. 3 P.M. 

July 71.5 76 77.5 

August 68.5 74 75 

The flow of water from the well is 960 gallons per hour. An 
analysis by Messrs. E. E. Smith, Ph.D., and Rudolf De Roode, 
Ph.D., of Fraser & Co., New York, made in 1897, resulted as fol- 
lows : 

SOUTH FARM MANGA NO-CHALYBEATE WELL. 

Light Alkaline-chalybeate. Manganic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Lithium chloride Trace. 

Potassium chloride , , " 

Sodium chloride 0.78 

Calcium sulphate 1.01 

Calcium bicarbonate 1.98 

Magnesium bicarbonate 2.61 

Iron bicarbonate 0.77 

Manganese bicarbonate 0.08 

Alumina Trace. 

Silica 0.59 

Total 7.82 

Eeaction of water slightly alkaline. 
Temperature of water, 45° F. 

This water is not heavily mineralized, yet it is as rich in chemical 
ingredients as many others, for which valuable therapeutic prop- 
erties are claimed. There is sufficient iron to produce tonic and 



CONNECTICUT. 



197 



restorative effects after continuous use, and the saline and alkaline 
ingredients impart a mild antacid and diuretic action. It cannot 
at present be stated positively whether or not the small amount of 
manganese modifies in any way the action of the water. It is prob- 
able that in large and continuous doses the physiological and thera- 
peutical effects of the substance would eventually be produced. 

The South Farms Inn is a comfortable and well-kept establish- 
ment, and is already finding favor with well-to-do New Yorkers. 
The place offers many attractions as a resort for the summer months. 



STAFFORD SPRING, 

Tolland County. 

Post-office, Stafford Springs. Accommodation in private fami- 
lies Access via New London and Northern R. P. from junctions 
at Willimantic, Conn., and Palmer, Mass. 

This historical old spring has been known as a resort since the 
year 1750, and its waters were celebrated among the aborigines for 
many years prior to that date. During the latter part of the last 
and for many years of the present century the place was held in 
high favor throughout New England and the neighboring States. 
The records of the guests of former days are filled with the names 
of people distinguished in all the walks of life. Among these 
names we find those of Dr., afterward General, Joseph Warren, 
and President John Adams The des^elopment of other springs 
has detracted from the prestige of Stafford, but under an enter- 
prising management the resort will no doubt agaiu acquire a promi- 
nent place in public favor. Heretofore the water could be obtained 
only at the spring, but it is now bottled and shipped to any desired 
point. 

The country about Stafford Springs is diversified by hills and 
valleys, and the landscapes are very pleasing during the summer 
months. The flow of water from the spring amounts to about 55 
gallons per hour. We are indebted to Dr. J. M. Sheehan for the 
following analysis by Lewis Norton, Ph.D., of the .Massachusetts 
Institute of Technology: 

STAFFORD SPRING. 

Light Saline-chalybeate. Carbonated . 



Oue U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Potassium sulphate 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium bicarbonate 
Sodium phosphate 
Iron peroxide . 
Iron protoxide . 
Alumina .. 



Grains. 
0.31 
0.21 
0.96 
0.46 
0.22 
0.67 
Trace. 
0.11 



198 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids, •*. Grains. 

Lime 0.41 

Silicic acid 2.00 

Magnesia 0.03 

Moisture and volatile matter 1.72 

Total . 7.10 

Carbonic acid gas, 25 cubic inches. 

The water is clear and sparkling and excellent for table purposes. 
It has attained its greatest reputation in the treatment of blood and 
skin affections. It is said to be actively diuretic. 

STARK MINERAL SPRING, 

New London County. 

Post-office, Bozrah. Visitors accommodated in private families. 
Location: Three miles from Yantic, on the Central Vermont R. R. 

The waters of this spring issue from a rocky hillside on the farm 
of Mr. Everett N. Stark, at an altitude of about 1000 feet above 
the sea-level. Its history has been known to a few old families in 
the neighborhood since the first settlement of the country, and dates 
back to a time when all accurate record is lost in the obscurity of 
tradition. There seems to be no doubt, however, that its waters 
were used for medicinal purposes by the Indians long before the 
region was known to the European settlers. The surroundings of 
the spring are very charming during the summer months, and an 
increasing number of visitors are attracted to the spot every year. 
The flow of water is about 3 gallons per minute, and its tempera- 
ture about 40° F. The following analysis was made by Prof. S. 
W. Johnson, of Yale University, in 1880 : 

STARK MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Neutral. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 0.33 

Sodium sulphate ........ 0.18 

Sodium bicarbonate 0.30 

Potassium bicarbonate . 0.10 

Calcium bicarbonate 1.23 

Magnesium bicarbonate 0.33 

Iron bicarbonate 0.06 

Silicic acid . . . 0.85 

Total 3.38 

The analysis shows the spring to be but feebly mineralized. The 
waters, however, have been considered useful in some of the func- 
tional disorders of the liver, kidneys, and bladder. It is a good 
table water. 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 199 

The following spring is reported as a resort by the United States 
Geological Reports: 

Kenyon's Mill Spring, Colchester, New London County. 

The following are used commercially: 

Althea Spring, Waterbury, New Haven County. 

Arethusa Spring, Seymour, New Haven County. 

Some of the springs of the State formerly in use have been 
abandoned. 



DELAWARE, 



Next to Rhode Island, Delaware is the smallest State in the 
Union, its territory comprising an area of only 2120 square miles. 
The borders of the State extend from 38° 28' to 39° 50' north lati- 
tude. The Delaware River, which washes the eastern border, is 
the only navigable stream in the State, the other rivers being the 
Indian and Nanticoke. The climate is quite mild, the mean annual 
temperature being about 53° F. In the northern portion it is much 
colder and more healthful than in the southern. The surface in the 
north is diversified by hill and dale, but in the southern portion it 
is almost a dead level. The mortality-rate in 1890 was 18.53 per 
thousand of population. From the few reports of geological sur- 
veys of Delaware we are informed that chalybeate springs are 
numerous, as would naturally be expected from the geological 
structure. They seem, however, to be comparatively unimportant. 
A search through all the available literature pertaining to mineral 
springs, supplemented by considerable correspondence, has failed to 
develop information of a single locality used at this time as a resort. 
The Brandywine Chalybeate Spring, in New Castle County, which 
was at one time used as a resort, has long since been abandoned, 
Peale's list comprises springs in Sussex, Dover, and Kent Counties, 
but they have never been improved. 

The State reports no sales of mineral water in the latest bulletins 
of the United States Geological Survey. 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

The District of Columbia comprises an area of sixty-four square 
miles, and is bounded on the south by the Potomac River, the 
remainder being enclosed by the State of Maryland. The surface 
is undulating and surrounded by hills of 150 to 400 feet elevation. 
The climate is moist and warm, the mean annual temperature being 
56.16° F. and the average rainfall 37.62 inches. There is con- 



200 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

siderable malaria in the lower sections. The East Potomac River 
and Rock Greek traverse the District and disembogue into the 
Potomac. Anacostia River is a broad and shallow tidal stream. 
The death-rate in 1890 was 25.85, and the phthisical mortality- 
rate 3.59 per 1000 of population. A number of wells and springs 
within the limits of the District are chalybeate, but none of them, 
even the strongest, is of much importance. At Uniontown, or 
Anacostia, opposite Washington, and also near Le Droit Park, in 
the northeastern part, chalybeate springs exist. A well in Wash- 
ington, on Louisiana Avenue, between Ninth and Tenth Streets, 
is said to be quite strongly impregnated with iron. There are 
several other localities within the city limits that are said to have 
chalybeate springs or wells, but no analyses have been made. 



FLORIDA. 



This State includes the Peninsula of Florida, and comprises an 
area of 59,268 square miles. The limits of the State extend from 
25° to 30° north latitude. The principal rivers are the St. John's, 
Ocklockonee, Perdido, St. Mary's, Suwanee, and Apalachicola. 
The surface of this State is generally level, the greatest elevation 
being not more than 300 feet above tide-water. Numerous lakes 
and ponds dot the surface of the peninsula. The most remarkable 
feature is the immense tract of marsh, filled with islands, in the 
southern part of the Slate, called the Everglades. The climate 
may be described as subtropical, the average summer temperature 
being 80°, the winter varying from 65° to 70°, according to loca- 
tion. The mild, equable climate of the winter months has given 
the State a wide reputation as a resort for pulmonary complaints. 
The winter weather of the Gulf Coast is not so mild as that of the 
Atlantic. The average rainfall is 55 inches. The vegetation is 
varied, and forests of low saw palmetto, cabbage palm, mangrove, 
red pine, hickory, white oak, and gum trees, and groves of wild 
orange occur in different parts of the State. Lemons, limes, pine- 
apples, olives, and grapes also flourish luxuriantly. The latest 
United States Census Report shows a death-rate for all diseases of 
10.50 per 1000, and for phthisis of 0.96 per 1000 of population. 

The springs of Florida are remarkable for their great size rather 
than for the amount of mineral matter they contain. Some of the 
streams proceeding from them are large enough to float steamboats. 
Of the few waters which have been analyzed a majority are char- 
acterized by the presence of sulphureted hydrogen. Most of the 
springs in the southern and eastern parts of the State might be 
classified as weak sulphur waters. In the northeastern portion 
they appear to be more frequently chalybeate. A majority of the 



FLORIDA. 201 

waters are thermal, as they doubtless exceed in warmth the mean 
annual temperature of their localities. They are used mainly as 
winter resorts, and, with two exceptions, the waters are not used 
commercially, so far as can be learned. We have succeeded in 
obtaining an account of three localities : 



BLUE SPRING, 
Jackson County. 

This place is connected with Ocala, being twenty miles distant 
by the Silver Springs, Ocala and Gulf R. R. No analysis has been 
made, but the water is said to be remarkably pure and as clear as 
crystal. It is excellently adapted for the table. Numerous health 
seekers repair to this vicinity during the winter months to enjoy 
the rare climatic advantages. 



SUWANEE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

SUWANEE COUKTY. 

Post-office, Suwanee. Hotel. Suwanee Springs Hotel. Access 
from all points via Savannah, Florida, and Western R. R. to 
Suwanee, thence one mile to springs. The famous Suwanee River 
is now open as a regular tourist route, and the traveller for health 
or pleasure can with ease and comfort visit this romantic stream of 
legend and song and the attractive resorts located along its banks. 
The Suwanee Springs Hotel property consists of a beautiful park 
of massive live-oaks and tall pines to the extent of 100 acres, situ- 
ated along the river banks and on the picturesque bluffs. In the 
park the company have built a handsome hotel and eighteen com- 
fortably furnished and conveniently appointed cottages. The vis- 
itor need, therefore, have no fear of being subjected to the usual 
discomforts of a newly settled country. The buildings are well 
equipped with an excellent system of water-works, and the sanitary 
appointments are of the first class. The water from the springs are 
supplied by pipes, either hot or cold, directly from the fountains to 
the rooms. The springs are located about two hundred yards from 
the hotel, and immediately on the banks of the river. They boil 
up from the ground at a rate of 45,000 gallons per hour, and the 
water exhales a strong, sulphurous odor. Bath-houses are conve- 
niently located along the margins of the springs. An unvarying 
temperature of the water of 74° F. enables the visitor to bathe in 
the springs at any season without ill effects. An analysis of the 
water by Professors Chandler and Pellew, of New York, in 1893, 
resulted as follows : 



202 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 
SUWANEE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-calcic. Sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 0.62 

Potassium sulphate ........ 0.60 

Calcium sulphate 1.78 

Sodium bicarbonate 0.96 

Calcium bicarbonate . . . . . .11.02 

Magnesium bicarbonate . 3.48 

Oxide of iron and alumina ...... 0.15 

Silica 0.81 

Organic and volatile matter 2.19 

Total solids 21.61 

The waters are quite heavily charged with sulphureted hydrogen 
gas, to which they owe much of their virtue. Rheumatism, nervous 
disorders, dyspepsia, and diseases of the liver, kidneys, and blood 
are benefited by the waters and baths. 

The neighborhood holds forth many attractions to the tourist, 
not the least being the poetic old Suwanee, which is said to possess 
more elbows, curves, and angles in a shorter space than any other 
river in the world. Its banks are carpeted with ferns and mosses, 
and its dark but clear waters are overarched by a luxuriant tangle of 
umbrageous foliage. " A trip through the tortuous windings of this 
stream is indeed one of the most romantic that can be imagined, and 
when seated in a row-boat on a clear, moonlight evening, floating over 
the placid surface of the dear old river, one can well imagine the senti- 
ment that inspired the poet who has made the name of Suwanee so 
famous/' 

WHITE SPRINGS, 

Hamilton County. 

Post-office, White Springs. White Springs Hotel and boarding- 
houses. This resort is located along the line of the Georgia Southern 
and Florida K. B,., and is open for visitors all the year round. The 
surrounding country is hilly in character, and the location of the 
springs is 125 feet above the sea-level. The spring supplying the 
mineral water is one of the largest in the world, flowing about 
30,000,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. 1 The temperature of the 
water is 72° F. A bath-pool, 20x30 feet, having a gradual descent 
from two to eight feet, has been constructed. A qualitative analysis 
by Prof. N. A. Pratt showed the presence of 109 grains of solid min- 
eral constituents in one U. S. gallon of water, consisting of 

Sulphuric acid. Oxide of iron. 

Sodium chloride. Potash. 

Magnesium. Soda. 

Lime. Organic matter. 
Phosphoric acid. 

1 According to Reports of U. S. Geological Survey. 



FLORIDA. 203 

In addition there are several gases, viz., hydrogen sulphide, car- 
bonic anhydride, and free oxygen and nitrogen. The waters are 
said to possess considerable value in rheumatism, dyspepsia, scrofula, 
diseases of the kidneys and bladder, and in nervous exhaustion. 

Several of the following springs have been improved, but most 
of them are still in a state of nature : 

BENSON'S SALT SPRING, 

Volusia County. 

Enterprise. Flow, 500 gallons hourly. Sulpho-saline. Tem- 
perature 74° F. Improved as a resort. 

BLUE SPRING, 

Volusia County. 

Orange City. Unimproved, but used locally. Is sulphureted, 
also contains chloride of sodium and sulphate of lime. Tempera- 
ture 75° F. Discharges 73,920 gallons of water hourly. 

CLAY SPRINGS, 

Orange County. 

Near Apopka. Sulphureted. Enormous flow of water, the basin 
being so large that steamboats have no trouble in entering it. Used 
for bathing. Probably slightly thermal. 

GREEN COVE SPRINGS, 
Clay County. 

Green Cove Springs. Resort. Sulphureted. Flow, 3000 gallons 
hourly. 

NEWPORT SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Wakulla County. 

Near St. Mark's. Four in number. Sulphureted. Temperature 
70° F. Improved as a resort. 

ORANGE SPRING, 

Monroe County. 

Orange Springs. Saline-sulphureted. Resort. Flow of water, 
5,055,000 gallons hourly. 1 Temperature 73° F. 

SILVER SPRING, 

Silver Springs, Marion County. 

1 According to Reports of U. S. Geological Survey. 



204 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

TARPON SPRINGS, 

Hillsborough County. 

Tarpon Springs. Sulphnreted. Three in number. Tempera- 
ture 70° F. Resort, 

WISSON'S IRON SPRING, 
Hamilton County. 

Three miles from White Springs. Resort. Flows 7500 gallons 
hourly. Chalybeate. 

The waters of Magnolia Springs, in Clay County, are used com- 
mercially. 



GEORGIA. 



Georgia is one of the thirteen original States, and comprises 
within its limits an area of 58,000 square miles. The Blue Ridge 
and Alleghany Mountains traverse the northwestern portion of the 
State; from thence the surface gradually slopes to the southeast, 
where is formed the great Okefinokee Swamp. The principal rivers 
are the Savannah, Altamahah, Ogeechee, Flint, and Chattahoochee; 
the confluence of the two last forms the Apalachicola of Florida. 
Forests of live-oak, Southern pine, cedar, cypress, magnolia, and 
laurel are numerous, and occupy vast areas. The difference be- 
tween the climate in Northern and Southern Georgia is very 
marked, the summers in the former region being invigorating and 
delightful, while in the latter the heat is often very oppressive. At 
Atlanta the mean annual temperature is 58.36° F., and at Savannah 
67.8° F. The death-rate for 1890 was 11.25 per 1000 of popula- 
tion; phthisical death-rate 1.17 per 1000. 

The mineral springs of Georgia are very numerous, and some of 
them of considerable importance. From various sources the author 
has secured an account of thirty-two localities. The most complete 
account of the Georgia springs which has hitherto appeared is con- 
tained in a pamphlet published at Macon by Dr. J. R. Duggan, in 
1881. 

ATLANTA MINERAL SPRING, 

Fulton County. 

Post-office, Atlanta. Location, two miles from the city. 

According to an analysis by Prof. W. J. Land, the waters of this 
spring contain the following ingredients, estimated in grains per 
U. S. gallon : 



GEORGIA. 205 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron sesqui-oxide 10.50 

Calcium chloride . . 4.00 

Sodium chloride 2.50 

Calcium sulphate Traces. 

Calcium carbonate " 

Iron sulphide " 

Total solids 17.00 

The gases are not described, but from the presence of iron sul- 
phide the water may be presumed to contain more or less hdyrogen 
sulphide. The water is a strong chalybeate and possesses excellent 
qualities as a ferruginous tonic. 

BEALL SPRING, 

Warren County. 

Hotel and cottages. Access via Macon and Augusta P. R. to 
Warrenton, thence by hack line to springs. Location: eight miles 
south of Warrenton. This spring was discovered in the early part 
of the present century, and some rude improvements were made as 
far back as 1825. The following qualitative analysis gives the 
principal ingredients of the water : 

Solids. Solids. 

Calcium carbonate. Potassium sulphate. 

Potassium carbonate. Magnesium sulphate (trace). 

Iron carbonate. Silica. 

Sodium carbonate. Organic matter combined with sulphur. 

p J Hydrogen sulphide, small quantity, 

uases. | Carbonic anhydride, " 

Sulphureted hydrogen may be considered the most important 
ingredient. The amount of carbonate of lime is sufficient to exert 
a considerable influence in diseases of the bladder and kidneys. 
The quantity of iron is small, but is by no means an unimportant 
constituent. The combination of ingredients gives the waters many 
of the advantages of three prominent classes of spring waters, viz., 
the sulphureted, the chalybeate, and the calcic waters. The flow of 
water is about 1 gallon per minute. The spring is located on an 
eminence, and is surrounded by a fine grove. The improvements 
are not extensive, consisting of a small hotel and a few cottages. 

BOWDEN LITHIA SPRINGS, 
Fulton County. 

Post-office, Li thia Springs. Sweetwater Park Hotel. Access via 
Georgia Pacific Division of the Piedmont Air-line. These springs 
are located in Fulton County, seventeen miles west of Atlanta, three 
hundred miles distant from the Atlantic coast and at an altitude of 



206 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

1200 feet above the sea-level. The surrounding country is of a 
somewhat rugged, broken character, interspersed with forests of 
pine, oak, maple, and cypress and watered by streams skirted by 
haw and holly. The temperature rarely reaches 90° F. in summer, 
or extends below 40° above zero in winter, while the nights are 
proverbially pleasant. The surroundings of the place are excep- 
tionally charming, the Shoals, the Ruined Mill, Chapel Hill, the 
Dome Rock, showing the mighty action of some great sea in pre- 
historic times, the Mill in the Glen, the Old Distillery, and the 
Sweetwater Creek being among the numerous features of interest. 
The hotel is a first-class modern structure, capable of accommo- 
dating 500 guests, and all of the appointments are of a superior 
order. More than one hundred years ago the locality of the springs 
was known as the " deer-licks ' ' by the Cherokee Indians, who 
formerly inhabited this part of the country. The edges of the 
bowlders in the springs show to-day conclusive evidences that these 
animals frequented the springs and licked the rocks in order to 
obtain the saline properties of the water. While people have 
resorted to these springs for about sixty years, only recently have 
they become very extensively known. 
Following are analyses of the waters : 

BOWDEN LITHIA SPRINGS. 



One U. S. gallon 


Upper Spring. 


Lower Spring. 


contains : 


Pratt, 1887. 


Pratt, 1889. 


Doremns, 1890 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Carbonic acid as bicarbonates 9.85 




9.91 


Lithium bicarbonate 


2.85 


1.67 


4.45 


Potassium bromide 




5.29 


. . . 


Potassium sulphate 




. . . 


1.73 


Potassium bicarbonate . 


3.36 






Magnesium bromide 


1.69 


15.23 


1.47 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


10.32 






Magnesium sulphate 


4.41 






Magnesium iodide (iodine) 


Traces. 


6.73 


Traces. 


Calcium bicarbonate 


14.18 




17.25 


Calcium sulphate . 




20.21 


12.15 


Calcium phosphate 


6.64 






Strontium sulphate 


1.02 


6.28 


i.22 


Ferrous bicarbonate 


0.21 


. . . 


0.21 


Sodium sulphate . 


16.25 




8.03 


Sodium chloride 


133.71 


124.49 


121.78 


Sodium phosphate . 




0.89 




Aluminium sulphate 


i.33 


2.61 


6.53 


Silicic acid (soluble) 


1.12 


1.96 


1.26 


Boric acid 




. . . 


Traces. 


Manganese 


Traces. 


. . . 


a 


Phosphoric acid 






« 


Eubidium 


Traces 


by spectroscopic analys 


Fluorine 


Traces. 






Loss on ignition 






5.75 



Totals 



200.94 



173.36 



185.74 



GEORGIA. 207 

The use of the Bowden lithia waters is particularly recommended 
in kidney and bladder affections, calculi, gravel, cystitis, etc., and 
in gout and rheumatism. The external use of the water in bathing, 
for which there are excellent facilities, is said to be beneficial in 
skin affections, chronic ulcers, glandular enlargements, etc. The 
waters are used commercially, and may be found in most of the 
principal cities of the East and South. 

CAMP SPRINGS, 

Fulton County. 

Post-office, Atlanta. Access via West-end cars from Atlanta. 
This spring is located two miles from the Union Depot in Atlanta. 
It has been analyzed by Prof. W. J. Land, with the following 
result estimated in grains per U. S. gallon : 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron proto-carbonate 2.03 

Iron sesqui-carbonate ....... 0.35 

Manganese proto-carbonate 0.01 

Manganese carbonate 0.05 

Calcium carbonate 0.30 

Calcium chloride 0.12 

Sodium chloride 0.13 

Sodium and lime silicate 0.43 

Crenic and apocrenic acids 0.02 

Total 3.44 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 2.19 

Hydrogen sulphide 0.47 

This water is a very fair chalybeate, and contains sufficient sul- 
phureted hydrogen to render it useful in diseases benefited by 
sulphur waters. 

CANNON' S SPRINGS, 
Wilkinson County. 

Post-office, Toombsboro. Location on the Central R. R. of 
Georgia, one mile from Toombsboro and thirty-six miles from 
Macon. 

This spring was once widely known under the name of Myrtle 
Spring. For want of improvements, however, it has passed into 
comparative obscurity. Following is a qualitative analysis of the 
water : 

Iron carbonate. Magnesium sulphate. 

Calcium carbonate. Sodium chloride. 

Magnesium carbonate. Hydrogen sulphide (gas). 

This is usually called a sulphur spring, but it is more properly 
classed as a chalybeate. There is a fair proportion of salts of lime, 



208 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

and the water ought to be useful in kidney and bladder affections. 
It is said that the only improvements consist of a shelter over the 
spring. 

CATOOSA SPRINGS, 

Catoosa County. 

Post-office, Catoosa Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access from 
Atlanta and Chattanooga via the Western and Atlantic R. R. Dis- 
tance from north of Atlanta, one hundred and fifteen miles; south 
of Chattanooga, twenty-six miles. From railroad, two miles. 

This resort is nestled among the mountains of North Georgia at 
an elevation of 945 feet above the sea-level. The aspect of the 
country is quite rugged, the Sandstone Mountain, about a mile 
distant, reaching an altitude of 1800 feet above tide- water. From 
the summit of this mountain may be seen Mission Ridge, the his- 
toric Lookout Mountain, and many other points of lesser interest. 
The hotel and cottages at the springs have room for 600 guests, 
and are supplied with all modern conveniences. The climate is 
bracing and invigorating, even in the summer months; in winter 
it is temperate, and the weather is not subject to sudden changes of 
temperature. The springs are fifty-two in number, situated within 
an area of two acres. It is not unusual to find quite different prop- 
erties even among springs only a few feet apart. Most of them are 
quite strongly mineralized. The ten principal ones are as fol- 
lows: The "All-healing," the " Red Sweet/' the " Cosmetic/' the 
" Chalybeate/ 7 the " Magnesia/' the " Congress/' the " Alum," 
the " Black Sulphur," the " White Sulphur," and the " Buffalo." 
They range in mineral ingredients from about 84 to 104 grains to 
the U. S. gallon. Following are analyses of three of the springs 
by Prof. W. J. Land, of Atlanta : 

CATOOSA SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline. 

No. 4, or "Chalybeate" Spring. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 41.56 

Magnesium sulphate 27.90 

Strontium sulphate 0.20 

Sodium sulphate 1,59 

Potassium sulphate , . ... . . . 2.30 

Aluminium sulphate 0.67 

Calcium carbonate . 3.75 

Magnesium carbonate 7.48 

Iron carbonate 0.19 

Manganese carbonate 0.01 

Lithium carbonate Trace. 

Strontium carbonate 0.04 

Potassium carbonate 0.11 

Sodium carbonate . . . ■ 0.26 



GEORGIA. 



209 



One U. S. gallon contains: 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium nitrate 0.37 

Ammonium nitrate 0.11 

Calcium bromide 0.26 

Magnesium bromide 0.30 

Calcium fluoride . . 0.02 

Sodium chloride 0.14 

Crenic and apocrenic acids 0.02 

Free sulphuric acid 0.01 

Free carbonic acid 4.31 



Total ingredients 91.46 

Total solid residue upon evaporation at 212° is . 90.48 



No. 9, " White Sulphur " Spring. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 
Solids. 



Grains. 



Calcium sulphate 44.81 

Magnesium sulphate - 32.01 

Strontium sulphate 0.21 

Sodium sulphate 1.67 

Potassium sulphate 2.32 

Aluminium sulphate ' . 2.47 

Calcium carbonate . 3.85 

Magnesium carbonate 8.40 

Iron carbonate 0.28 

Manganese carbonate 0.02 

Lithium carbonate Trace. 

Strontium carbonate 0.04 

Potassium carbonate 0.11 

Sodium carbonate 0.26 

Calcium nitrate 0.32 

Ammonium nitrate 0.10 

Calcium bromide 0.15 

Magnesium bromide 0.31 

Calcium fluoride . 0.02 

Sodium chloride 0.14 

Crenic and apocrenic acids 0.01 

Free sulphuric acid . . . ... . .6.13 

Free carbonic acid . . . . . . . . 4.51 

Hydrosulphuric acid 1 0.02 



Total ingredients 108.16 

Total residue upon evaporation at 212° is . . 88.94 

No. 10, " Buffalo " Spring. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 45.00 

Magnesium sulphate 33.02 

Strontium sulphate 0.29 

Sodium sulphate 1.67 

Potassium sulphate 2.31 

Aluminium sulphate 2.39 

Calcium carbonate 3.86 

Magnesium carbonate 8.70 

Iron carbonate 0.28 

1 This is the strongest sulphur spring in the group. 
14 



210 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Manganese carbonate 0.12 

Lithium carbonate Trace. 

Strontium carbonate 0.04 

Potassium carbonate . . 6.01 

Sodium carbonate . 0.03 

Calcium nitrate 0.03 

Ammonium nitrate 0.91 

Calcium bromide 0.15 

Magnesium bromide 0.33 

Calcium fluoride ........ 0.01 

Sodium chloride 0.11 

Crenic and apocrenic acids ...... 0.01 

Free sulphuric acid 0.13 

Free carbonic acid 4.62 

Hydrosulphuric acid 1 ....... Trace. 

Total ingredients 110.02 

Total solid residue upon evaporation at 212° is . 100.11 

All of these springs boil up through the hard black slate of the 
mountain side. They are perennial, the most severe and persistent 
droughts causing no perceptible difference in the rate of their flow. 
The waters are recommended for stomach, kidney, and bowel dis- 
orders, and for debility. The "All-healing" Spring is used for 
local troubles. The waters are shipped on order in bottles or bar- 
rels to any part of the country. 

CHALYBEATE SPRINGS, 
MeRI WEATHER COUNTY. 

Post-office, Chalybeate Springs. Hotels and cottages. Access : 
Take Southeastern E. R. to Bostwick, thence Talbottom Branch 
Road to Talbottom, thence twenty miles west to springs. 

These springs were discovered by Mr. Rawlings about 1835, and 
opened by him for the reception of visitors a few years later. The 
improvements were of a rude character until about 1850, at which 
time they were considerably enlarged. With the exception of a 
few years' interval they have been open to the public ever since. 
Analysis by Prof. W. J. Land : 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silicic acid (soluble) 2.83 

Iron proto-carbonate 0.62 

Iron sesqui-carbonate 0.17 

Lime carbonate 0.76 

Potassium sulphate 0.33 

Sodium sulphate 0.13 

Aluminium sulphate 0.43 

Sodium chloride 0.03 

Total 5.30 

Carbonic acid gas, 6.55 cubic inches. 

1 This spring contains more saline matter than any of the other springs. 



GEORGIA. 211 

The water is a light chalybeate. There are also traces of hydro- 
gen sulphide, carbonate of magnesia, crenate of iron, and a minute 
trace of nitric acid, lithium, and organic matter. The proportion 
of soluble salicylic acid is larger than usual. This compound is 
not used in medicine, but silica is contained in the human body, 
and may not be without therapeutical value. It is possible that 
the trace of sulphureted hydrogen also slightly influences the action 
of the water. It has been recommended in all cases requiring a 
chalybeate water. The flow is abundant, being about 25 gallons 
per minute. Near by is a sulphur and magnesia spring, but no 
analysis has been made of the waters. The improvements are 
extensive, consisting of two hotels and cottages, sufficient to accom- 
modate 500 guests. Bathing facilities are ample, both hot and cold 
water being supplied. The climate of this region is of a salubrious 
character. 

CLAREMONDE CHALYBEATE SPRING, 

Washington County. 

Post-office, Worthen. Access via Georgia Central R. R. to Ten- 
nile; thence by Sandersville and Tennile R. R. three miles to San- 
dersville; thence by private conveyance nine miles to Worthen. 
Following is a qualitative analysis of the water : 

Iron carbonate. Potassium sulphate. 

Potassium carbonate. Sodium chloride. 

Calcium carbonate. Alumina (trace). 

The iron carbonate is present in the proportion of about 4 grains 
per gallon. The quantity of other ingredients is small. This is 
a very good chalybeate water, and will no doubt be found beneficial 
in all diseases in which the carbonated iron waters are indicated. 
The spring is pleasantly located in a private park. 

COHUTTA SPRING, 

Murray County. 

Access via Western and Atlantic, or Rome and Dalton R. R., to 
Dal ton; thence by private conveyance eighteen miles to spring. 
No reliable account of this spring could be secured. The waters 
are said to be chalybeate, but the resort seems to be on the decline 
on account of difficulty of access. 

FERRO-LITHIC SPRING, 

Clarke County. 

Post-office, Athens. Access via Athens Branch of Georgia R. 
R. or by Northeastern R. R. to Athens. This spring was dis- 
covered comparatively recently, but it has already obtained con- 
siderable local reputation. Prof. H. C. White has examined the 



212 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

water, and states that it is quite similar to that of the Helicon 
Spring in the same county, but contains less iron and distinct traces 
of lithia. The spring is said to be used to good advantage by 
persons living in the neighborhood. 

FRANKLIN SPRING, 
Franklin County. 

Post-office, Royston. Access via Elberton Air-line R. R. to 
Royston, thence two miles by hack line to springs. This spring 
has had considerable reputation as a resort for invalids as far back 
as the oldest citizen can remember. Qualitative analysis : 

Iron carbonate. Aluminium sulphate. 

Calcium sulphate. Potassium sulphate. 

Magnesium sulphate. Iron proto-sulphate. 

Sodium chloride. Sulphureted hydrogen gas. 

This water contains sufficient aluminium to render it valuable in 
chronic diarrhoea and dysentery, and useful as a local application 
in ulcerative skin diseases. The deposit of iron in the spring was 
used to some extent during the late war to supply the place of 
copperas. The temperature of the water is 60° F., and the flow 
2J gallons per minute. The climate is good, and near by is some 
very fine mountain scenery. There are facilities for bathing, and 
the neighborhood offers numerous features of interest. 

SPRINGS IN THE VICINITY OF GAINESVILLE, 
Hall County. 

The town of Gainesville is located on a small table-land 1300 feet 
above the sea-level, and lies between the headwaters of the Oconee 
River, which flows into the Atlantic, and those of the Chattahoo- 
chee, which finds its way to the Gulf. The Alleghanies, stretching 
around the place to the north and west, form a natural bulwark 
which breaks the force of the northern winds of winter. The town 
thus enjoys a dry, bracing climate, without extremes of either heat or 
cold. Daily observation made for the United States Signal Service 
during the period of ten years showed a mean winter temperature 
of 44° F. and a mean summer temperature of 71° F. The health 
tables of the United States Census show a lower death-rate in this 
portion of Georgia than in any other section of the country. White, 
in his Statistics of Georgia, makes the statement that no case of 
consumption was ever known to originate in Hall County. In 
close proximity to the thriving and rapidly growing little city are 
numerous mineral springs, some of which have come into use as 
health resorts. We have thought it advisable to consider these 
springs in the following group : 

Gower Springs form one of the chief attractions of the city. 



GEORGIA. 213 

They are located just beyond the corporate limits and are connected 
with the city by a street-car line. These springs are chalybeate in 
character, the iron being held in solution by carbonic acid, which 
makes it readily assimilable. The following qualitative analysis 
was made some years ago by Prof. W. J. Land, of Atlanta : 

Free carbonic acid. Iron crenate. 

Hydrosulphuric acid Lithium phosphate. 

Iron carbonate. Calcium sulphate. 

Manganese carbonate. Magnesium sulphate. 

Iron apocrenate. Potassium bromide. 

Potassium sulphate. Oxygen gas. 

Sodium sulphate. Nitrogen gas. 

An excellent hotel is maintained at the springs, and we are in- 
formed that an increased number of visitors come to the springs 
every year. The waters are recommended in general debility, 
digestive orders, and kidney affections. 

The Deal Spring", located two miles from the city, wells up in 
a basin of solid rock, and is said to possess excellent properties in 
the treatment of indigestion and dyspepsia and in the dentition 
period of children. 

The New Holland Springs are also within two miles of Gaines- 
ville, immediately on the Southern R. R. (formerly Richmond and 
Danville JR.. R.), with a station at the springs. The improvements 
consist of a hotel and cottages for 200 guests. The situation is 
in a beautiful and extensive grove of native oaks, and the springs 
furnish about 200 gallons of water per minute. The water is recom- 
mended for indigestion and general debility, but we are unable to pre- 
sent a complete analysis in verification of its claims. An old quali- 
tative examination snowed the presence of the following ingredients : 

Calcium carbonate. Iron, probably combined with carbonic acid. 

Magnesium carbonate. Sodium chloride. 

Potassium carbonate. Carbonic acid gas. 

GORDON SPRINGS, 

Whitfield County. 

Post-office, Gordon Springs. Access via Western and Atlantic 
R. R. to Dalton or Tunnel Hill, thence by private conveyance. 
These springs supply a good chalybeate water, and enjoyed an 
extensive reputation before the war, but the resort has since been 
allowed to decline. It is hoped that they will again be opened to 
the public, as, in addition to the advantages of the water, is added 
a pleasant and salubrious climate. 

HUGHES MINERAL WELL, 
Floyd County. 

Post-office, Rome. This well is located about one mile and a 
half from the business centre of the city of Rome, on Shorter 



214 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Avenue, one of the most beautiful driveways about the city. An 
analysis of the water in 1887 by Prof. H. C. White, State Chemist, 
resulted as follows : 

hughes' mineral well. 

Saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains: 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 58.31 

Magnesium sulphate . . . . . . . 10.19 

Sodium sulphate 1.54 

Potassium sulphate 2.62 

Aluminium sulphate 1.02 

Calcium carbonate 8.63 

Iron carbonate 0.22 

Sodium chloride 2.56 

Silica 0.77 

Organic matter and combined water .... 0.57 

Lithia Traces. 

Bromides " 

Total solids 86.43 

This is a very strong mineral water, and may be ranked as a 
calcic-saline-chalybeate. It will be seen that a close resemblance 
exists between this water and that of the Montvale Springs, in 
Tennessee, and several of the Catoosa Springs. The analysis would 
indicate a wide range of usefulness. It has sufficient Epsom salts 
to give it aperient qualities, while the other saline and calcic ingre- 
dients should make it diuretic; at the same time iron is present in 
sufficient quantity to impart to the water a tonic and reconstructive 
influence. All of these effects have been observed in actual expe- 
rience, and the water has come to be recommended in a variety of 
conditions by the physicians of Rome and the surrounding country. 
The water is also used commercially. 



INDIAN SPRING, 

Butts County. 

Post-office, Indian Springs. Several hotels in village. Access 
via Macon and Western R. R. to Forsyth, thence by stage-line to 
spring. This celebrated spring received its name on account of its 
great reputation as a medicine spring among the Indians. In the 
treaty of 1821, when all this portion of Georgia was ceded to the 
whites, a special reservation of 1000 acres, including Indian Spring, 
was made by the Creek Nation. This, however, was given up to 
the whites a few years later. In 1823 General Mcintosh erected 
a small hotel, which is still used for its original purpose (Duggan). 
A village of three hundred or more inhabitants has sprung up in 
the neighborhood. The following analysis was made by Prof. A. 
A. Hayes, a number of years ago : 



GEORGIA. 215 

One U. S. gallon contains 648.03 grains of solid matter, consist- 
ing chiefly of the following ingredients : 

Magnesium sulphate. Calcium sulphate. 

Magnesium carbonate. Potassium sulphate. 

n f Carbonic acid . . 2.61 cubic inches per gallon, 

uases. | Hydrogen sulphide . 1.05 " 

The water contains an exceedingly large amount of sulphate of 
magnesia or Epsom salts. When to this is added the considerable 
quantity of other sulphates we have a very valuable mineral water. 
There is sufficient calcium sulphate to exert a useful influence in 
diseases of the urinary apparatus and also to modify the purgative 
effects of the sulphate of magnesia. Among the numerous affections 
in which the water has been found useful may be mentioned drop- 
sical affections when not due to heart disease, rheumatism, and ter- 
tiary syphilis. 

LEGG'S SPRINGS, 

Jackson County. 

Post-office, Jefferson. Access: Take private conveyance at Mays- 
ville or Harmony Grove, on the JSTorthea stern R. R. The springs 
were discovered by Mr. F. H. Legg, in 1856, and improved to a 
small extent in 1866. A qualitative analysis by Prof. W. J. Land 
gives the following ingredients : 

Iron proto-carbonate. Lithium carbonate. 

Magnesium proto-carbonate. Sodium chloride. 

Potassium carbonate. Potassium chloride. 

Sodium carbonate. Carbonic acid gas. 

Calcium carbonate. Sulphureted hydrogen gas. 
Magnesium carbonate. 

The water may be classed as a chalybeate. 

MADISON SPRINGS, 
Madison County. 

Post-office, Madison Springs. Access: Take Elberton Air-line 
R. R. to Royston, thence private conveyance to springs. 

This place was once a popular resort, but of late years the springs 
are said to be but little visited. The waters are supposed to be 
chalybeate. 

MAGNOLIA SPRING, 

Sumter County. 

Post-office, Plains of Dura. Access via Southwestern R. R. to 
Americus, thence by private conveyance to spring. 

This spring has been known for many years, and has been steadily 
gaining in popularity as a place of local resort. No analysis of the 
water has been made, but it is said to contain iron and sulphur. 



216 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

There is some gas given off, probably carbonic acid. The iron is 
in sufficient quantity to impart its taste very distinctly to the water. 
The flow is large, being about 50 gallons per minute. There is a 
good bath-house, and visitors can find accommodations in private 
families. 

OCONEE CHALYBEATE SPRING, 

Putnam County. 

Post-office, Eatonton. Take Eaton branch of Central R. R. to 
Eatonton, and from thence private conveyance to spring. 

This spring has had considerable local reputation for a number 
of years. The waters contain the following ingredients : 

Iron carbonate. Calcium sulphate. 

Calcium carbonate. Sodium chloride. 

Potassium sulphate. Silica. 

The iron is in sufficient quantity to place the water in the cha- 
lybeate class. The flow is small but constant, the water issuing 
from a fissure in a granite rock. 

OCONEE WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 
Hall County. 

Post-office, Bowdre. Hotel and cottages. Location six miles 
from Gainesville and two miles from Sulphur Springs Station, on 
the Southern (Richmond and Danville) R. R. Hacks meet all 
trains. 

This is one of the most attractive watering-places of the South. 
Long before the war Southerners of wealth and fashion gathered 
there annually. A few years since the property was purchased by 
Mr. Ferdinand Phinizy, of Athens, and many improvements made. 
The old buildings were torn down and a large, well-appointed hotel 
with handsome cottages erected. The excellent and liberal manage- 
ment has kept the place popular, and it now numbers among its 
guests visitors from far and near. No analysis is furnished, but 
the waters are said to be exceedingly valuable in rheumatism, dys- 
pepsia, and diseases of the blood. There are also bathing conveni- 
ences, including shower and plunge-baths and a large swimming 
pool. 

PONCE DE LEON SPRING, 

Fulton County. 

Location two miles notheast of Atlanta, on the Atlanta and Rich- 
mond Air-line. 

This spring is said to have been discovered in 1871. No analysis 
has been made of the water, but it is known to be chalybeate. A 
large quantity of free carbonic acid is given off from the surface. 



GEORGIA. 217 

It has been found useful in dyspepsia, diseases of the bladder and 
kidneys, and other affections. 

PORTER SPRINGS, 

Lumpkin County. 

Post-office, Porter Springs. Hotel. Access via tri-weekly hack 
line from Gainesville, the springs being twenty-eight miles north 
of that city and ten miles north of Dahlonega. 

They were discovered only a few years since in a beautiful cove 
on the Southern slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The waters 
have acquired an extensive reputation on account of their valuable 
chalybeate properties. The hotel has a capacity for about one hun- 
dred and fifty guests, and is kept open from June 15th to October 
15th. The situation is very high for this region, being more than 
3000 feet above the sea-level, an elevation greater than the top of 
Lookout Mountain. Some of the peaks in the vicinity reach an 
altitude of almost 5000 feet. Although located in a semi-tropical 
latitude, the high elevation of Porter Springs gives the climate an 
invigorating, bracing character not subject to exhausting heated 
spells. The waters are said to contain, besides iron, hdyrogen sul- 
phide gas, with sulphates of magnesia, potassa, and soda. Some of 
the springs contain also small quantities of iodine, lithia, and man- 
ganese. It is unknown by whom these determinations were made. 
A proper quantitative analysis is needed. 

POWDER SPRINGS, 
Cobb County. 

Post-office, Powder Springs. Access: Take Western and Atlantic 
P. P. to Marietta, and from thence private conveyance to the springs, 
ten miles distant. 

These springs were discovered about fifty years ago, but for want 
of improvements their reputation has been confined to the surround- 
ing country. There are four springs, one of which has been approxi- 
mately analyzed as follows : 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron sulphate 2.00 

Calcium sulphate 1.00 

Iron oxide 1.50 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 1.00 

Hydrogen sulphide 1.50 

The other springs contain about the same ingredients. The flow 
of water is about 2 J gallons per minute. The water is evidently 
quite a strong chalybeate. 



218 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

ROWLAND SPRINGS, 

Barton County. 

Post-office, Cartersville. The resort is located five miles north- 
east of Carters ville, on the Western and Atlantic R. R., and fifty 
miles from Atlanta. 

Before the war it was very popular, and accommodations for 500 
or 600 guests were maintained. The springs have not been so 
extensively patronized since the war. There are now accommoda- 
tions for about one hundred people. The springs are four in num- 
ber, and are said to contain iron, sulphur, and magnesia. They 
are located in a picturesque, broken country, and are surrounded by 
grounds of about 1000 acres in extent, containing beautiful groves 
and running brooks. The summer season is not excessively warm, 
while the nights are always cool. The weather in summer is 
unusually clear, there being an average of about one shower 
weekly. The waters of the springs are said to be efficacious in 
diseases of the stomach and kidneys. 

THUNDERING SPRING, 

Upson County. 

Post-office, Thomaston. Access: Take Macon and Western P. R. 
to Barnesville, thence the Thomaston Branch R. R to Thomaston, 
and from thence private conveyance ten miles northwest to springs. 

The spring takes its name from the rumbling noise made by the 
escape of gas, which, though now scarcely perceptible, is said to 
have been very loud at one time. Two hotels have been built at 
different periods, but both were lost by fire. The water is slightly 
warm, but the exact temperature is not known. The spring has 
been regarded more as a curiosity than a health resort, as it is not 
highly mineralized, containing, it is said, only a trace of borate of 
soda. The nature of the escaping gas has never been ascertained. 
The flow of water is very large, being estimated at 100 cubic feet 
per minute. Owing to the presence of borax, the water may find 
an application in the treatment of skin diseases. 

Not far from this spring is the gorge of Pine Mountain, called 
Dropping Rock, through which passes the Flint River. 

TRENTHAM SPRING, 

Campbell County. 

Post-office, Fairburn. Access via Atlanta and West Point R. R. 
to Fairburn, thence by private conveyance three miles north to spring. 

For a number of years this spring has had considerable local repu- 
tation. The principal ingredients of the water are as follows : 



GEORGIA. 219 

Calcium carbonate. Magnesium sulphate. 

Magnesium carbonate. Sodium chloride. 

Iron carbonate. Alumina. 

Potassium carbonate. Organic matter. 

The waters of this spring are said to be highly efficacious in the 
treatment of syphilis and scrofula. 

WARM SPRINGS, 

Meriweather County. 

Post-office, Warm Spring. Hotel. Access: From Atlanta, 
Columbus and Macon via Georgia Midland and Gulf R. R. The 
hotel is half a mile from the railroad station. Conveyances meet 
every train. 

This watering-place is located on a spur of Pine Mountain, at 
an elevation of 1200 feet above the sea-level. The surface of the 
surrounding country is mountainous and very picturesque. It has 
a pure sandstone foundation with perfect drainage, and is quite free 
from mud, dust, or malaria. A large modern hotel, with every con- 
venience and furnished throughout with entirely new equipments, 
has recently been completed. We are informed that a new and 
complete system of water-works now renders available for lavatory, 
bathing, and drainage purposes 300,000 gallons of the spriug water 
daily. The hotel is charmingly environed by a tastefully arranged 
series of lawns, drives, and beds of bright flowers. Magnificent 
oaks and resinous pines give ample shade for promenades as well as 
play-grounds for children. The pre-eminent feature of the place, 
however, is the great Warm Spring, gushing from the base of Pine 
Mountain at the rate of more than 2,000,000 gallons daily, without 
variation from flood or drought. The water is beautifully limpid 
and has a temperature of 90° F. Besides a commodious system 
of baths, the spring also supplies two magnificent swimming-pools, 
40x15 feet each, and varying in depth from three and one-half to 
five feet. Connected with each pool is also a soap bath. Follow- 
ing is a recent analysis of the water by H. C.White, State Chemist : 

WARM SPRING. 

Light Calcic-earbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 6.10 

Magnesium carbonate 0.10 

Iron carbonate 0.09 

Calcium sulphate . 0.55 

Sodium sulphate 0.86 

Potassium sulphate 0.25 

Sodium chloride 0.01 

Alumina 0.46 

Silica ' 1.41 

Organic matter and combined water . . . .0.87 



220 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iodine . . . . • Trace. 

Bromine " 

Total 10.70 

Carbonic acid gas dissolved, 7.75 cubic inches. 
Sulphureted hydrogen gas, a trace. 

These waters possess medical qualities for both internal and ex- 
ternal use. They are said to be very efficacious in dyspepsia and 
rheumatism and in hepatic, renal, and cutaneous affections. In 
cases of general debility the use of the waters, aided by the bracing 
mountain atmosphere, conduces to a rapid re-establishment of health 
and strength. 

WATSON'S SPRINGS, 

Greene County. 

Post-office, Maxey's. Boarding-houses and cottages. These 
springs are located eleven miles north of Greensboro, on the 
Georgia R. R., and eight miles west of Maxey's Depot, on the 
Athens branch of the Georgia R. R. The group is one-quarter 
of a mile from the Oconee River, which will be navigable at this 
point when the government works on the river are completed. The 
springs are reached by private conveyance from the points above 
mentioned. The scenery in the neighborhood of the springs is 
varied and the climate delightful, the temperature rarely falling 
below the freezing-point in winter or rising above 90° F. in sum- 
mer (95° F. is the highest temperature known). The springs are 
four in number, viz.: the " Sulphur " Spring, the " Chalybeate/' 
the "Aluin," and the "Ice" Spring. The following partial 
analysis of two of the springs was made some years ago by Dr. J. 
R. Dnggan : 

SULPHUR SPRING. 

Solids. Solids. 

Calcium carbonate. Sodium chloride. 

Potassium carbonate. Silicic acid. 

Iron carbonate. Hydrogen sulphide gas. 

Potassium sulphate. Carbonic acid gas. 
Sodium sulphate. 

Temperature of water, 59° F. 

CHALYBEATE SPRING. 

Solids. Solids. 

Iron carbonate. Potassium sulphate. 

Magnesium carbonate. Calcium sulphate. 

Sodium chloride. Silica. 

Temperature, 61° F. 

The "Ice" spring has not been analyzed, but its waters are 
delightfully cold and refreshing and palatable at all times. The 



IDAHO. 221 

sulphur and chalybeate springs yield about oue gallon of water per 
minute. Their waters are stated to be highly efficacious in rheu- 
matism and dyspepsia, and in renal, cutaneous, and blood diseases. 

The following springs of Georgia have also been used as resorts : 

Daniel Mineral Spring, Union Point, Greene County. 

Garnet Springs, near Toccoa Falls, Habersham County. 

Glen Ella Springs, Tallulah Falls, Rabun County. 



IDAHO. 



Idaho extends from 42° to 49° north latitude and from 111° to 
117° west longitude, and comprises an area of 86,294 square miles. 
The Bitter Root Mountains, a chain of the Rockies, form the north- 
eastern boundary, and their spurs and extensions occupy a consider- 
able portion of the surface. The rivers of the State, with the excep- 
tion of the Bear River, are tributaries of the Columbia. The climate 
is cool and healthful, the mean annual temperature being 52.46° F. 
Vast forests of red tir, white pine, white cedar, hemlock, tamarack, 
and larch are interspersed over the surface. The mortality-rate for 
1890 was only 9.14 per thousand. There were but thirty-six deaths 
from phthisis in the State, showing the remarkably small phthisical 
mortality-rate of 0.43 per thousand of population. 

The chemical composition of the mineral springs of Idaho is so 
little known that they cannot be definitely classified beyond stating 
that thermal springs predominate. Granite and volcanic rocks 
prevail, and, in connection with the mountain corrugation, present 
most favorable conditions for the development of hot and warm 
springs. Although few of the springs have been improved, a great 
many are used extensively for bathing purposes, especially in the 
mining regions. It is said that several of the springs have been 
recently developed, but numerous letters addressed to different parts 
of the State, as well as a consultation of all the available sources of 
information, have yielded an account of but two localities. 

IDAN-HA SPRING. 

Bannock County. 

Post-office, Soda Springs. Hotels: Idan-ha, Carriboo, Stock 
Exchange, and Williams. 

The Idan-ha Spring is located two miles from Soda Springs, from 
whence it is reached by a good roadway. The situation of the 
spring is 5886 feet above the sea, and the surrounding mountain 
scenery is of a grand and impressive character. The climate is 
very salubrious, the weather being, as a rule, clear and bright. 
The town of Soda Springs has long been known as a health resort. 



222 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Within the town limits are the following-named springs : the 
"Horseshoe," " Octonagon," "Williams," "Soda," "Mount," 
and "Blanche" Springs. In the outlying districts are the 
"Mammoth," "Steamboat," "Hooper," "Jews-harp," and 
"Fresh Water" Springs. The latter supplies the town with 
water by a pipe line. Close to the Idan-ha (which is known as 
the " 90 per cent.") are the "100 per cent.," the " 80 per cent,," 
and the " Champagne" Springs. An extensive bottling establish- 
ment has been built in connection with the Idan-ha Spring, and 
the waters are shipped and sold in all parts of the country. It is 
charged with carbonic-acid gas from the Mammoth Spring, two 
and one-half miles east of Idan-ha, which supplies an immense 
amount of this substance. The following analysis was made by 
Prof. Charles F. Chandler : 

IDAN-HA SPRING. 

A Ika line-saline . Carbonated. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium bromide 
Lithium bicarbonate 
Sodium bicarbonate . 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Strontium bicarbonate 
Barium bicarbonate , 
Manganese bicarbonate 
Iron bicarbonate 
Potassium sulphate . 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium phosphate . 
Sodium biborate 
Alumina . 
Silica 
Organic matter 



Grains. 

13.19 

Trace. 

1.27 

7.34 

62.40 

57.96 

Trace. 

0.08 

1.73 

0.12 

1.72 

1.96 

0.68 

Trace. 

0.05 

3.56 

Trace. 



Total solids 152.06 

This water also contains an excess of free carbonic acid gas. 

The analysis shows an excellent alkaline-saline water with ferru- 
ginous properties. It should possess valuable properties as a diu- 
retic, mild aperient, and tonic. It is very pleasing to the taste, and 
possesses the desirable quality of blending with wines and liquors 
without giving discoloration or precipitation. 



WARM SPRINGS, 

Boise County. 

Post-office, Idaho City. These springs are located two miles 
southwest of Idaho City and thirty-three miles from Boise City. 
The latter point is reached by the Oregon Short-line R. R., from 



ILLINOIS. 223 

whence a stage route extends to Idaho City. The springs are 
located in a mountainous region, at an altitude of 3940 feet above 
the sea-level. The winters are cold, but the summer months are 
clear, dry, and bracing. Xo complete analysis has been made, but 
we are informed that the waters contain iron, soda, and sulphur, 
besides other ingredients. Five of the springs have a small flow 
of water, but a sixth yields enough to turn a large wheel. The 
temperature is 110° F., and in the form of baths the waters are 
said to be very useful in rheumatism and skin affections. 

The following-named springs of Idaho have so far received little 
or no attention : 

Bruneau Hot Springs, Bruneau Valley, Owyhee County. Tem- 
perature 105° F. ; flow, 70,000 gallons per hour; used by settlers 
for bathing. 

Given's Hot Springs, Snake Eiver, Owyhee County. Two 
springs; flow, 2000 gallons per hour. Temperature 98° F.; used 
to a small extent for bathing. 

Warm Sulphur Springs, near Lincoln Lake; sulphureted. 

It is probable that other springs of Idaho will be brought into 
use as the State becomes more thickly settled. 



ILLINOIS. 



The limits of this State extend from 37° 3' to 42° 30' north lati- 
tude and from 87° 30' to 91° 40' west longitude, and embrace an 
area of 55,410 square miles. The surface is generally level, sloping 
gently from north and east toward the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. 
It is, however, by no means an unbroken plain, as the many streams 
which flow T through the State have cut deep beds in the yielding 
alluvial soil, forming in places precipitous slopes and bluffs. The 
principal rivers are the Mississippi, which flows along the western 
border; the Illinois, which intersects the State laterally; Rock 
River, in the north; the Ohio, on the southern border; the Kas- 
kaskia, Wabash, Fox, Spoon, Mackinaw, Embarras, and Vermil- 
ion, besides many smaller streams. The climate is variable, and 
is marked by great extremes, the summers being warm and the 
winters very cold. The mean annual temperature is about 52° F., 
that of summer being 75° F., and of the winter 28° F. The climate 
is generally salubrious, except in the low, swampy bottoms, where 
malarial disorders are frequent. The average annual rainfall is 
about 35 inches. The mortality-rate computed from the United 
States Census for 1890 is 13.88 per 1000 of population; phthisical 
rate, 1.49 per 1000 of population. The State has quite a number 
of mineral springs, although but few of them have acquired much 
reputation. Iron, sulphur, and saline waters predominate. Brine 



224 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

springs are found in some of the counties. Comparatively few of 
the Illinois mineral waters have been chemically examined. 

AMERICAN CARLSBAD SPRINGS, 

Washington County. 

Post-office, Nashville. Hotel Carlsbad. These springs are 
located in Nashville, a well-built little city of 3000 inhabitants, 
fifty miles from St. Louis, Mo. Both the Louisville and Nash- 
ville and the Chester and Centralia R. R. pass this point. The 
Carlsbad is a modern hotel, with all of the approved comforts and 
conveniences. It was erected in 1893, and is located within the 
city limits, in a natural park of twenty-three acres, with a lake for 
boating and fishing. It is well furnished throughout, heated with 
steam and lighted by electricity. The bath-house has separate 
apartments for ladies and gentlemen, with porcelain bath-tubs and 
arrangements for steam, vapor, and shower baths. The surrounding 
country is of a very attractive character, abounding in delightful 
drives, picturesque walks, etc. The following analysis was made 
by Dr. Ludeking, of St. Louis : 

AMERICAN CARLSBAD SPRINGS. 

Sulphated-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 10.0 

Calcium sulphate 65.8 

Sodium sulphate . . . ' 53.0 

Magnesium sulphate ;...... 103.7 

Sodium carbonate 27.4 

Total 259.9 

Carbonic acid gas, not determined. 

An analysis by W. F. Hillebrand, Acting Chief Chemist of the 
Interior Department at Washington, shows the sulphate of soda to 
be greatly in excess of the magnesium sulphate. According to 
Hillebrand' s analysis, these waters are very similar to those of the 
Sprudel, Miihlbrunn, and Schlossbrunn Springs at Carlsbad. They 
are undoubtedly valuable for medicinal purposes, having potent 
cathartic and diuretic properties. They should be useful in the 
various diseases known to be benefited by this class of waters, viz., 
torpid states of the liver, chronic constipation, rheumatism, renal, 
and urinary disorders, eczematous skin affections, etc. 

GREEN LAWN SPRINGS, 

Jefferson County. 

Post-office, Mt. Vernon. Hotels and boarding-houses. These 
springs are located in the city of Mt. Vernon, seventy-six miles 



ILLINOIS. 225 

east of St. Louis. This point is reached by the L E. and St. 
Louis, the Jacksonville and Southeastern, and by the Louisville 
and Nashville R. R. The springs are six in number, and are sur- 
rounded by a park of about eight acres in extent in the centre of 
the city. Their waters are discharged from a vertical stratum of 
slate about eight inches in width and bisecting a horizontal stratum 
of slate of between two and three feet in thickness. They belong 
to the class known as saline-chalybeate waters, each spring differ- 
ing somewhat in properties from its fellow. The one most used, 
known as the u Washington ? ? Spring, contains the carbonates of 
lime, iron, and magnesia, bicarbonates of soda and potash, and 
chloride of sodium, with traces of iodine and bromine. Free sul- 
phurous acid is present in considerable quantities, and the water is 
quite heavily charged with carbonic-acid gas. The temperature of 
all the springs is about 56° F., except one, which ranges about 10° 
higher. The latter has been used for bathing purposes in rheuma- 
tism, with good results. A peculiarity of the Washington or Main 
Spring is its eccentric behavior, which seldom fails about the time 
of the autumnal equinox. It is said that the waters always become 
turbid at these periods, and the same disturbances have been observed 
after great storms or earthquakes, even though in regions remote 
from the springs. The waters are said to remain red with an excess 
of iron for a short time after these disturbances, and then to become 
harsh and acrid from an excess of alkaline ingredients. The country 
surrounding Mt. Vernon is about equally divided between prairie 
and timber, a considerable portion of the latter being found on 
elevated ridges. On the north a belt of timber, about ten miles in 
depth, affords protection against the winds of winter and causes a 
considerable modification of temperature. The waters of the Main 
Spring are very efficacious in the treatment of dyspepsia, torpid 
liver, biliousness, and other disorders of the chylopoietic organs. 



HYGIENIC SPRINGS, 
Union County. 

Post-office, Western Saratoga. This resort is reached by way of 
the Illinois Central R. R., from which it is about five and one-half 
miles distant. The location is in a well-timbered, broken country, 
with a climate very similar to that of Washington, D. C. The waters 
of the spring have had considerable reputation in the treatment of 
stomach and intestinal affections and in syphilis ; but since the loss 
of the hotel by fire several years since the resort has been neglected. 
It is said that the building of a new hotel and the redevelopment 
of the springs offer an excellent opportunity for a person with a 
small amount of capital. 



15 



226 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

MAGNESIA SPRING, 
Kane County. 

Post-office, Montgomery. This spring is located on the main line 
of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy P. P., forty miles from 
Chicago. It is not a resort, but the water is sold in large quanti- 
ties. The following analysis was made by Walter S. Haines, Pro- 
fessor of Chemistry at the Rush Medical College. The estimate 
was evidently made in grains per U. S. gallon : 

MAGNESIA SPRING WATER. 

Alkaline-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 0.20 

Sodium sulphate . 1.32 

Sodium chloride . . . . . . . . 0.19 

Sodium bicarbonate ........ 34.45 

Ammonium bicarbonate 0.11 

Calcium bicarbonate ....... 1.34 

Magnesium bicarbonate , . . . , . . 0.70 

Iron bicarbonate 0.02 

Lithium bicarbonate 0.01 

Sodium borate ......... 0.12 

Sodium bromide Trace. 

Sodium phosphate ... " 

Alumina 0.09 

Silica 0.37 

Total solids . 38.92 

The water is a good diuretic, and it is said to be valuable in 
rheumatism and the gouty diathesis. 

MINI-NI-YAN SPRINGS, 
Kendall County. 

Post-office, Bristol. Accommodations at private residences. The 
village of Bristol is located on the main line of the Chicago, Bur- 
lington and Quincy P. P., forty-seven miles from Chicago. 

Five springs exist within a short distance of each other, but only 
two have been used medicinally. No. 5, the principal one (an arte- 
sian spring), yields 10,000 gallons a day, which can be increased to 
100,000 by pumping. Two analyses have been made, the first by 
the chemist of the State University and the second by the chemist 
of the C, B. and Q. R. P. Both of these analyses have been lost. 
We are informed by Mr. G. G. Hunt, the proprietor, that the water 
contains about 92 grains of solid matter perU. S. gallon, consisting 
principally of the carbonates of sodium, magnesium, iron, calcium, 
and lithium, and the phosphate of lithium. It is also said to con- 
tain small but perceptible quantities of iodine, bromine, and man- 
ganese. The water is said to exert a very favorable influence in 



ILLINOIS. 227 

cases of nervousness, headache, insomnia, and functional disorders 
of the liver and kidneys. In the form of a hot bath it has been 
found decidedly efficacious in painful swelliugs of the joints, glan- 
dular enlargements, and rheumatic and gouty conditions. 

PERRY SPRINGS, 
Pike County. 

Two hotels, capacity 350. Access via Wabash R. R. to Griggs- 
ville or Perry Station, thence by hack nine and six miles, respec- 
tively; also from St. Louis via Illinois River to Naples, seven 
miles distant, where steamers land daily. 

This attractive health and pleasure resort is located among a 
beautiful range of hills on the west bank of the Illinois River. 
The surrounding country is covered by luxuriant forests and inter- 
sected by numerous deep ravines, narrow valleys, and clear, winding 
streams. The romantic character of the whole region is conducive 
to outdoor exercise, exerting a refreshing and invigorating influence 
on all who come. The extreme temperature ranges are 100° F. in 
summer to — 20° F. in winter. The climate is moderately dry and 
clear most of the time. The springs are three in number, and are 
located about two hundred yards from each other. The tempera- 
ture of the water ranges from 50° in summer to 48° in winter. 
The water from the iron spring is supplied, hot or cold, to fourteen 
bath-rooms. The following table contains the analysis of the three 
springs, as furnished by Dr. Engleman, No. 1 being the iron, No. 
2 the magnesia, and No. 3 the sulphur springs : 

PERRY SPRINGS. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Calcium bicarbonate . 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Iron bicarbonate . 
Aluminium silicate 
Potassium and sodium silicate 
Sodium silicate (salt) . 
Sodium sulphate . 
Potassium carbonate . 

Total 38.24 40.17 37.67 

No organic matter. 

The waters are said to be of considerable efficacy in stomach, 
liver, and kidney troubles. 

ZONIAN SPRINGS, 
Kane County. 

These springs are three or four in number, and are located one 
mile north of the city of Elgin, in a fine, wooded, rolling country, 



No. 1. 


No. 2. 


No. 3. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


. 15.89 


19.75 


19.66 


. 17.01 


14.81 


10.49 


. 0.55 


0.40 


0.27 
0.27 


. 2.64 


2 28 


3.45 


. 6.12 


0.38 


0.58 


. 0.44 


1.10 


1.49 


. 1.59 


1.45 


1.46 



228 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

about 2000 feet above the sea-level. The temperature of the 
weather varies from about 75° or 80° F. in summer to 10° to 
60° F. during the winter months. The following analysis of the 
water was made by J. E. Seibel, analytical chemist, Chicago : 

ZONIAN SPEINGS. 

Light Alkaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate . 9.56 

Iron carbonate 0.49 

Magnesium carbonate 2.49 

Sodium carbonate 0.45 

Sodium sulphate 1.74 

Sodium carbonate 0.70 

Silica and aluminium . . . . . . .0.26 

Total 15.69 

It is stated that the water also contains 6.82 grains of free car- 
bonic acid to the gallon. The flow of water amounts to about one 
barrel per minute from each spring. Kidney, stomach, and liver 
troubles are said to be benefited by the waters. 

The following Illinois springs have also been used as resorts. 
Some of them have gone out of use: 

Alcyone Mineral Springs, Western Springs, Cook County. Four 
in number. Flow, 2400 gallons per hour. 

Artesian Well, Illinois City, Rock Island County. 

Carbureted Springs, Decatur, Union County. 

Dixon Springs, Pope County ; chalybeate. 

Glen Flora Springs, Waukegan, Lake County. 

Greenup or Cumberland Mineral Springs, Cumberland County. 
Greenup is a resort, and the water is used commercially. 

Renna Wells Spring, Andalusia, Rock Island County. 

Sailor Springs, Sailor Springs, Clay County. Two in number. 
Qualitative analysis shows sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, 
iron, silicic, sulphuric, carbonic, and phosphoric acids, and chlorine. 
Said to be useful in dyspepsia and kidney diseases; also used com- 
mercially. 

Schuyler County Springs, Schuyler County; calcic-chalybeate. 

Versailles Springs, Versailles, Brown County. Four in number; 
alkaline. Once a well-known resort ; now said to be out of use. 

The following springs are used commercially: 

Apollo Springs, Dupage County. 

Aurora Lithia Spring, Montgomery, Kane County. 

Black Hawk Springs, Rock Island, Rock Island County. 

Diamond Mineral Spring, Grant Fork, Madison County. 

Red Avon Mineral Springs, Avon, Fulton County. 

Sanicula Springs, Ottawa, La Salle County. 

Tivoli Spring, Chester, Randolph County. 



INDIANA. 229 



INDIANA. 



Indiana extends from 37° 51/ to 41° 46' north latitude and from 
85° 48' to 88° V west longitude. It embraces an area of 33,809 
square miles. The surface is generally level, except the eastern 
portion, which has an elevation of 700 to 900 feet. The principal 
rivers are the Ohio, which washes the southern part of the State; 
the Wabash, the Calumet, the White, the St. Joseph, and many 
smaller streams. The climate is salubrious, and is somewhat milder 
than is experienced in the same latitudes on the Atlantic coast. The 
winters are cold, but not of long duration, and the summers are 
often very hot. The mean annual temperature at Indianapolis is 
51° F., and the annual rainfall is about 43 inches. The mortality- 
rate for the State, according to the United States census of 1890, 
was 11.03 per 1000 population, and the death-rate from phthisis 
1.60 per 1000 of population. 

Mineral springs are quite numerous in Indiana, although but few 
of them have achieved much reputation, and many have never been 
improved. Owing to the geological formation we find, as in the 
neighboring States, that iron and sulphur waters predominate. 
According to Peale's list, based chiefly on Prof. E. T. Cox's 
geological reports, the waters of twenty-seven springs have been 
subjected to a chemical analysis. It is believed, however, that 
but few of these are in use. Repeated letters as well as personal 
inquiries have failed to yield any information of several of the 
localities mentioned in the older works. We have, however, a 
much more detailed account of the Indiana Springs than has ever 
been published heretofore. 

FRENCH LICK SPRINGS, 

Orange County. 

Post-office, French Lick Springs. Hotel at West Baden, one 
mile distant. This is one of the old spring resorts of Indiana. 
The springs are thirteen in number, of which several have been 
aualyzed. The flow of water amounts to about 1100 gallons per 
minute. The following analyses are supplied by the United States 
Geological Reports, and were made by J. G. Eogers, analyst : 

FRENCH LICK SPRINGS. 

Saline-sulphur eted. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 


Proserpine Spring. 


Pluto's Well. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Sodium carbonate . 


. 10.52 




Magnesium carbonate 


4.50 


1.59 


Calcium carbonate . 


. 20.29 


6.95 



230 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Iron carbonate, 
Aluminium carbonate, 
Sodium sulphate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium sulphate . 
Sodium chloride 
Calcium chloride 
Potassium chloride . 
Magnesium chloride 
Silica 
Alumina . 
Undetermined matter 

Total . 



Proserpine Spring. 


Pluto's Well. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


2.49 


Trace. 




36.72 


22.37 




29.33 


18.12 




141.00 


60.59 




90.92 


140.54 
5 35 




5.01 






8.05 


. 




1.69 


Trace. 
0.54 




350.52 


256.05 


Cubic inches. 


Cubic inches. 


. 10.116 


| Not de- 




. 17.000 


1 termined. 



Carbonic acid 
Sulphureted hydrogen 

These are very good examples of sulphated saline waters, and 
are useful in those diseases to which that class of water is applicable. 
They are used commercially at the present time. 

GREEN CASTLE SPRINGS, 
Putnam County. 

Post-office, Green Castle. Hotels. Access via Indianapolis and 
St. Louis or Louisvihe, New Albany and Chicago R. R. direct to 
Green Castle. 

This is another of the Indiana spring resorts mentioned in the 
older works. We have not been able to obtain any recent infor- 
mation in regard to it. The springs are three in number, and flow 
about 480 gallons of water per hour. They contain about 22 grains 
of solid matter per U. S. gallon, consisting chiefly of the carbonates 
of potash, soda, magnesia, iron, and lime, the chloride of sodium, 
and sulphates of magnesia and soda. They also contain about 
three cubic inches of carbonic anhydride to the gallon. 



INDIAN SPRINGS, 
Maetin County. 

Post-office, Indian Springs. Hotel for 500 guests. Access via 
Evansville and Richmond R. R., which passes the springs. Hacks 
meet all trains during the season. The resort is located eight miles 
north of Shoals, the county seat of Martin County. 

The therapeutic value of the waters of these springs has been 
known for years, and they were in great repute among the abori- 
gines. The springs were first opened to the public as a health 
resort in 1814, and they have maintained their reputation ever 



INDIANA. 231 

since. They have their source along the course of Sulphur Creek, 
which wends its way through the surrounding valley and empties 
into the Indian Creek, one mile distant from the hotel. The sur- 
rounding country is hilly and quite picturesque. The following 
analysis was made by Prof. E. T. Cox, State Geologist : 

INDIAN SPRINGS. 

Alkaline- saline. Chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate . . . .. • . . . . 3.65 

Magnesium carbonate 18.95 

Calcium carbonate 33.10 

Potassium carbonate 2.40 

Sodium sulphate 11.83 

Potassium sulphate 2.40 

Magnesium sulphate 30.40 

Aluminium sulphate 0.82 

Iron sulphate 20.23 

Sodium chloride 39.38 

Magnesium chloride 0.06 

Bromides . Trace. 

Iodides " 

Iron oxide " 

Silica 0.45 

Total 163.67 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 9.58 

Sulphureted hydrogen 3.33 

Oxygen 3.95 

Nitrogen . 6.45 

This water is a powerful chalybeate, also a fairly strong alkaline- 
saline water. 

INDIANA MINERAL SPRINGS AND MUD BATHS, 

Warren County. 

Post-office, Indiana Mineral Springs. Hotel. This new resort 
is located four miles from Attica, at the junction of the Wabash 
and the Chicago and Eastern Illinois E. R. Stages from the 
springs meet all trains. 

Although but recently improved, this resort is rapidly coming 
into popular favor. A first-class hotel, with all modern improve- 
ments, has been constructed, and an elegant and commodious bath- 
house is ready for the requirements of visitors. The naturally pic- 
turesque location has already been much beautified by the landscape 
gardener and architect. The water of the springs is said to be pure 
and sparkling and pleasant to the palate. A recent qualitative 
analysis (May, 1893), under the direction of the manufacturing 



232 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

chemists, Messrs. Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit, showed the fol- 
lowing ingredients : Total solid residue from one gallon, 20.21 
grains, made up of the salts of magnesium, sodium, lithium, calcium, 
potassium, and silicon. The chemist also reports the presence of 
sulphuric and hydrochloric acids (probably in combination). There 
was no organic matter, and the water was highly carbonated. A 
special feature of the place is a deposit of inky-black mud sur- 
rounding the springs, and said to be strongly impregnated with the 
mineral ingredients of the water. This mud is warmed to the 
proper degree and applied by an attendant to the affected parts — 
the whole body, if required — in the form of a poultice. About one 
hour is required for the mud-bath, when the patient passes under 
a shower-bath and remains until all traces of the mud are removed. 
He is then placed in a porcelain-lined tub filled with lithia water 
for a soaking; then comes a refreshing rubbing by the attendant, 
and the bath for the day is ended. These baths are said to be 
exceedingly beneficial in cases of obstinate rheumatism, in hemi- 
plegia, and in eczema and gout. The internal use of the water is 
indicated in renal and bladder affections. 



KICKAPOO MAGNETIC SPRINGS, 
Warren County. 

Post-office, Kickapoo. Private inn. These springs are located 
on the line of the Chicago and Eastern Illinois R. P., four miles 
northeast of Attica. 

The scenery about the springs is delightful, and abounds in his- 
toric interest. They are situated in a valley, on either side of which 
mouuds rise to the height of fifty or sixty feet. "Between the 
mounds run picturesque ravines, whose precipitous walls, composed 
in some places of soapstone, in others of gray or brown sandstone, 
show by their transverse marking the course of the ancient river 
as it flowed in torrents down the hillsides from the stranded and 
rapidly melting icebergs during the glacial period of our world 7 s 
history." Among the objects of interest in the neighborhood may 
be mentioned Pine Creek, a romantic stream flowing through a deep 
valley, which is walled by towering cliffs of sand rock, crowned by 
evergreen pines, cedars, and junipers, combining sceuery at once 
grand, wild, and beautiful. This creek was used as a strong line 
of defence by the confederated Indian tribes prior to the battle of 
Tippecanoe in 1811. A number of picturesque cascades, from 
thirty to one hundred feet in height, are to be seen in the imme- 
diate neighborhood. It is said that the principal spring was dis- 
covered by Kickapoo Indians as early as June, 1750. The water 
was analyzed in 1885 by H. A. Huston, of Purdue University, 
assistant State chemist, with the following result : 



INDIANA. 233 



KICKAPOO MAGNETIC SPRINGS. 

Light Alkaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate .12.35 

Magnesium carbonate 5.38 

Ferrous carbonate • 0.05 

Silica 0.68 

Sodium sulphate 0.99 

Sodium carbonate 0.36 

Organic and volatile matter . . . . . 4.61 

Total solids 24.42 

The flow of water from this spring is about 1500 gallons per 
hour, having a temperature of 50° F. 

The water is a very good antacid and diuretic. In large quan- 
tities it is said also to have a mild cathartic action. It is useful 
in flatulent dyspepsia with acid eructations, in irritability of the 
bladder, and prostatitis and in rheumatism. A peculiar black 
mud deposited near the springs is also used for bathing purposes. 

LODI ARTESIAN WELL, 

Fountain County. 

Post-office, Lodi. This is a station on the Indianapolis and St. 
Louis R. R., fifty-eight miles west of Indianapolis. 
The following analysis was made by Dr. J. C. Pohle : 

lodi artesian well. 
Saline-sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium carbonate ....... 0.66 

Calcium carbonate 2.01 

Sodium sulphate 2.13 

Potassium sulphate . 0.80 

Magnesium sulphate 3.26 

Calcium sulphate 55.56 

Calcium phosphate 1.20 

Sodium chloride 502.46 

Calcium chloride 47.93 

Magnesium chloride ....... 53.54 

Magnesium bromide 0,88 

Silica 0.52 

Sulphur 0.50 

Nitrogenous organic matter 0.80 

Total 672.45 

This is a strong saline sulphureted water, and quite analogous to 
that of the Kentucky Blue Lick waters. 



234 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

MAGNETIC MINERAL SPRING, 

Vigo County. 

Post-office, Terra Haute. This water is procured from an arte- 
sian well, 2000 feet deep, at the foot of Walnut Street, in the city 
of Terra Haute. The point is accessible by any street-car line in 
the city. A very elaborate natatorium and bath-house have been 
established. All kinds of hot, cold, vapor, swimming, or mud 
baths may be had under the direction of Dr. H. S. Tanner, of 
fasting fame. The water has been analyzed by Prof. W. A. 
Noyes, of the Rose Polytechnic Institute, with the following result : 

MAGNETIC MINERAL SPRING. 

Saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silica 0.71 

Alumina 0.17 

Strontium chloride . . . .. . . Trace. 

Calcium chloride 16.27 

Calcium sulphide 2.07 

Calcium sulphate 0.27 

Calcium bicarbonate 21.94 

Calcium phosphate ....... Trace. 

Magnesium chloride . 13.94 

Magnesium bicarbonate 16.44 

Lithium More than a trace. 

Potassium chloride . 3.95 

Sodium borate (borax) .... More than a trace. 

Sodium iodide Trace. 

Sodium bromide More than a trace. 

Sodium chloride . . ' 347.73 

Hydrogen sulphide 5.87 

Methane (marsh gas) .... More than a trace. 

Total 429.36 

Temperature of water, 50° F. 

The waters are mildly aperient, alterative, and tonic. They will 
be found useful in the disordered states usually benefited by this 
class of waters. 

WEST BADEN SPRINGS, 
Orange County. 

Post-office, West Baden. Hotel. Access via Ohio and Missis- 
sippi R. R. to Shoals, thence by stage or via- Louisville, New Albany 
and Chicago R. R. to Orleans, fifty-six miles north of New Albany, 
thence by stage to springs. 

These springs are located in a fine agricultural section, only one 
mile from the French Lick Springs. The following analysis was 
made by E. T. Cox, analyst : 



INDIAN TERRITORY. 235 

SPRING NO. 5 (WEST BADEN SPRINGS). 

Alkaline-saline-chalybeate. Calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 9.69 

Magnesium carbonate 6.05 

Calcium carbonate . 18.62 

Iron carbonate, \ oqq 
Aluminium carbonate, j 

Sodium sulphate 31.87 

Magnesium sulphate 27.80 

Calcium sulphate ........ 108.39 

Sodium chloride . . . 81.12 

Potassium chloride 6.13 

Magnesium chloride 9.20 

Total 301.87 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 9.26 

Sulphureted hydrogen 2.08 

Oxygen 5.28 

Nitrogen 15.97 

The water is used commercially. 

Among other springs of Indiana which have been more or less 
resorted to may be mentioned the following : 
Cameron Springs, Warren County. 
La Fayette Artesian Well, Tippecanoe County. 
Millburn Springs, Pike County. 

Mineral Spring, at New Middletown, Harrison County. 
Trinity Springs, Martin County. 
West Saratoga Springs, Pike County. 
The following springs are also used commercially: 
Greenwood Sanitarium Well, Greenwood, Johnson County. 
King's Mineral Springs, Muddy Fork, Clark County. 
Magnetic Mineral WelL Fort Wayne, Allen County. 
Indiana also contains a number of undeveloped springs. 



INDIAN TERRITORY. 

This territory forms part of the vast inclined plane which slopes 
from the base of the Pocky Mountains to the Mississippi River. 
The Arkansas, Ped, and Canadian Pivers drain the surface. The 
climate is warm and dry, the southeastern being the hottest and 
the northwestern the coldest portions; the mean annual temperature 
in the former being 60° and in the latter 55° F. The mean annual 
rainfall is 31.2 inches. We are unable to obtain reliable statistics 



236 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

relating to the mortality-rate of the Territory, and, as a large por- 
tion of the country is but little known, information concerning its 
mineral springs is also meagre. Several localities are described as 
resorts, but, as a rule, they are unimproved, and are used principally 
during the summer by persons who camp near them. The following 
list is derived from the United States Geological Reports. 

MINERAL SPRINGS OF INDIAN TERRITORY. 



Name and location. 


Number 

of 
springs. 


Flow in 
gallons 
per hour. 


Temp. 
Fahr. 


Character 
of water. 


Remarks. 


Court-house Spring, Cherokee Nation 

Harkin's Sulphur Springs, 20 miles 
east of Doaksville, Choctaw Nation 

Kia-li-a-gee Springs, 15 miles east of 
We-tum-ka, Creek Nation 

Oil Springs, on Oil Creek, south of 
Mill Creek, Chickasaw Nation 

Eighteen miles northeast of Tahle- 
quah, Cherokee Nation 

Six miles north of Claremore Station, 


3 

• 


300 
... 


40° 

... 


Sulphureted 

Sulphureted, 
saline. 


Resort 

Reputation 

among the 

Indians 




Sulphureted, 
chalybeate 


Resort in 
summer 


Cherokee Nation 

Sulphur Springs, 50 miles south of Erin 
Springs, Chickasaw Nation. 




Used in 
summer 


Seven miles from Claremore Station, 






Cherokee Nation 







No previous work credits the Territory with any mineral springs. 
By dint of considerable correspondence with persons in various 
parts of the Territory we have secured the following account of 
the springs in two localities : 



OIL SPRINGS, 

Cherokee Nation. 

Location, twenty-five miles from Siloam Springs, Ark., a station 
on the Kansas City, Pittsburg and Gulf R. R. This place is the 
country home of Mr. C. C. Whit mire, and his family constitutes 
the entire population. A hotel and several cottages were made 
ready for occupation in 1897. We are informed that numerous 
mineral springs are found in the neighborhood. Three of them 
lie close together, being only a few feet apart. They are called, 
respectively, the " Oil Petroleum/' the "White Sulphur/' and 
the "Black Sulphur" Springs. Within the radius of three- 
quarters of a mile are iron and numerous fresh-water springs. 
The location is about a mile and a half from the Illinois River 
and about 1000 feet above the sea-level. The surrounding country 



IOWA. 237 

is mountainous and abounds with game. It is said that settlers 
have used the mineral waters with benefit for several years. 

SECOR'S MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Choctaw Nation. 

Post-office, McAlester. These springs are located within two 
miles of the junction of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas and the 
Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf R. R., at a point one hundred miles 
north of Denison, Texas ; one hundred and nine miles west of Fort 
Smith, Ark., and one hundred and ten miles east of Oklahoma City, 
Oklahoma Territory. 

The springs are seven in number, but have never been analyzed 
nor improved for use. We are informed by Mr. William H. Secor, 
the proprietor, that some of them contain sulphur, iron, and saline 
ingredients, but that each one seems to be different from the others. 
They occupy a space of less than an acre in extent, and are located 
in a gently undulating section of the country, having a salubrious 
climate. The temperature ranges from 100° F. in summer to 10° F. 
in winter. The springs are reached by stage from South McAlester, 
two miles distant. 

With the exception of Oil Springs, it is probable that none of the 
springs of the Territory have been improved up to the present time. 



IOWA. 

Iowa extends from 40° 25' to 43° 30' north latitude, and from 90° 
18' to 96° 53' west longitude. It embraces an area of 55,045 square 
miles, and forms part of an immense plain unbroken by any moun- 
tain range. The Mississippi, which flows along the eastern border, 
and the Missouri, which washes the western shore, are the two great 
rivers of the State, all the other rivers being tributary to one or the 
other of these mighty streams. The climate is salubrious, and is 
not marked by unhealthy extremes, the mean annual temperature, 
as observed at Des Moines, being 48.94° F., the average summer 
temperature being 71.80° F. and the winter 25.39° F. The anuual 
mortality-rate, according to the latest United States Census returns, 
is 9.16 per 1000 of population; phthisical mortality-rate, 0.96 per 
1000. 

The mineral springs of Iowa are not numerous. None is men- 
tioned by any previous work on medicinal waters with the exception 
of Peale's list. The following account has been obtained by corre- 
spondence and personal inquiry. 



238 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

BIG MINERAL SPRINGS AND FLOWING WELLS, 

Hamilton County. 

Post-office, Webster City. Hotels in village. This resort con- 
sists of four artesian wells, located in Posenkranz Park, within five 
minutes' walk of the post-office at Webster City — a place of 4000 
inhabitants. The wells are situated on a sloping strip of ground 
within forty feet of Boone Piver. The park is beautifully shaded 
by a magnificent growth of forest trees. Improvements to the 
property are much needed. It is said that the location is an exceed- 
ingly desirable one for a first-class hotel. The mean temperature 
of the locality is 70° F. in summer and 20° F. in winter. The 
weather is generally clear, with showers in summer. The flow of 
water is about 40 gallons per minute, having a temperature of 
32° F. The water contains iron, soda, magnesia, and sulphur, 
and is said to be beneficial in rheumatism, debility, nervousness, 
and in hepatic and renal disorders. 

FRY'S MINERAL SPRING, 

Jasper County. 

Post-office, Colfax. Hotels: Fry's and five others. This is one 
of a group of ten well-known mineral springs located at Colfax, on 
the line of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific P. P. Like all 
the others of the group, this spring has an artesian flow and pro- 
ceeds from a depth of between 300 and 400 feet. 

Analysis by Dr. Heinrichs, Professor of Chemistry, Iowa State 
University: 

fry's mineral spring. 
A Ikaline-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride ........ 3.85 

Sodium sulphate 78.86 

Potassium sulphate . 0,41 

Magnesium sulphate 31.87 

Calcium sulphate 13.07 

Calcium carbonate ........ 17.51 

Iron carbonate 0.67 

Silica alumina 0.29 

Lithia Trace. 

Carbon dioxide 7.18 

Total 153.71 

Analysis by Prof. Haines, M.D., Chair of Chemistry and Toxi- 
cology, Push Medical College, Chicago : 



IOWA. 239 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 3.842 

Sodium sulphate . 77.344 

Potassium sulphate 0.620 

Calcium sulphate 31.750 

Magnesium sulphate 10.230 

Magnesium bicarbonate 25.939 

Iron bicarbonate 0.258 

Alumina 0.058 

Silica 0.710 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total 150.751 

As seen by the analyses, the water is quite strongly impregnated 
with mineral ingredients, but not sufficiently so as to mar its pleas- 
ant taste. Ample bathing facilities are provided. The elevation 
of the location is 1100 feet above the sea-level, the surrounding 
country being of a hilly character. The waters of the spring have 
been found efficacious in rheumatism, dyspepsia, general debility, 
and in diseases of the blood, liver, kidneys, and nervous system. 

LINEVILLE MINERAL SPRINGS, 
Wayne County. 

Post-office, Lineville. Springs Hotel. These springs are located 
two and one-half miles southwest of Lineville, a thriving town of 
1000 inhabitants, on the southwestern branch of the Chicago, Rock 
Island and Pacific P. P. The Mineral Springs Hotel is a large, 
convenient, and commodious structure, picturesquely situated amid 
the hills bordering the Grand River. The scenery is diversified 
and interesting, and the atmospheric conditions of a salubrious and 
invigorating character. Everything has been done to render the 
house and surrounding grounds pleasant, comfortable, and home- 
like. The sanitary arrangements are excellent, and, with pure air 
and the presence of the Mineral Springs, w r ith hot and cold water, 
the place offers many inducements to the seeker after health or 
recreation. The water is brought from a point 150 feet below the 
surface, by means of pipes, to the interior of the hotel. It is clear 
and sparkling, and very pleasing to the palate. The following 
analysis was made by Mr. A. E. Woodward, late assistant geologist 
of the State of Missouri : l 

LINEVILLE MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Saline-sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silica 0.11 

Alumina 0.28 

Calcium sulphate 1.90 

1 Geological Report of the Mineral Waters of Iowa, 1892, p. 127. 



240 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium sulphate 3.18 

Sodium sulphate 180.30 

Potassium sulphate ....... 1.74 

Sodium chloride 15.07 

Total ......... 202.58 

This is a valuable purgative water. It is useful in dropsical 
affections due to renal disorders. It has also produced excellent 
results in cases of chronic constipation, functional disturbances of 
the liver, certain cutaneous diseases, and other affections. 

SILOAM SPRINGS, 

Hardin County. 

Post-office, Iowa Falls. Sanitarium accommodates about fifty 
guests. These springs are located within one mile of the city of 
Iowa Falls, which is accessible by three great lines of railroad, viz., 
the Chicago and Northwestern, the Illinois Central, and the Bur- 
lington, Cedar Rapids and Northern. The situation of the springs 
is on a beautiful, wooded hill, sloping southward and westward to 
a grassy meadow and the bluffs beyond, which border a stream of 
crystal water flowing all around the western and southern bounda- 
ries. The surrounding landscape is one of great beauty, containing 
hills, pretty streams, prairie and woodland views, pleasant lawns, 
and cultivated farms. The flow of water from the principal spring 
amounts to about four kerosene barrelsful per minute. Its tem- 
perature — 48° F. — is about the same all the year. The following 
analysis was made by Prof. Gustavus Bode, of Milwaukee : 

SILOAM SPRINGS. 
One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride ........ 0.07 

Sodium sulphate 0.43 

Sodium bicarbonate . 2.50 

Calcium bicarbonate ....... 18.11 

Magnesium bicarbonate 10.22 

Iron protoxide bicarbonate ...... 0.07 

Alumina .......... 0.12 

Silica 0.83 

Organic matter ........ Trace. 

Total 32.35 

The water is clear and very pleasant to the taste. The analysis 
shows a strong resemblance to that of the "Bethesda" water of 
the Waukesha Springs. It has been found beneficial in the treat- 
ment of neurasthenia, torpidity of the liver, indigestion, and in 
renal and other disorders. The sanitarium contains ample facilities 
for bathing, being supplied with a sudatorium (hot room), Turkish 
bath, etc. 



IOWA. 



241 



STORM LAKE MINERAL SPRING, 

Buena Vista County. 

Post-office, Storm Lake. Good hotel accommodations. This 
spring is located one mile from the village of Storm Lake, at a level 
of 900 feet above the Mississippi JRiver. The surrounding country 
is level, and not especially interesting. The temperature ranges from 
about 70° F. in summer (average) to zero in winter. The following 
aualysis is by Walter L. Brown, analytical chemist, of Chicago : 

STORM LAKE MINERAL SPRING. 

A Ikalin e-saline-ca Icic . 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride ........ 0.18 

Potassium sulphate 3.02 

Sodium sulphate 3.22 

Calcium sulphate 35.12 

Magnesium sulphate 3 40 

Magnesium bicarbonate 10.78 

Silica 3.56 

Iron oxide and alumina . 0.18 

Organic matter . Trace. 



Total 



59.46 



There is also present a large amount of free carbonic acid gas. 
The waters are said to be efficacious in diseases of the liver, 
bowels, and kidneys. 



WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Scott County. 

Post-office, White Sulphur. Hotel destroyed by fire in 1893. 
The waters of these springs are now used commercially. The fol- 
lowing analysis was made by Emory Rush, of Buffalo, X. Y. : 

IOWA WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 



Alkaline-saline-chalybeate. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Calcium chloride 
Magnesium chloride 
Carbonic acid . 
Sodium bicarbonate . 
Iron bicarbonate 
Potassium sulphate . 
Sodium phosphate . 
Silica 
Magnesium sulphate 

Total solids upon evaporation 
Temperature, 56° F. 

1 Total solids are made to foot up 296.44 by analyst. 
16 



Grains. 

92.79 
33.56 
23.26 
31.57 
40.57 
27.37 
6.13 
5.00 
30.56 
16.23 

307i)4 1 



242 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Among other mineral springs of Iowa may be mentioned the fol- 
lowing : 

The Cherokee Magnetic Mineral Springs, Cherokee County. 

Dunbar's Mineral Spring, Page County. 

The Iowa Acid Spring, Wapello County. 

The Lin wood Spring, flowing 30,000 gallons per hour, Scott 
County. 

Ottumwa Medical Springs, Wapello County. 

Sulphur Springs, Buena Vista County. 



KANSAS. 



Kansas lies within the meridians of 94° 37' and 102° west longi- 
tude, and the parallels of 37° and 40° north latitude. It is the 
Central State of the Union, being equidistant from the Pacific and 
Atlantic Oceans, on the west and east, and the British possessions 
and Mexico on the north and south. The surface is generally 
undulating, with a gentle slope toward the east. The extreme 
elevation is on the western border, 3800 feet, while at the mouth 
of the Kansas River it is less than 750 feet above the sea-level. 
There are no mountains, but the scenery is redeemed from monotony 
by the rich, grass-covered hills and the fertile river valleys, while 
the Arkansas and Republican Rivers are bordered by bold bluffs 
from 200 to 300 feet in height. The principal rivers are the Mis- 
souri, which washes the northeastern boundary; the Kansas, which 
with its affluents, the Smoky Hill, Delaware, Blue, Republican, 
Solomon, and Saline Rivers, drains the northern portion of the State 
and empties into the Missouri; the Arkansas, which drains all 
Southern Kansas, and the Osage, which flows through the eastern 
and central portion of the State. The climate is mild and health- 
ful, the mean annual temperature, as observed at Lawrence, being 
about 53° F., that of the summer 75.82° F., and of the winter 
31.65° F. The average rainfall is about 31.75 inches. The death- 
rate per 1000 of population in 1890 was 8.42; mortality-rate from 
consumption, 0.96 per 1000. 

The mineral springs of Kansas have not hitherto attracted much 
attention. None are mentioned by Walton in the latest edition 
(1892) of his book on Mineral Springs, and in the 1898 issue of 
Polk's Medical Register of the United States it is stated that none 
exist. We find, however, that the State possesses a number of 
mineral springs, some of them having considerable local reputation, 
but none of them being well known outside of the State. The fol- 
lowing account is derived from Peale's list, from the report of the 
Kansas State Board of Agriculture for 1885 (Prof. E. H. S. Bailey), 
from a personal visit to the State, and from correspondence with 
various persons. It will be observed that the waters are mainly 
alkaline-saline or alkaline-saline-sulphureted. 



KANSAS. 243 

ARRINGTON MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Atchison County. 

Post-office, Arrington. Hotel. Access via Union Pacific R. R. 
These springs are located on a tract of land, eighteen acres in 
extent, in a level, highly fertile farming country. The Delaware 
River passes through the property, which abounds in groves of fine 
timber trees. The springs are three in number, and flow about 
8 gallons per minute. The temperature of the water is 56° F. 
Messrs. D. S. Heneks & Son, of the Missouri Valley Rolling 
Mills, furnish the following analysis of two of the springs, made 
by Juan H. Wright, M.D., chemist, of St. Louis, Mo. : 

ARRINGTON MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-chalybeate. Carbonated. 
Spring No. 1 (Reaction decidedly alkaline). 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 9.76 

Magnesium carbonate 5.93 

Sodium carbonate 11.45 

Potassium carbonate .1.44 

Iron carbonate 3.57 

Lithium carbonate 0.47 

Sodium sulphate 2.04 

Calcium sulphate . . . . . . . .1.29 

Magnesium sulphate . 1.87 

Sodium chloride 3.63 

Silica 0.97 

Ammonium crenate ........ 0.89 

Organic matter 0.27 

Total 43 58 

Carbonic acid gas, 42 cubic inches per U. S. gallon. 

Spring No. 2 (Alkaline-chalybeate ; reaction alkaline). 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 6.61 

Magnesium carbonate 3.26 

Sodium carbonate . . . . . . , 3.55 

Iron carbonate 2.01 

Sodium chloride . 2.16 

Silica (soluble) 0.55 

Organic matter 0.91 

Ammonia Trace. 

Total 19.05 

Carbonic acid gas, 39.30 cubic inches per U. S. gallon. 

The waters are highly esteemed in dyspepsia, general debility, 
rheumatism, hemorrhoids, constipation, and liver and kidney com- 
plaints. Commodious bath-rooms, supplying hot and cold water, 
are open to visitors. 



244 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



GEUDA SPRINGS, 

Cowley County. 

Post-office, Geuda Springs. Hotel and boarding-houses. The 
Geuda Mineral Springs are located on the St. Louis and San Fran- 
cisco R. B,., one mile distant from the Arkansas River and eight 
miles north of Indian Territory. The town of Geuda Springs, 
which has about 800 inhabitants and is rapidly growing, is pleas- 
antly situated at the edge of a beautiful and undulating plateau, 
which is everywhere dotted with fine farms and neat farm-houses. 
The elevation above the sea is about 1400 feet, and the atmosphere 
is pure and wholesome. The winters are short and open, making 
constant outdoor exercise possible. There are a few very hot days 
in the summer, the thermometer at rare intervals extending above 
100° F., but, as a rule, the days are balmy and the nights cool and 
refreshing. The springs are seven in number, and bubble up in a 
space less than twenty feet square. Near the springs is a beautiful 
lake of salt water, with an area extending to the westward nearly 
two miles, and another to the southward half that distance. The 
evaporation of the water causes the beach to be covered with pure, 
crystallizable salt. This picturesque body of salt water, constantly 
fed by salt springs, furnishes fine advantages for bathing. The 
lake bottom is hard and sandy, and bathers can secure any depth 
of water desired. A commodious bath-house in connection with 
the springs affords opportunities for any variety of bath which may 
be desired. Following is a detailed analysis of the seven springs 
by Prof. Bailey, of the Kansas State University: 



GEUDA SPRINGS. 

Sulphated-saline. Carbonated. 



Number of grains in each U. S. 
gallon of 231 cubic inches. 



Sodium chloride 
Calcium sulphate . 
Magnesium sulphate 
Magnesium chloride 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Potassium sulphate 
Sodium phosphate . 
Sodium bromide 
Sodium iodide . 
Sodium biborate 
Sodium nitrite . 
Sodium bicarbonate 
Sodium sulphide 
Lithium chloride . 
Iron bicarbonate 
Alumina .... 

Silica 

Organic matter 

Total . 

Free carbonic acid gas in cub. in 
Sulphureted hydrogen gas 
Specific gravity 
Temperature . 



Spring 
No. 1. 



1030.93 

199.64 

25.56 

16.55 

3.70 

2.12 

0.02 

0.02 

trace 

0.16 

0.38 

0.41 

trace 
0.07 
0.06 
0.67 

trace 



1280.29 
34.96 



1.018 
63° F. 



Spring 
No. 2. 


Spring 
No. 3. 


1056.28 


815.68 


204.73 


167.58 


24.24 


28.53 


19.96 


10.01 


5.90 


5.99 1 


1.69 


1.90 


0.02 


0.02 


0.02 


0.01 




trace 


0.16 


0.16 


0.40 


0.18 


0.32 


0.39 


trace 


trace 


0.19 


0.07 


01 




0.86 


6.81 


trace 


trace 



1314.78 1031.14 
27.69 18.32 



1.016 
63° F. 



1.013 
63° F. 



Spring 


Spring ; 


No. 4. 


No. 5. 


671.76 


357.05 


158.29 


145.88 


26.64 


24.98 


7.90 


8.45 


6.86 


10.67 


1.90 


0.82 


0.02 


0.04 


trace 




"0.O8 


0.12 




0.02 


0.69 


0.49 


trace 


trace 


0.05 


0.03 


0.01 


0.01 


0.79 


0.92 


trace 


trace 


874 99 


549.48 


17.64 


23.98 


1.012 


1.008 


63° F. 


63° F. 



Spring Spring 
No. 6. No. 7. 



432.20 

147.33 

27.43 

4 95 

12.50 

0.54 

0.08 



0.12 
0.03 
0.31 
0.65 
trace 
0.06 



0.73 
trace 



626.92 

22.16 
trace 
1.009 
63° F. 



504.21 
160.17 
22.86 
9.66 
5.51 
0.47 
0.08 



0.25 
0.03 
0.60 



trace 
0.08 
0.01 
0.79 

trace 



704.73 

29.05 

trace 

1.009 

63° F. 



KANSAS. 



245 



The waters have found their most suitable application in liver, 
kidney, and stomach disorders, general debility, anaemia, and rheu- 
matism. Some of the springs have gained considerable celebrity in 
the local treatment of conjunctivitis, indolent ulcers, leucorrhoea, etc. 

LOUISVILLE MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Pottawatomie County. 
Post-office, Louisville. Accommodations in two hotels and in 
private families. Access via Union Pacific R. P. to Wamego, thence 
three miles to spring by stage. 

This resort has attracted much attention in Kansas recently. The 
springs are charmingly located in a natural blue-grass park of ten 
acres, which has been greatly improved. It is said to be one of 
the finest camping places in Kansas. The surrounding country is 
hilly and the location of the springs about 900 feet above the sea- 
level. The temperature ranges from 10° F. in winter to 100° F. 
in summer, these figures representing the extremes. The springs 
are two in number, and afford an abundance of pure, crystal water, 
having a temperature of 60° F. A qualitative analysis made in 
1885 showed the presence of iron, sulphur, soda, magnesia, and 
carbonic-acid gas. The waters have been found of great efficacy in 
constipation, dyspepsia, general debility, and liver and kidney affec- 
tions. 

MANHATTAN ARTESIAN WELLS, 

Riley County. 
Post-office, Manhattan. Hotel. These wells are located in a 
hilly country, eleven miles southeast of the town of Manhattan, and 
at an elevation of about 800 feet above the sea-level. The wells 
are two in number, and discharge about 24,000 gallons of water 
daily. This is of the sulphated- saline variety, and has a uniform 
temperature of 55° F., summer and winter. The following analyses 
were made by Prof. Failyer, of the Kansas Agricultural College : 

MANHATTAN ARTESIAN WELLS. 



Sulphated-saline. Acid. 








Well No. 1 (Mineral Water). 


One U. S. gallon contains : 


Solids. Grains. 


Calcium oxide j f as bicarbonate) 

[ (as sulphate and chloride) 






5.27 
33.36 


Magnesium oxide (as sulphate) 






5.65 


Iron oxide (bicarbonate) . 








0.18 


Sodium (as chloride) 








0.51 


Potassium .... 








Trace. 


Sulphuric acid (anhydrous) 








61.36 


Chlorine 








1.46 


Bromine ..... 








Trace. 


Silica 








10.09 


Lithium 








Trace. 


Total 


117.88 



246 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



Well No. 2. 



One U. S. gallon contains 
Solids. 



Calcium oxide 



(as bicarbonate) 
(as sulphate) 

Magnesium (as sulphate) . 

Iron (as- bicarbonate) 

Sodium (as chloride) 

Potassium 

Sulphuric acid (anhydrous) 

Chlorine .... 

Silica .... 



Grains. 

6.07 

14.69 

6.58 

0.24 

0.86 

Trace. 

33.11 

1.79 

10.18 1 



Total 



73.52 



The waters have been in use since 1884, and have been found 
beneficial in rheumatism, malaria, renal disorders, constipation, 
general debility, and diabetes. The waters themselves, as well as 
the salt remaining after evaporation, are used commercially. 

MOODYVILLE MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Pottawatomie County. 

Post-office, Moody ville. Hotel. Access via Kansas Central R. R. 
to Blaine, thence four miles southeast to springs. 

These springs are three in number, and flow about 25 gallons 
per minute. According to an analysis by Prof. J. R. Eaton, of 
William-Jewel College, Missouri, the waters contain the following 
ingredients : 



Free carbonic acid gas. 
Calcium carbonate. 
Magnesium carbonate. 
Magnesium sulphate. 
Sodium sulphate. 



Sodium chloride. 

Iron (probably as carbonate), 

a trace. 
Silica, alumina, and organic 

matter, a small amount each. 



The water is used in dyspepsia and disorders of the bowels, liver, 
and kidneys. 

TOPEKA MINERAL WELLS, 

Shawnee County. 

Post-office, Topeka. Hotel. These wells, two in number, are 
located on Harrison Street, in the city of Topeka. We are in- 
formed that a good hotel has been established at the wells for the 
accommodation of persons requiring treatment. Turkish, Russian, 
electric, and steam baths may be obtained. The following analysis 
of the water was made by Messrs. Barnes & Sim, chemists. The 
estimate was presumably made in grains per United States gallon : 



According to U. S. Geological Reports Well No. 2 contains 1.19 grs. of silica per U. S. gallon. 



KANSAS. 



247 



TOPEKA MINERAL WELLS. 



Alkaline-saline 










One U. S. gallon contains : 


Solids. Grains. 


Magnesium chloride 11.76 


Sodium sulphate 












19.20 


Magnesium sulphate 












14.36 


Sodium nitrate 












1.94 


Sodium bicarbonate 












35.61 


Calcium bicarbonate 












22.48 


Iron bicarbonate 












28.06 


Ammonium sulphate 












1.50 


Alumina . 












0.40 


Silica 












10.28 


Organic matter 












1.76 


Phosphoric acid 












Trace. 


Total 


147.35 



The baths have been in operation since 1879. They are highly 
recommended for obstinate cases of rheumatism. The water is also 
used commercially. The analysis shows a fairly strong saline- 
purgative water, and it should be useful in cases to which such 
waters are applicable. 



WACONDA SPRING, 
Mitchell County. 

Post-office, Cawker City. Hotel and sanitarium. Access: Trains 
on the Central Branch of the Missouri Pacific R. R. stop within a 
few rods of the hotel. 

This big spring is located within a fine curve of the Solomon 
River, about three miles from Cawker City, and at an elevation 
of about 3500 feet above the level of the sea. The spring is con- 
tained in the centre of a huge, circular mound composed of hard 
rock, which rises to a height of thirty feet above the surrounding 
surface. The spring is sixty feet in diameter, and is surrounded 
by a natural platform of rock from eighty to one hundred and fifty 
feet wide, and so nearly circular as to appear as if artificially cut. 
The diameter of the base of the mouud is 117 yards from north to 
south and 119 yards from east to west, while its circumference is 
sixty-six rods. A stone coping has been placed around the spring, 
and this is surmounted by a light iron fence, to protect the water. 
Within ten rods of the spring a substantial hotel and sanitarium, 
supplied with all modern comforts and conveniences, has recently 
been erected. The water from the spring is supplied to this building, 
and is utilized for the bath-houses, where all varieties of hot and 
cold or vapor baths will be found. The surroundings of this resort 
are very attractive, and the climate is of a bracing and salubrious 



248 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

character. The following analysis of the water was made by Prof. 
G. E. Patrick, of the University of Kansas, at Lawrence : 

WACONDA (OR GREAT SPIRIT) MINERAL SPRING. 

Alkaline-saline. Carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 765.76 

Sodium bromide 0.23 

Sodium sulphate 183.60 

Magnesium sulphate . . . . . .85.28 

Sodium bicarbonate 26.92 

Magnesium bicarbonate 27.56 

Calcium bicarbonate ....... 31.30 

Silicic acid Trace. 

Nitrous acid . . " 

Organic matter None. 

Total 1120.65 

Carbonic acid gas, 91 cubic inches to the gallon. 
Specific gravity, 1017. 

The water has a strong saline taste, and when properly carbon- 
ated is clear and sparkling. The analysis shows a water of great 
potency. It should be fully possessed of the qualities found in the 
waters of this class. Taken in proper doses it is said to stimulate 
the appetite, tone up the nervous system, and to invigorate the 
spirits and general bodily condition to a remarkable degree. It may 
be safely recommended in all cases in which this class of waters has 
been found useful. It is bottled and shipped to any desired point. 

The following mineral spring resorts in Kansas have been 
reported by the United States Geological Survey, but we have 
not found it possible to gain any further account of them : 

Baxter Medical Springs, Cherokee County. 

Bonner's Springs (twenty in number), Wyandotte County. 

Girard Mineral Well, Allen County. 

Iola Mineral Well, Allen County. 

Jewell County Lithium Spring, Montrose, Jewell County. 

Mineral Spring, Atchison County. 

Tar Spring, Miami County. 

It is probable that other springs in the State will be developed 
and become resorts in the near future. 



KENTUCKY. 



Kentucky extends from 36° 30' to 39° 0.06' north latitude, and 
from 82° 0.06' to 89° 44' west longitude. It has a river boun- 
dary of 813 miles, its northern border being washed by the Ohio, 
its eastern by the Big Sandy or Chattaroi, and its western by the 



KENTUCKY. 249 

Mississippi. Nearly all the other rivers which drain the State are 
affluents of the Ohio. The only mountains in the State are the 
Cumberland Range, which separates it from Virginia. The eastern 
counties are rendered broken and rugged by this range. The banks 
of the rivers are natural curiosities in some places, having worn 
very deep channels in the rocks over which they flow. The preci- 
pices formed by the Kentucky River in many places present banks 
of 300 feet of solid limestone. The climate here, as in all parts of 
the United States, is variable; but Kentucky is marked by no 
unhealthy extremes, the mean annual temperature being 55° F., 
that of the summer 73.96° F., and of the winter 38° F. The 
average annual rainfall along the Ohio River is about 48 inches, 
and in the southern extremity 60 inches. The mortality-rate in 
Kentucky, according to the latest United States Census returns, 
was 12.85 per 1000 of population; phthisical death-rate 1.90 per 
1000 of population. 

Kentucky has hitherto occupied a prominent position as a mineral 
spring State. Walton describes eleven localities which have been 
used as resorts, while the reports of the United States Geological 
Survey mention no less than twenty-three, besides several springs 
which are used commercially. Some of the springs, notably the 
Crab Orchard and the Blue Lick, have acquired a national celeb- 
rity, and their waters have been extensively sold throughout the 
Union. There can be no doubt that at this time the springs of 
Kentucky are not enjoying the high measure of popular esteem 
which they once possessed. Few of the waters are found in the 
market, and several localities have been abandoned. The once 
famous Harrodsburg Springs, for example, which are still described 
as being a health-resort in the most recent work on this subject 
(Walton, 1883), were abandoned thirty-five years ago, the build- 
ings having been destroyed by fire and never rebuilt. 1 There are 
two great water-beds in Kentucky, viz., the calciferous sandstone, 
underlying the silurian rocks, and the great sandstone formation 
at the base of the coal measures, and artesian mineral wells may 
be found by boring from 150 to 300 feet in any localities coming 
within range of these formations. The following accouut of the 
Kentucky springs is based chiefly on the reports of the State and 
United States Geological Surveys, and on Walton's work, verified 
to some extent by a personal visit to the State and by correspond- 
ence with physicians and others living in the localities. 

BEDFORD SPRINGS, 

Trimble County. 

Post-office, Bedford Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access via 
Louisville and Cincinnati Shortline R. R. to Sulphur Station, 

1 Letter from postmaster to editor, 1897. 



250 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

thirty-six miles east of Louisville and seventy-one miles west of 
Cincinnati, thence six miles by pike road to springs. 

These springs are located on a high ridge between the Ohio and 
Little Kentucky Rivers. They are three in number, and yield 
about three gallons of water per minute. The weather in this 
vicinity is usually clear and bright, the average temperature-range 
being about 75° F. in summer and 30° F. in winter. The fol- 
lowing qualitative analysis was made by J. P. Barnum, analytical 
chemist : 

Sodium chloride. Sodium sulphate. 

Magnesium bicarbonate. Lithium carbonate. 

Calcium bicarbonate. Sodium carbonate. 

Reaction — alkaline to test-paper. 

The water is recommended for diseases of the stomach, kidneys, 
and liver, and in gout and rheumatism. They are sold in Louis- 
ville by the gallon or barrel. 

BIG BONE SPRINGS, 
Boone County. 

Access via Louisville and Nashville R. R. to Walton; thence 
seven miles by stage to springs, or by steamer on the Ohio River 
to Hamilton Landing, thence one and one-half miles to springs. 

These springs are of the saline-sulphureted variety. No qualita- 
tive analysis has been made. It is stated, however, that the waters 
contain the following ingredients : l 

Sodium chloride. Calcium bicarbonate. 

Magnesium sulphate. Magnesium bicarbonate. 

Sodium sulphate. Sodium carbonate. 
Aluminium sulphate. 

There is also a large quantity of sulphureted hydrogen gas. 

BUENA VISTA SPRINGS, 

Logan County. 

Post-office, Russellville. Springs Hotel. Accessible via Louis- 
ville and Nashville R. R. (Memphis Branch) and Owensboro and 
Nashville Branch to Russellville, thence by stage six miles to 
springs. The stage meets morning trains leaving Russellville for 
springs at 8 a.m. 

This resort is located in a beautiful and picturesque region, inter- 
spersed with lofty hills, deep gorges, beautiful dells, and majestic 
native forests. The hotel has been rebuilt, and the guest will now 
find a large and commodious building, which will meet all the 
requirements of modern cultivated tastes. In front of the house 
is a large lawn, decorated with a variety of native trees and 

1 Geology of Kentucky, vol. ii. p. 62. 



KENTUCKY. 251 

ornamental shrubbery; midway of the lawn a stream of crystal 
water wends its way — Elk Lick Creek — taking its name from the 
springs, which were formerly called Elk Lick from the fact that 
it was a great resort for elk, deer, and other wild animals. The 
springs — two in number — are situated in the lawn, where they rise 
from their subterranean recesses, and, flowing forty feet, empty into 
the creek. The following qualitative analysis of Spring No. 1 was 
made by Dr. L. P. Yandell, Professor of Chemistry and Physiology 
in the University of Louisville : 

Solids. Solids. 

Magnesium sulphate. Magnesium carbonate. 

Calcium sulphate. Sulphureted hydrogen gas (abundant). 

Calcium carbonate. Carbonic acid gas. 

Dr. H. A. Utley ? s analysis of Spring No. 2 : 

Solids. Solids. 

Magnesium sulphate. Sodium phosphate. 

Magnesium carbonate. Iron phosphate, ] 

Magnesium phosphate. Iron chloride, > Traces. 

Potassium carbonate. Calcium carbonate, J 

Potassium phosphate. Free carbonic acid gas. 
Sodium carbonate. 

The waters have been highly recommended by Kentucky physi- 
cians in liver disorders, malarial affections, rheumatism, skin dis- 
eases, anaemia, general debility, and other conditions. Various 
amusements, in the way of a tennis court, croquet grounds, billiard 
table, swings, and walks over the hills and through the gorges are 
at the option of the visitor. 

CLEAR CREEK SPRINGS, 
Bell County. 

Post-office, Pine ville. Small hotel. Access ma Cumberland River 
and Tennessee R. R., which connects with the Louisville and Nash- 
ville P. P. at Pineville, a distance of three miles from the springs. 

The location of the springs is in the Clear Creek valley, almost 
entirely surrounded by mountains. The elevation is about 1300 
feet above the sea-level. This region possesses many advantages 
in the way of charming scenery, exhilarating mountain air, etc. 
The springs in use are two in number, possessing about the same 
general chacteristics. The following analysis was made by Robert 
Peter, State Geologist of Kentucky, in 1883 : 

CLEAR CREEK SPRINGS. 

Light Alkaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 1 

Calcium carbonate 2.07 

Magnesium carbonate ...... Traces. 

Calcium sulphate . 0.33 

1 Converted from parts per 1000. 



252 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium chloride 
Sodium carbonate 
Silica 
Alumina . 



Grains. 
1.43 
0.16 

. 1.84 
0.51 

Traces. 



Total 



6 34 



The water is said to be remarkably pure and well adapted to the 
uses of the table. "We are informed that it has long enjoyed a con- 
siderable reputation in dyspepsia, liver and kidney affections, skin 
diseases and disorders of the female pelvic organs. 

CRAB-ORCHARD SPRINGS, 

Lincoln County. 
Access via Knoxville Branch of the Louisville and Xashville 
R. R. to Crab Orchard, one hundred and fifteen miles southeast 
of Louisville. These waters are chiefly used in the manufacture 
of the famous Crab Orchard salts, which are used extensively in 
Kentucky and neighboring States as a cathartic. The following 
analyses were made by Dr. Robert Peter, State Geologist : 

CRAB ORCHARD WATERS. 

Su Iphated-salin e. 

One U. S. gallon* 

contains : Fc 

Solids. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Iron carbonate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Sodium chloride 
Potassium sulphate 
Sodium sulphate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium sulphate . 
Bromine . 
Silica 
Loss and moisture . 



Total . 
Carbonic acid, not est 



Epsom or 


Sowder's 


ey's Spring. 


Spring. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


7.64 


19.20 


Trace. 


Trace. 


53.18 


29.51 


17.72 


58.32 


9.91 


17.37 


59.07 


23.20 


205.28 


174.31 


10.79 


91.32 




Trace. 


3.26 


1.22 


34.58 


Trace. 



401.43 



414.45 



mated. 



CRAB ORCHARD SALTS. 

100 parts contain : Parts. 

Magnesium sulphate . 63.19 

Sodium sulphate 4.20 

Potassium sulphate ........ 1.80 

Calcium sulphate 2.54 

Sodium chloride 4.77 

Lime, magnesia, iron, and silica (carbonates) . . 0.89 

Bromine .......... Trace. 

Water of crystallization and loss 22.61 



Total 



100.00 



Converted from grains per pint. 



KENTUCKY. 



253 



Other springs at Crab Orchard are the " Field " and the " Grove ' ' 
springs, which are but feebly impregnated with mineral ingredients. 

DRENNON SPRING, 
Henry County. 

Access via Xew Castle, thence ten miles northward to spring. 

This is an old-time spring resort which has been allowed to 
languish. About thirty years ago a cholera epidemic appeared 
during a prosperous season, and the guests fled in dismay. During 
the following year a fire destroyed the buildings, and they have 
never been rebuilt. Xo analysis has ever been made, but the 
waters are said to be of the saline-sulphur variety. According to 
the report of the Kentucky Geological Survey, they possess mild 
aperient, diuretic, and diaphoretic properties. 

ESCULAPIA SPRINGS, 

Lewis County. 
Post-office, Esculapia Springs. The location is about twenty 
miles from Maysville and twelve miles from Vanceburg, on the 
Ohio River. The springs are three in number, and the water has 
a temperature of oo° F. As far as we can learn no complete quan- 
titative analysis has been made. An old qualitative analysis by 
Dr. Peter, State Geologist, showed the presence of the bicarbonates 
of lime and magnesium, chlorides of sodium and magnesium, and sul- 
phates of sodium and magnesium, besides free sulphureted hydrogen 
gas. The water possesses mild diaphoretic and diuretic properties. 

ESTILL SPRINGS, 
Estill County. 
These springs are located forty miles west of Irvine. We are 
indebted to the United States Geological Reports for the following 
analysis, made by Dr. Robert Peter : 



ESTILL 


SPRINGS. 




One U. S. gallon 1 


Red Sulphur Spring 2 


Chalybeate 


contains : 


1 near saloon;. 


Spring. 3 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Sodium carbonate . 


1.16 


. . 


Calcium carbonate . 


. 11.66 


9.32 


Magnesium carbonate 


4.64 


2.93 


Iron carbonate . 




1.75 


Sodium sulphate 


9.91 


M 


Potassium sulphate 


5.24 


58 


Calcium sulphate 




16.32 


Magnesium sulphate 


oia 


9.91 


Sodium chloride 


5.24 


0.58 


Alumina .... 




Trace. 


Silica .... 


6.58 


175 


Organic matter 


2.33 


8.16 


Total solids . 


. 41.34 


51.88 



i Converted from parts per 1000. 

- Light alkaline-carbonated. Sulphureted. 



3 Alkaline-calcic. Chalvbeate. 



254 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



Gases. 


Cubic inches. 


Cubic inches 


Sulphureted hydrogen 
Carbonic acid . 


0.26 

. 18.98 


15.68 



The waters are principally of the light sulphureted type, with 
one mild ferruginous spring. Another spring in the neighborhood, 
termed by Walton the " Irvine" Spring, is purgative, containing 
about 256 grains of sulphate of magnesium to the gallon. As far 
as we are able to learn, the place is not at present improved as a 
resort. 

FOX SPRINGS, 

Fleming County. 

Fox Springs are located ten miles from Flemingsburg. The 
springs are of the sulphureted variety, and are six in number. 
The waters are mildly diuretic, and are also said to promote the 
secretions of the skin. 

GRAYSON SPRINGS, 

Grayson County. 

Post-office, Grayson Springs. Spring Hotel. Access from 
Elizabethtown and Paducah R. R., twenty-six miles west to 
Grayson Springs Station, thence two and one-half miles by stage 
to springs. 

There are more than one hundred springs in this vicinity, flow- 
ing upward of 2800 gallons per hour. The waters are chiefly of 
the sulphureted type, and have a temperature ranging from 58° 
to 67° F. Following are analyses of two of the representative 
springs by Dr. Peter : 



GRAYSON SPRINGS. 



One U. S. gallon 

contains : 

Solids. 



Calcium carbonate . 
Magnesium carbonate 
Manganese carbonate, 
Iron carbonate, 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium sulphate , 
Calcium sulphate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Manganese sulphate, } 
Iron sulphate, } 

Sodium chloride 
Sodium sulphide 
Silica 
Lithium, 
Iodine, 
Bromide, 
Organic matter 

Total 



Sulphated-saline. Sulphureted. 



McAntee 
Spring. 1 
Grains. 


Eye 
Spring 
Grains. 


10.49 
Trace. 


11.07 
Trace. 


0.58 


0.58 


1.16 

Trace. 
26.23 
26.81 


1.16 

Trace. 
39.06 
43.72 


1.16 


Trace. 


1.16 

Trace. 


6.41 
0.58 
0.58 


Trace. 


. . . 


Trace. 


1.75 


67.59 


104.91 


2 Sulphated-saline. 



KENTUCKY. 255 

Gases. Cubic inches. Cubic inches. 

Sulphureted hydrogen .... 11.83 1.39 

Carbonic acid 8.74 . . . 

HARRODSBURG SPRINGS, 

Mercer County. 

As before stated, these springs have long since ceased to be a 
health resort. Their waters, however, are valuable as saline pur- 
gatives, as shown by the following analysis, which w T e derive from 
Walton's work : 

HARRODSBURG SPRINGS. 




One U. S. gallon 


Grenville 


Saloon 


contains : 


Spring. 1 


Spring.- 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Magnesium carbonate 


. 22.96 


2.08 


Iron carbonate . 




2.88 


Calcium carbonate . 


4.80 


23.92 


Sodium chloride 


. Trace. 


39.92 


Magnesium sulphate 


. 129.28 


223.36 


Calcium sulphate 


. 88.48 


81.92 



Total 245.52 344.08 

There are several other springs in the neighborhood. According 
to Dr. Drake, these waters are very beneficial in chronic inflamma- 
tions and obstructions of the abdominal viscera: in such cases of 
dyspepsia as are attended by subacute gastritis, and in many hepatic 
disorders. They have been found almost equally beneficial in chronic 
inflammations of many other parts of the system, especially of the 
serous and fibrous membranes. 

LATONIA SPRINGS, 

Kenton County. 

Location, four miles south of Covington (opposite Cincinnati). 
These springs are five in number, and are feebly sulphureted. 
No complete analysis has been made. 

LOUISVILLE ARTESIAN WELL, 

Jefferson County. 

Location, on the corner of Tenth and Rowan Streets, Louisville. 
This well is 2086 feet deep by three and one-half feet in diameter, 
and occupied sixteen months in boring. As it issues from the orifice 
of the well the temperature of the water is 76.5° F. A self-regis- 
tering thermometer sunk to the bottom of the well indicated 86J° F. 
The point of constant temperature immediately beneath the surface 
at Louisville is 53° F., this result shows an increase of temperature 

1 Sulphated-saline. 2 Sulphated saline. Chalybeate. 



256 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

of one degree for every sixty -seven feet until the bottom is reached. 
The following analysis is by Dr. J. Lawrence Smith : 

LOUISVILLE ARTESIAN WELL. 

Sulphated and Muriated. Saline-sulphur eted. Carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride . .621.52 

Calcium chloride 65.72 

Magnesium chloride 14,77 

Potassium chloride . . . . . . . 4.22 

Aluminium chloride 1.21 

Lithium chloride 0.10 

Sodium sulphate 72.29 

Calcium sulphate . 29.43 

Magnesium sulphate 77.33 

Aluminium sulphate 1.80 

Potassium sulphate ....... 3.22 

Sodium bicarbonate 2.72 

Calcium bicarbonate 5.99 

Magnesium bicarbonate . . . . . . 2.75 

Iron bicarbonate 0.35 

Sodium phosphate 1.54 

Magnesium iodide . . . . . . . . 0.35 

Magnesium bromide 0.46 

Silica 0.88 

Organic matter 0.70 

Loss in analysis 8.12 

Total 915.47 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Sulphureted hydrogen ....... 2.0 

Carbonic acid 6.17 

Nitrogen 1.36 

The water is quite similar to that of the Kissingen Springs, in 
Bavaria, and to the Kentucky Blue Lick Springs. It has been 
found very beneficial in cases of dyspepsia and constipation and in 
functional liver complaints. 

LOWER BLUE LICK SPRINGS, 

Nicholas County. 

Access via Kentucky Central R. R. to Carlisle, thence nine miles 
by stage to springs. We have not been able to obtain any recent 
information of the condition of this resort. The following analysis 
of the main spring was made by Dr. Robert Peter, the State Geolo- 
gist, a number of years ago : 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium carbonate 1.36 

Calcium carbonate ........ 23.65 

Potassium chloride 1.39 

Sodium chloride . . . . • . . . . 512.85 



KENTUCKY. 



257 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium chloride ....... 32.39 

Potassium sulphate ....... 8.93 

Calcium sulphate 33.99 

Magnesium iodide 0.05 

Magnesium bromide . 0.24 

Alumina, lime, phosphate, iron oxide .... 0.36 

Silicic acid 1.10 

Loss 17.72 

Total 634.03 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid gas 98.80 

Sulphureted hydrogen 18.24 

" These are exceptionally fine waters of the saline-sulphureted 
class, valuable in engorgements of the liver and abdominal viscera 
and diseases arising therefrom. They may be relied on in gastric 
catarrh, and in the form of warm baths prove efficacious in diseases 
of the skin." (Walton.) 

Besides the main spring there are others on the opposite side of 
the Licking River and in its bed which have been found on exami- 
nation to be of a similar character. 

OLYMPIAN SPRINGS, 
Bath County. 

Post-office, Olympian Springs. Access via Lexington and Big 
Sandy B. R. to Mount Sterling, thence by stage. 

These springs are ten in number, and are of the saline-sulphu- 
reted variety. The waters are promptly diuretic in their action. 
Analysis was made by Dr. Robert Peter in 1858, and again in 
1887. Following is the result of the former analysis of the salt- 
sulphur spring : 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Magnesium carbonate 
Iron carbonate 
Lime carbonate 
Potassium chloride 
Sodium chloride 
Magnesium chloride 
Lime sulphate 
Iron and bromide . 
Alumina . 
Silica 
Water and loss 



Grains. 

7.20 

Trace. 

13.93 

10.67 
166.01 

55.39 
Trace. 



1.04 

78.60 



Total 332.84 



Gases. 
Carbonic acid, 
Sulphureted hydrogen, 



Not estimated. 
17 



^58 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

A re- examination of the waters in 1877 showed essentially the 
same results. The following additional ingredients were found in 
minute quantities : 

Baryta carbonate. Sodium iodide. 

Strontium carbonate. Sodium sulphide. 

Sodium carbonate. Boric acid. 

Calcium chloride. Phosphoric acid. 

Lithium chloride. Manganese carbonate. 
Sodium bromide. 

Examination of the two other springs showed the presence of 
sodium carbonate in the proportion of 20 grains per gallon. One 
of them contains a little less than 2 grains of iron carbonate to the 
gallon. 

ROCK CASTLE SPRINGS, 

Pulaski County. 

Post-office, Kock Castle. Springs Hotel. These springs are 
located on the Pock Castle Piver, and are accessible by the Louis- 
ville and Nashville and Queen and Crescent P. R. lines. There 
is daily connection by stage with morning and afternoon trains at 
London. 

The situation is one of great natural charm and beauty, being 
in the heart of the Cumberland Mountains, at an elevation of over 
2000 feet above the sea-level, and surrounded by a vast natural 
park of pine trees. The pure air and equable temperature, as well 
as the isolation from the thoroughfares of travel, combine to render 
the location one of exceptional freedom from the ills of hot weather. 
A comfortable hotel, with ample arrangements for the comfort of 
guests, is at hand. The surrounding forests, hills, and fields offer 
many attractions for the botanist, the naturalist, and the sportsman. 
The following analysis was made by Dr. Pobert Peter : 

ROCK CASTLE SPRINGS. 

Light Saline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains: 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron carbonate , . 0.84 

Calcium carbonate 2.58 

Magnesium carbonate 0.86 

Calcium sulphate . 0.17 

Magnesium sulphate 0.12 

Sodium sulphate 3.09 

Sodium chloride . . ... . . . . 0.15 

Silica ....• 0.74 

Total 8.55 

Free carbonic acid gas, considerable quantity. 

The waters of the springs have been in use since 1843. They 
are said to possess excellent tonic and diuretic properties. The 



KENTUCKY. 259 

location is said to be very beneficial for cases of hay asthma, nasal 
catarrh, laryngitis, etc. 

UPPER BLUE LICK SPRINGS, 

Nicholas County. 

Access : From Maysville, on the Ohio River, via Maysville and 
Lexington R. R. to within six miles of the springs; thence by 
carriage. 

This spring flows about 1200 gallons of water per hour, having 
a temperature of 62 J° F. in June. The following analysis was 
made by J. F. Judge and A. Fennel : 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium carbonate 0.14 

Calcium carbonate 25.06 

Potassium chloride 1.80 

Sodium chloride 516.53 

Magnesium chloride . . . . . . . 37.72 

Potassium sulphate 12.97 

Calcium sulphate ........ 44.13 

Magnesium iodide 0.15 

Magnesium bromide 3.80 

Alumina, lime phosphate, iron peroxide . . . 1.96 

Silicic acid 1.00 

Loss 14.88 

Total 660.14 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 48.16 

Sulphureted hydrogen 8.16 

These are exceptionally fine waters of the saline-sulphureted 
class. Their effects are aperient and alterative, and they prove 
efficacious in engorgements of the liver and abdominal organs, 
gallstones, gastric catarrh, and, combined with the warm baths 
here, they are valuable in chronic diseases of the skin. The waters 
of the spring have had an extensive reputation in the West since 
the early settlement of the country, and they are still sold in 
bottles in the principal cities of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. 

WHITE SULPHUR AND TAR SPRINGS, 
Breckenridge County. 

Post-office, Cloverport. Hotel Sulphur. Springs. These springs 
are four in number, and their waters are said to be sulphureted. 
No quantitative analysis has been made so far as can be learned. 
Observations relating to their therapeutic value are wanting. 

Following are the names and locations of other Kentucky springs 
whose present status is not known : 

Allen Springs, Warren County. 



260 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Burgher's Springs, Logan County. 

Chalybeate and Saline Springs, Ohio County. 

Hickman's Springs, Daviess County. 

Howell Mineral Springs, Hardin County. 

Indian Spring, Grayson County. 

Kentucky Alum Springs, Boyle County. 

Kuttawa Mineral Springs, Lyon County. 

Miller's Mineral Well, Knox County. 

Paroquet Springs, Bullitt County. 

Sebree Springs, Webster County. 

Sulphur Springs, Union County. 

Washington Bell's Sulphur Springs, Nelson County. 

White Sulphur Well, Metcalfe County. 

Young's Springs, Bath County. 

The Anita Springs, at Lagrange, Oldham County, and St. Pat- 
rick's Well, at Louisville, Jefferson County, have recently come 
into use commercially. 



LOUISIANA. 



The limits of this State extend from 89° and 30' to 94° west 
longitude, and from 29° to 33° north latitude. Throughout its 
entire area the State is a low, alluvial plain, and the southeastern 
and eastern counties are swampy, while those of the northwest and 
west, being somewhat hilly, are better drained. Much of the terri- 
tory bordering on the Mississippi is below the level of the river 
during the high water, and is protected from inundation by levees 
of earth similar to the dikes of Holland. The principal river of 
Louisiana is the Mississippi, which is navigable throughout its 
entire length in the State for the largest steamer and at all seasons 
of the year. The Red River, also navigable, extends through the 
northwestern and central portions of the State. The Washita, in 
the north, and the Calcasieu, in the south, are the next most im- 
portant rivers. Many lakes and lagoons are scattered over the 
State, the largest being Pontchartrain, which is connected with the 
gulf by Lake Borgne, a navigable body of water. 

The climate is warm, but the winters are cold and more variable 
than in the same latitude on the Atlantic coast. The mean annual 
temperature, as observed at New Orleans, is 69.06° F., that of the 
summer being 81.08° F., and of the winter 56° F. The average 
annual rainfall is about 51 inches. 

The mortality-rate in Louisiana in 1890 was 14.62 per thousand; 
phthisical mortality-rate, 1.35 per thousand of inhabitants. 

The mineral springs of Louisiana are five in number, and have 
not attracted wide attention up to the present time. According to 
the most recent reports of the United States Geological Survey, no 



LOUISIANA. 261 

analyses have been made, nor are the waters of any of the springs 
used commercially. Judging from the geological formation of the 
State, the waters should be chiefly of the chalybeate or sulphureted 
variety. We have secured the following account of two localities 
by correspondence : 

DE SOTO MINERAL SPRINGS, 

De Soto Parish. 

Post-office, Lougstreet. Hotel. These springs are located six 
miles due west from Mansfield, the county seat of De Soto Parish, 
and three miles south of Grand Cane, both points on the New 
Orleans, Texas and Pacific P. P. Private conveyances connect 
with the springs from these stations. This resort has been fre- 
quented by residents of the surrounding country for more than 
forty years. The waters are believed to possess exceptional merit, 
but the financial depression affecting this section since the late war 
has prevented their proper development. The springs are pleas- 
antly situated in a gently undulating country, within one hundred 
and fifty feet of a picturesque stream of clear, sparkling water. 

During the season, from July to November, the weather is gener- 
ally clear and bright, with occasional showers. The springs are 
three in number, and yield about 60 gallons of water per minute. 
The average temperature of the water is about 60° F. the year 
around, which makes it appear quite warm in the winter and cold 
during the summer months. 

No proper analysis has ever been made, but we are informed by 
Dr. N. P. Peeves, the proprietor, that the water is rich in mineral 
ingredients, the salts of iron, magnesia, potash, and sulphur pre- 
dominating. The water has been used with good results in dis- 
eases of the liver, stomach, kidneys, and skin. The amount of 
iron in the water renders it especially valuable in cases of anaemia 
and chlorosis, as well as in general debility. 

WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 
Catahoula Parish. 

Post-office, White Sulphur Springs. Hotel. Access: The springs 
are reached by way of Alexandria, La., on the St. Louis, Iron 
Mountain and Southern, and the Southern Pacific R. R., or by way 
of Pollock Station, on the Iron Mountain R. R. 

The location is in a hilly country, covered with pines. The 
springs are four in number, and, according to Mr. G. W. Bethards, 
of the Railroad Hotel, their combined flow is about 30,000 gallons 
per minute. Like many other enterprises in the South, the resort 
lacks capital for its improvement. No analysis has beeu made, 
but the water has been used with apparent benefit in rheumatism, 
dyspepsia, Bright's disease, and debility. 



262 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The following springs of Louisiana have had more or less repu- 
tation as health resorts : 

Abita Spring, near Covington, St. Tammany Parish. 

Claiborne Springs, near Covington, St. Tammany Parish. 

Watch Springs, near the White Sulphur Springs, Catahoula 
Parish. 



MAINE. 

The State of Maine is located in the extreme northeastern portion 
of the United States, and extends from 43° and 5' to 47° and 30' 
north latitude, and from 66° and 50' to 71° west longitude. 

Maine is well supplied with lakes and rivers, the principal 
streams being the Androscoggin, Kennebec, Penobscot, Grand, 
St. John, and Saco, besides which there are a vast number of 
smaller streams which irrigate and drain every section of the State. 
The Atlantic coast is indented with numerous bays and inlets, 
which contain an immense number of islands, the largest being 
Mt. Desert, embracing 60,000 acres. Many attractive summer 
resorts are found on this coast. The western portion is moun- 
tainous, the range being part of the Appalachian system. 

The climate is healthful, and the winters, although long and 
severe, are unmarked by injurious variations, while the summers 
are pleasant. The mean annual temperature at Portland is 43° F., 
that of the summer 63.73° F., and of the winter 31.69° F. These 
figures are the results of observations extending over a period of 
thirty-seven years. 

The average rainfall is about 44.5 inches. 

The death-rate of Maine, as computed from the last United 
States census, was 15.19 per 1000 of population; phthisical mor- 
tality-rate, 2.23 per 1000. 

The mineral springs of Maine belong to the classes of alkaline- 
saline and chalybeate waters, the last predominating. Many are 
sulphureted and a few carbonated. None is thermal, the highest 
temperature, so far as ascertained, being but 50° F. Most of the 
temperatures range from 40° to 46° F. The springs of Maine are 
attracting considerably more attention of late years than formerly. 
Walton mentions but one locality — Tagus Springs — in Kennebec 
County, 1 and in some of the older works none whatever is found. 
There are at this time several charming spring resorts in the State, 
and, according to the United States Geological Reports for 1894, 
the waters of no less than fourteen localities are used commercially. 
Most of them, however, are not used as resorts, and the mineral 
ingredients of several are so attenuated that they can hardly be 

1 Not now used as a resort. 



MAINE. 263 

referred to as medicinal or healing waters in the strict sense of the 
term. The following account of the springs of Maine was gathered 
by personal inquiry and correspondence : 

ADDISON MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Washington County. 

Post-office, Addison. Hotel and private families. Access via 
steamer from Portland. This spring is located in a charming, hilly 
section, about one hundred feet above the sea-level and within one- 
quarter of a mile from an inlet of the ocean. The spring is about 
five feet in diameter and four feet in depth, and has a steady and 
rapid flow. The water is very cold at all times, but its temperature 
is not known. The following analysis, furnished by Mr. W. H. 
Nash, one of the owners, was made by Prof. Hayes. The figures 
probably have reference to grains per United States gallon : 

ADDISON MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Light Alkaline-chalybeate. 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 0.60 

Sodium sulphate 0.27 

Iron bicarbonate 1.65 

Calcium sulphate 0.52 

Silica and alumina Traces. 

Calcium bicarbonate 2.65 

Magnesium bicarbonate 1.12 

Sodium chloride * 0.89 

Sodium bicarbonate 0.44 

Total 8.14 

These waters have been used with apparent benefit in acid dys- 
pepsia and in certain forms of renal diseases. 

BLUE HILL MINERAL SPRING, 
Hancock County. 

Post-office, Blue Hill. Hotels. Access via steamer from Port- 
land, also by stage from Ellsworth, fourteen miles distant. 

The Blue Hill Mineral Spring is located two and one-half miles 
northwest of Blue Hill village, and about six hundred feet in per- 
pendicular height above the base of Blue Hill Mountain. Its situa- 
tion assures freedom from all surface impurities. The existence of 
the spring was noticed by Dr. Charles T. Jackson in his second 
Report of the Geology of the State of Maine, published in 1838. It 
was not until recently, however, that improvements have been 
made. A handsome and commodious building has been erected 
for the comfort of tourists and visitors at the springs, and a large 
bottling plant established. An analysis by Prof. S. P. Sharpies, of 
Boston, resulted as follows : 



264 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



BLUE HILL MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Light Alkaline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride . 0.29 

Sodium sulphate . 0.81 

Sodium carbonate 0.15 

Calcium carbonate 1.87 

Carbonate iron 0.59 

Silica 1.07 

Organic matter Traces. 

Total 4.78 

This is an excellent table water, and also possesses mild diuretic 
and tonic properties. It is used commercially. 

Though not highly mineralized, the analysis shows sufficient iron 
to give the waters valuable tonic and reconstructive properties. It 
is also an efficient diuretic if taken in considerable quantities. 

HIGHLAND SPRING, 

Androscoggin County. 

Post-office, Lewistou. Cottages. Highland Spring is located in 
Highland Park, comprising over sixty acres of elevated and wooded 
land, about two miles from Levviston Station. The spot offers excep- 
tional advantages to persons wishing to camp during the summer. 

The waters of this spring have enjoyed a considerable reputation 
for a long time past. They are bottled and sold extensively for 
table purposes. The following analysis was made by Richard C. 
Stanley, Ph.D., State Assayer of Maine : 

HIGHLAND SPRING. 

Light Alkaline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron carbonate 1.10 

Iron oxide 0.31 

Potassium and sodium carbonate ..... 0.83 
Magnesium carbonate . . . • . . .1.23 

Potassium and sodium sulphate 0.31 

Sodium chloride 1.00 

Total 4.78 

KEYSTONE MINERAL SPRING, 

Androscoggin County. 

Post-office, East Poland. This spring is located in the town of 
Poland, about one mile from the Empire Road Station, on the Grand 
Trunk Railway, and about two miles from Portland and Rumford 



MAINE. 265 

Falls Railway. It is thirty miles from Portland and six miles from 
each of the two cities of Lewiston and Auburn. The spring is 
situated on an elevated ridge of land, and the water itself issues 
from a bed of rock barely discernible from granite, which can be 
seen in and about the spring. The water flows through a glass 
pipe direct from the spring into bottles, jugs, etc., which are being 
filled, and is not taken from storage tanks. According to Prof. 
Richard C. Stanley, of Bates College, the water contains about three 
grains of solid matter to the United States gallon, composed as fol- 
lows : 

KEYSTONE SPRING. 

Mild Alkaline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron carbonate 0.45 

Iron oxide 0.25 

Magnesium carbonate . 0.65 

Potassium and sodium carbonate 0.30 

Potassium and sodium sulphate 0.25 

Sodium chloride 0.25 

Silica and alumina . 0.85 

Organic matter Traces. 

Total 3.00 

The water is remarkably pure, soft, and wholesome, and well 
adapted for the table. It is also recommended for dyspepsia and 
as a mild, unstimulating beverage in inflammatory, renal, and 
bladder and genito-urinary complaints. 

PARADISE SPRING, 

Cumberland County. 

Post-office, Brunswick. Hotels and inns. This spring is located 
about one mile from the centre of the village of Brunswick, and 
five hundreed feet from the Androscoggin River. It is reached 
by way of the Maine Central R. R. to Brunswick, and thence by 
Jordan Avenue. The country about the place is level — a sandy 
plain, covered by pines, extending to beautiful Casco Bay, three 
miles distant. Concerning the meteorological conditions prevailing 
about Brunswick, we are indebted to Prof. Leslie A. Lee, of Bow- 
doin College, for the following description : 

" The climate of Brunswick is peculiarly agreeable. Fair weather 
predominates, the annual number of cloudy days averaging not more 
than eighty-six in a long period of years. The prevailing winds 
are from the northwest during the summer and from the southwest 
during the winter. On this account the air is much drier than 
would be expected from the proximity of the village to the sea, and 
fogs rarely occur. " Scattered throughout the town are large areas 
of pine forests, which give a resinous and balmy quality to the air. 



266 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The average annual temperature is 44.40° F., rising to an average 
of 65.11° F. in the summer, and falling to a mean of 22.63° F. in 
the winter. The temperature of the spring water is about 45° in 
summer and 43° in winter. The outflow of water is abundant, 
being estimated at 12,000 gallons per day. The following analysis 
was made by Prof. Henry Carmichael, of Bowdoin College : 

PARADISE SPRING. 

Neutral. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silica 0.38 

Iron oxide Marked trace. 

Calcium sulphate 0.06 

Calcium carbonate 0.07 

Magnesium carbonate 0.06 

Sodium chloride . 0.02 

Sodium carbonate 0.36 

Potassium chloride 0.04 

Total 0.99 

A more recent analysis by State Assayer Franklin C. Robinson, 
shows a somewhat larger proportion of solids, viz., 1.05 grains per 
United States gallon of inorganic salts. The water is remarkably 
free from organic matter, containing, according to Robinson's 
analysis, but 0.07 of a grain per United States gallon. This 
organic matter was found by examination to be of vegetable origin, 
only a minute trace of nitrogenous material being detected. The 
water is excellent for table use, and has been supplied to the students 
of Bowdoin College for some time past. It is used commercially. 

POLAND SPRING, 

Androscoggin County. 

Post-office, South Poland. Springs Hotel. This resort is located 
in the town of Poland, twenty-five miles north of Portland and 
ten miles west of Lewiston, at an elevation of about 800 feet above 
the sea-level. Poland is reached from New York via the Fall 
River or Norwich Line of Steamers, or the New York, New Hamp- 
shire and Hartford R. R. to Bostou, thence via the Boston and 
Maine R. R. to Portland and Poland Spring; or by way of the 
Maine Steamship Company, the vessels of which leave New York 
three times weekly. 

The spring boils up from a fissure near the crest of a magnificent 
mound of the oldest rocks at the rate of about eight gallons of water 
per minute. The bed of the spring is composed of gneiss, scarcely 
distinguishable from the original granite, this gneiss being, as the 
geologists inform us, the oldest of the sedimentary rocks. The 
unvarying temperature of the water throughout the year, as well as 



MAINE. 267 

its freedom from organic matter, would indicate a very deep origin. 
The surroundings of the spring have been extensively improved 
since 1859, in which year, it is said, the water was first described 
by a physician. The Poland Spring House was erected in 1876, 
and after various alterations and additions reached its present superb 
proportions in 1889. It is situated upon an elevated plateau, and 
commands a beautiful and diversified view of the surrounding land- 
scape, in which are embraced clustering farms, shining lakes, emerald 
hills, and in the distance the majestic peaks of the White Mountains. 
The building contains every desirable adjunct of a modern hotel of 
the first class. An analysis of the water in 1879 by Prof. F. L. 
Bartlett, State Assayer and Chemist, resulted as follows : 

POLAND SPRING. 

Light Alkaline-calcic, 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silica 1.07 

Calcium carbonate 1.36 

Calcium fluoride . Traces. 

Lithia " 

Organic matter . 0.28 

Potassium sulphate 0.18 

Sodium chloride ...,,... 0.47 

Alumina Traces. 

Magnesium carbonate 0.3 L 

Sodium carbonate 0.09 

Iron carbonate Traces. 

Total 3:.76 

This may be classed as a mild alkaline-calcic water, with ferru- 
ginous properties. It has long had an extensive reputation in the 
treatment of rheumatism, gout, and dyspepsia, and in renal and 
hepatic disorders. It is best known, however, as a table water, for 
which purpose it has an extensive sale throughout the United States. 

POWNAL SPRING, 
Cumberland County. 

Post-office, West Powual. Hotel. Location, eighteen miles from 
Portland and ten miles from Poland Spring. Access via Grand 
Trunk E. P. to West Hanover Station, or Maine Central R. R. to 
Pownal Spring Station. 

The surroundings of the spring are very pleasing to the eye. 
The White Mountains in the distant northwestern horizon form an 
impressive background, while to the southward a wide panorama is 
unfolded to the view of the beholder, even Portland harbor being 
easily seen by the aid of a small glass. The location of the spring 
is upon land higher than any other in the immediate vicinity, thus 
giving no opportunity for surface pollution. The water comes 



268 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

apparently from the solid rock, and is clear and sparkling. The 
average temperature of the water as it emerges is 42° F. This is 
subject to a variation of only 1° in either direction during the entire 
year. The following analysis was made by State Assayer Franklin 
C. Robinson, Professor of Chemistry at Bowdoin College, in 1893 : 

POWNAL SPRING. 

Neutral. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silica . 0.41 

Iron carbonate . . . 0.04 

Calcium carbonate 0.33 

Magnesium carbonate 0.02 

Sodium carbonate 0.09 

Sodium sulphate 0.08 

Sodium chloride . . . . . . . . 0.16 

Potassium carbonate , . 0.02 

Total 1.15 

Organic and volatile matter, 0.01. 

The water is bottled and sold. It is recommended for the table, 
and is said to be useful in dyspeptic and urinary complaints. 

UNDERWOOD SPRING, 
Cumberland County. 

Post-office, Falmouth Foreside. This spring is located on the 
shores of Casco Bay. It yields about 200,000 gallons of water per 
day, and is said to have been used by white men since the days of 
Weymouth, the English explorer. The following recent analysis 
was made by a chemist whose name we have been unable to secure : 

UNDERWOOD SPRING. 

Neutral. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride . 0.86 

Silica 0.50 

Calcium carbonate 0.48 

Magnesium carbonate 0.14 

Potassium sulphate 0.12 

Organic matter • . None. 

Total 2.10 

The water is used commercially. Being lightly mineralized and 
entirely free from organic matter, it is well adapted for table use. It 
is also said to be useful in conditions due to the uric-acid diathesis, 
gallstones, and urinary irritation, gout, rheumatism, and dyspepsia. 

Other springs of Maine are as follows : 

Booth Bay Medicinal Mineral Spring, East Booth Bay, Lincoln 
County; flow, 300 gallons per minute; sulphureted. 



MARYLAND. 269 

Hartford Cold Spring, Hartford, Oxford County; three in num- 
ber; temperature 45° F.; saline. 

Katahdin Mineral Springs, Katahdin Iron Works, Piscataquis 
County; three in number; sulpho-chalybeate. 

Lubec Saline Spring, at the head of Lubec Bay, Washington 
County. This is the most highly mineralized water in Maine, con- 
taining about 268 grains of solids per United States gallon, of which 
about 166 grains is composed of sodium chloride. The spring is 
not in use at present, as far as we can learn. 

Rosier ucian Springs, Rosicrucian, Lincoln County; three in num- 
ber; flow, 800 gallons per minute; alkaliue-saline. 

Summit Mineral Spring, Harrison, Cumberland County; flow, 
2280 gallons per hour; alkaline. 

The waters of the following springs are sold : 

Cold Bowling Springs, Steep Falls, York County. 

Crystal Springs, Auburn, Androscoggin County. 

Pine Spring, Tapsham, Sagadahoc County. 

Wilson Spring, North Raymond, Cumberland County. 

Windsor Mineral Spring, Lewiston, Androscoggin County. 



MARYLAND. 



Maryland extends from 37° 43' to 39° and 45' north latitude, 
and from 75° 10' to 79° 30' west longitude, and comprises an area 
of 11,124 square miles. The State is divided throughout almost its 
entire length into two unequal parts by the Chesapeake Bay. The 
surface of the eastern shore is mostly level, and is in parts swampy, 
but toward the north it is hilly and broken; the northwest is moun- 
tainous, being traversed by six ranges of the Alleghanies. The prin- 
cipal rivers of Maryland are the Susquehanna, Potomac, Pocomoke, 
Micomico, JNanticoke, Choptank, Gunpowder, and Patapsco. 

The climate is mild and healthful, being tempered by the prox- 
imity of the ocean. The mean annual temperature, as observed at 
Baltimore, is 54.91° F., that of the summer 75.8° F., and of the 
winter 34.50° F. The average rainfall is about 41 inches. The 
rate of mortality, as computed from the United States census of 
1890, was 17.27 per 1000 of population; consumptive death-rate 
2.22 per 1000 of population. 

The mineral springs of Maryland have received but little atten- 
tion in works on the subject. Pepper's list mentions but one 
locality, and W 7 alton's work none at all. Several spring resorts 
once extensively used have been long since abandoned. There are 
several important resorts in the State, however, and the waters of 
a number of the springs have recently been placed upon the mar- 
ket. In 1895 116,000 gallons were sold in the eastern part of the 



270 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

State. The springs are mainly chalybeate, the majority of them 
being unimproved and unimportant. 

BENTLEY SPRINGS, 

Baltimore County. 

Post-office, Bentley Springs. Hotel, Glen House. These springs 
are situated on the line of the Northern Central R. R., a division 
of the Pennsylvania R. R., about thirty miles from Baltimore and 
seventy miles from Washington. The elevation above tide-water 
is about 600 feet. In addition to the two principal springs there 
are perhaps as many as one hundred others, some of which have 
important chalybeate properties. The surroundings of the springs 
are exceedingly interesting and attractive. From the portico of 
the Glen House the eye wanders over an ocean of verdure clothing 
the neighboring hills, with distant glimpses of cultivated fields 
through openings among the trees, while the nearby play of sunlit 
fountains and the merry songs of birds add to the charms of the 
place. The following analysis of two of the chief springs are by 
Prof. Aiken, formerly of the University of Maryland : 

THE " NUCTA " OR " STATION SPRING." 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 0.34 

Sodium carbonate 0.37 

Magnesium carbonate 0.27 

Calcium sulphate 0.30 

Sodium chloride 0.19 

Silicic acid 0.33 

Iron (a trace), ) q 02 

Alumina and loss, j 

Total mineral contents 1.82 

Organic matter . 0.36 

Total solid contents m 2.18 

THE LOWER SPRING. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 0.64 

Magnesium carbonate 0.68 

Sodium carbonate 0.46 

Iron carbonate , 0.89 

Sodium chloride 0.27 

Calcium sulphate 0.35 

Silicic acid 0.43 

Alumina and loss 0.03 

Inorganic contents . . . . . 3.75 
Organic matter 0.91 

Total contents 4.66 



MARYLAND. 271 

The water is a mild example of the alkaline-saline-calcic class. 
It has been used for upward of thirty years in kidney, liver, and 
stomach disorders, and in chronic bowel affections. It is used 
commercially. 

CHATTOLANEE SPRINGS, 
Baltimore County. 

Post-office, Chattolauee. Springs Hotel. Access : From Balti- 
more via Northern Central R. R., thirty-three miles. Take train 
from Calvert or Union Station. 

These springs, six in number, are located in the beautiful Green 
Spring valley, and yield 1,500,000 gallons of water daily. The 
new hotel on the hill-top, about one hundred and thirty feet above 
the springs, has an elevation of about 625 feet above tide-water, 
and possesses all the comforts and conveniences of a modern estab- 
lishment of the first class. The location of this resort possesses 
many natural advantages, and to these a liberal management has 
added numerous features to attract and entertain the visitor. The 
waters of the spring, though not strongly mineralized, are remark- 
able for their great purity and freedom from organic matter. The 
following analysis was made by Lehmann and Mager, of Baltimore. 
in 1890 : 

CHATTOLANEE SPRINGS. 

Light Alkaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium carbonate 1.81 

Calcium carbonate 4.62 

Magnesium chloride 0.21 

Sodium chloride 0.11 

Sodium sulphate 0.08 

Potassium sulphate 0.10 

Iron oxide Trace. 

Lithia " 

Silica 0.24 

Carbonic acid (combined) 1.11 

Total 8.28 

Temperature of water at springs, 52° F. 

In addition to its properties as a table beverage, this water is said 
to be very useful in dyspepsia and indigestion and the early stages 
of Bright' s disease. It is extensively sold in Baltimore and other 
cities. 

FLINT STONE SPRINGS, 

Alleghany County. 

Post-office, Flint Stone. Hotel. These springs are situated on the 
eastern slope of the Alleghanies, twelve miles east of the city of 
Cumberland, from whence they are reached by a carriage drive. 
The locality has long been noted for its healthfulness and for the 



272 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

beauty and attractiveness of the surrounding mountain scenery. 
The springs are about 925 feet above the sea-level. According to 
an old analysis of the principal spring, made by Dr. D. Stewart, of 
Baltimore, in 1850, one wine-gallon of 231 cubic inches contains 
174 grains of solid matter, composed of the following ingredients : 

Calcium sulphate. Calcium carbonate. 

Magnesium sulphate. Potassium carbonate. 

Sodium chloride. Sodium carbonate. 

Potassium chloride. Magnesium carbonate. 
Calcium chloride. 

The water is of the saline-calcic variety. 

Within a mile are several warm springs having a temperature of 
64° F. 

There are a number of limestone springs nearby, and several 
warm and cold springs within a mile. The water of the chief 
spring, the qualitative analysis of which we have given, is bene- 
ficial in dyspepsia attended by flatulence and acid eructations, and 
in debilitated states due to functional disorders of the liver and 
kidneys. 

MARDELA SPRINGS, 

{Formerly Barren Creek Springs) 

Wicomico County. 

Post-office, Mardela Springs. Hotel. This resort is located on 
the Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic R. P., twelve miles west 
of Saulsbury. Under the name of Barren Creek Springs they have 
been used for medicinal purposes for many years. There is much 
charming scenery in the neighborhood, and the atmospheric condi- 
tions during the summer months are of a very desirable character. 
The location is about 200 feet above the sea-level. 

Messrs. Taylor and Bacon, of the springs, supply us with the 
following analysis by Prof. P. B. Wilson, of the Baltimore Uni- 
versity School of Medici ue : 

MARDELA SPRINGS. 

Chalybeate. 

One U. S gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silica . 1.28 

Arsenious acid ' Strong trace. 

Ferric oxide (iron sesquioxide) 11.50 

Alumina 0.34 

Sodium chloride 0.78 

Calcium carbonate 1.35 

Magnesium carbonate 0.04 

Calcium sulphate 0.01 

Sodium carbonate Trace. 

Total 15 30 



MARYLAND. 273 

The water is a strong chalybeate. It is a very efficient tonic and 
diuretic, and contains sufficient arsenic to give it valuable alterative 
properties. It promotes the appetite, aids the digestion, and in- 
creases the general powers of nutrition. It is highly recommended 
by physicians of Baltimore in cases of weakness and irritability 
of the bladder, anaemia, and chlorosis, dyspepsia, chronic cystitis, 
and urethritis, and in amenorrhoea, leucorrhoea, and other func- 
tional disorders of the female pelvic organs when due to debility. 
The water is found in the Baltimore markets. 

STRONTIA MINERAL SPRING, 

Baltimore County. 

Post-office address, 305 and 307 Exchange Place, Baltimore. 
No hotel near springs. This spring is located about nine miles 
from the heart of the city of Baltimore. It is reached by the 
Green Spring Branch of the Northern Central R. R. to Strontia 
Spring Station, thence one-half mile to springs. The elevation of 
the locality is about 600 feet above the sea-level, and the average 
summer temperature about ten degrees lower than that of Balti- 
more. An analysis of the spring water made in 1887 by Prof. W. 
W. Simon, of Baltimore, resulted as follows : 

STRONTIA MINERAL SPRING. 

Saline-calcic. Strontiated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 1 

Potassium nitrate 2.71 

Sodium nitrate 0.83 

Sodium chloride . 7.50 

Magnesium chloride 3.91 

Calcium chloride 20.67 

Calcium bicarbonate 3.93 

Strontium sulphate 0.13 

Strontium bicarbonate 1.08 

Iron bicarbonate 0.51 

Alumina 1.08 

Silicic acid 1.19 

Phosphoric acid Traces. 

Iodine " 

Ammonia " 

Organic matter " 

Total 43.54 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Oxygen 0.48 

Nitrogen 0.71 

Carbonic acid 2.04 

Since 1876, when the properties of this water were discovered, 
it has acquired a wide reputation in the treatment of sea-sickness, 

1 Reduced from parts per 100,000. 
18 



274 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

dyspepsia, gout, rheumatism, and diabetes. It is used commer- 
cially and as a table water. It has found its way into many of the 
leading hotels, clubs, and cafes of New York, Baltimore, and other 
cities. It is a saline-calcic, and has tonic, diuretic, and alterative 
properties. It is probable that the considerable quantity of stron- 
tium in the water modifies its action to some extent, but in what 
way cannot be explained in the present state of our knowledge. 1 

In addition to the above-described springs the following were 
also used as resorts as late as 1886. We have been unable to get 
more recent information relating to them : 

River Springs, River Springs, St. Mary's County; chalybeate; 
nine in number; flow, 100 gallons hourly. 

Spa Spring, Bladensburg, Prince George's County; saline-chalyb- 
eate; one spring; flow, 180 gallons hourly. 

indsor Sulphur Springs, Windsor, Carroll County; sulphureted, 

The following springs are used commercially: 

Carroll Spriugs, Forest Glen, Montgomery County. 

Takoma Springs, Takoma, Montgomery County. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

This State extends from 41° 15' to 42° 55' north latitude, and 
from 69° 56' to 73° 31' west longitude. 

The surface is greatly diversified, the western portion being 
mountainous, the central portion hilly, and the southeastern low 
and sandy. 

None of the rivers of Massachusetts is navigable, but many of 
them afford abundant water-power. The principal streams are the 
Connecticut, which traverses the western portion of the State from 
north to south; the Housatonic, Merrimac, Blackstone, Taunton, 
Charles, and Mystic. There are numerous small lakes in the State. 
On the seacoast are thirty-nine islands, the largest being Nantucket 
and Martha's Vineyard. Numerous popular summer resorts are 
found along the coast. 

The climate is of a rugged, but salubrious character. The win- 
ters are long and severe, while the summers are warm but short. 
The mean annual temperature, as observed at New Bedford during 
a period of fifty-eight years, is 48.56° F. ; that of the summer is 
66.95° F., and of the winter 30.21° F. 

The average annual rainfall is about 45 inches. The annual 
mortality-rate of Massachusetts, according to the latest United 
States census returns, was 20.15 per 1000 of population. The 
death-rate from phthisis was 2.67 per 1000 of population. 

1 Some of the strontium salts are now used in the treatment of epilepsy, diabetes, paren- 
chymatous nephritis, muscular and subacute articular rheumatism, and acute gastritis. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 275 

The older works credit Massachusetts with but few mineral 
spring localities, the latest edition of Walton mentioning only four. 
Numerous springs have been developed in recent years, however, 
and in 1895 the commercial output of the State rose to over 
2,500,000 gallons, an amount second only to that of Wisconsin. 

The springs, as a rule, are but slightly mineralized. Most of the 
waters contain a small quantity of iron, and are alkaline in char- 
acter. We have obtained the following account of the Massachu- 
setts mineral waters by a personal investigation : 

ALLANDALE SPRINGS, 

Suffolk County. 

Post-office, West Roxbury. These springs, two in number, are 
not open to the public, and their waters have been withdrawn from 
the market. An analysis by the State Board of Health, in 1891, 
showed the water to be of an alkaline character. The springs yield 
about 1250 gallons of water per hour. It is stated to possess excel- 
lent table qualities. 

BALLARDVILLE LITHIA SPRING, 

Middlesex County. 

This spring is situated in the southern part of Andover, near the 
Wilmington line. The location of the spring is on the side of a high 
hill, in a barren, rocky tract of country, with no dwelling within a 
mile. Land to the extent of fifty acres, belonging to the Ballard ville 
Lithia Company, surrounds the spring. The water is beautifully 
clear and very pleasing to the taste, especially when charged with 
gas. The rocky deposits in the neighborhood are said to contain a 
large proportion of such lithia-bearing minerals as spodumene and 
lepidolite. We are informed that this fact accounts for the rich- 
ness of the water in this substance, as shown by the following anal- 
ysis recently made by Dr. Bennett F. Davenport : 

BALLARDVILLE LITHIA WATER. 

Lithiated. Chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Lithium carbonate 22.01 

Calcium sulphate 0.82 

Iron oxide 0.70 

Calcium chloride 0.52 

Silica 0.46 

Total 24.51 

This analysis shows a very large proportion of lithia and a very 
minute proportion of other ingredients. It is said to be valuable 
in the various conditions produced by the retention of uric acid in 



276 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

the system, notably gout, concretions in the joints, kidneys, and 
bladder, and certain forms of rheumatism. It is also useful in 
gouty affections of the skin, bronchial tubes, and kidneys. It is 
bottled and placed on the market in half-gallon, quart, and pint 
bottles. 

BERKSHIRE SODA SPRINGS, 
Berkshire County. 

Post-office, Great Barriugtoo. These springs are within thirty 
minutes' drive of the famous Berkshire Inn at Great Barrington. 
The springs are two in number, known as the u Soda" and the 
" Sulphur," the former yielding about forty quarts, the latter about 
thirty quarts per minute. No quantitative analysis has been made. 
The soda spring is said to contain chlorine, carbonic acid, soda, and 
alumina. 

Facilities for hot and cold bathing are provided. Diseases of the 
blood and skin, and especially rheumatic disorders, are said to be 
benefited. 

COLUMBIA LITHIA SPRING, 

Suffolk County. 

Post-office, Revere. This spring is located in the town of Revere, 
Mass., on the line of the Boston and Maine R. R., and thirty min- 
utes by electric cars from the centre of Boston. It is about one 
mile from Crescent Beach, now a part of the State Park reserva- 
tion. The spring is located on the side of a hill, and is about 300 
feet above the sea-level. The temperature of the water at all times 
is 48°, and the flow about three gallons per minute. It is very 
pure and soft, and is recommended by local physicians in disorders 
of the kidneys, torpidity of the liver, rheumatism, gout, renal cal- 
culi, and other conditions resulting from an excess of uric acid in 
the system. An examination by Griffin and Little, analysts, in 
1895, showed the presence of minute quantities of sulphuric acid, 
lime, magnesia, and chlorine in combination (4.19 grains of mineral 
matter per United States gallon). 

The water is extensively used for table and domestic purposes, 
about 70,000 gallons being sold in 1896. In connection with the 
spring is a plant for making carbonated temperance beverages, of 
which increasing quantities are being used. 

COMMONWEALTH MINERAL SPRING, 

Middlesex County. 

Post-office, Waltham. This spring is located in the extreme 
northern part of the town of Waltham. It yields ten gallons of 
water per minute, having a temperature of 48° F. the year round. 
An analysis by Prof. S. Dana Hayes, the State Assayer, in 1879, 
resulted as follows : 



MASSACHUSETTS. 277 



COMMONWEALTH MINERAL WATER. 

Light Alkaline-carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium bicarbonate 0.50 

Magnesium bicarbonate . . . . . . .0.18 

Lime bicarbonate , . 0.45 

Potassium sulphate 0.61 

Sodium chloride - . 0.34 

Silicic acid (in solution) 0.37 

Iron and alumina Merest traces. 

Total 2,45 

The water is naturally charged with oxygen, nitrogen, and car- 
bonic acid gases. It is clear and sparkling and quite free from 
any appreciable organic matter. The water is bottled and sold 
extensively in Massachusetts. It is also used in making a number 
of pleasant beverages. The water is said to have a satisfactory in- 
fluence in some of the functional disturbances of the liver, kidneys, 
stomach, and blood. 

EVERETT CRYSTAL SPRING, 

Middlesex County. 

Post-office, Everett. This spring, which is well known in the 
New England States, is located in Everett at the junction of Chel- 
sea and Ferry Streets, being within five minutes' walk of the Eastern 
R. R. depot, and about the same distance from Everett Square. 
The Middlesex and Chelsea line of surface cars run direct to the 
Spring House. 

The water is but slightly mineralized, but it is remarkably free 
from organic matter, and is highly recommended for hotel and 
domestic use. It is sold in tanks, barrels, and jugs in New Eng- 
land. 

GOULDING SPRING, 

Plymouth County. 

Post-office, Whitman. This spring furnishes an exceedingly 
pure and palatable water, but, according to an analysis of the State 
Board of Health, it contains a very minute quantity of solid ingre- 
dients, and can hardly be ranked among mineral waters. It is used 
in the manufacture of beverages and several proprietary products. 

MASSASOIT SPRING, 

Hampden County. 

Post-office, Springfield. Restaurant at spring. Access : Trolley 
cars from Springfield run within two miles of the spring. The 
N. Y., N. H., and H. R. R. is within three-quarters of a mile, 



278 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

and the Boston and Albany P. E. tracks are about two miles 
away. 

The spring is charmingly located about seven miles from Spring- 
field, in a picturesque glen known as the " Bear Hole." It bub- 
bles from the side of a bluff about seventy feet in height and at an 
elevation of about 250 feet above the level of the sea. The spring 
furnishes about 7500 gallons of water per hour, having a uniform 
temperature of about 45° F. the year round. No buildings have 
been erected for the accommodation of guests other than a restau- 
rant, which is largely patronized by visitors from Springfield, West- 
field, Holyoke, Chicopee, and other points during the summer 
months. The water has been analyized by Prof. Charles Mayer, 
chemist, with the following result : 

MASSASOIT MINERAL SPRING. 

Light Saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride . . 0.36 

Lime carbonate ..... ... 1.38 

Magnesium carbonate 0.48 

Lime sulphate . 0.25 

Silica 0.24 

Organic substances 0.72 

Total 3.43 

Traces of potash, iron, alumina, phosphates, nitrates. 

The water is remarkably free from micro-organisms and ammo- 
nia, and contains only a slight trace of nitrates. It closely resembles 
the waters of the Poland Spring in Maine. It meets all the require- 
ments of a wholesome table water. It is said to be a great aid to 
feeble digestion and to assist in overcoming obstinate constipation. 
The water has an extensive sale, and no doubt in time a resort 
will be established at the spring. 

MOUNT PLEASANT MINERAL SPRINGS, 
Middlesex County. 

Post-office, Middlesex. Location : Near Middlesex village. In 
the twenty-third annual report of the Massachusetts State Board of 
Health the waters of these springs are shown to be very lightly 
mineralized. They contain free ammonia, a slight excess of chlo- 
rine, with a few nitrates and nitrites. 

NOBSCOT MOUNTAIN SPRING, 

Middlesex County. 

Post-office, Framingham. Access via Northern Division of Old 
Colony P. P. or Southern Division of Boston aud Maine P. R. to 



MASSACHUSETTS. 279 

station, one and one-half miles distant from the spring. The spring 
is located five miles from Framingham, at the base of Nobscot 
Mountain, the highest point in Middlesex County, and comes 
through crevices in what appears otherwise to be a solid ledge of 
rock. The water has a uniform temperature of 41° F., and an 
average flow, summer and winter, of 14,000 gallons per day. The 
surrounding watershed is a heavily wooded glacial moraine, free 
from human habitations of any description. Several sanitary 
analyses have shown the water to be exceedingly pure and whole- 
some. The following mineral analysis was made in 1891 by 
Davenport and Williams, of Boston : 

NOBSCOT MOUNTAIN SPRING. 

Light Saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Organic and volatile matter 0.64 

Silica 0.53 

Iron oxide and alumina 0.02 

Lime carbonate 0.75 

Magnesium carbonate 0.23 

Sodium chloride 0.36 

Sodium carbonate 0.38 

Potassium sulphate 0.30 

Total 3.21 

There is no hotel on the spring property. The water is shipped 
in glass packages and supplied to the markets of numerous New 
England towns and cities. The sales in 1896 amounted to slightly 
more than 600,000 gallons. 

SHEEP ROCK SPRING, 

Middlesex County. 

Location, Lowell. This is an artesian well bored into the New 
England black granite. It produces about 2000 gallons of water 
hourly, having a temperature of 47 c F. The water is used com- 
mercially. The following analysis was made by State Assayer 
James F. Babcock : 

SHEEP ROCK SPRING. 

Neutral. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 0.19 

Sodium sulphate 0.23 

Potassium sulphate Trace. 

Calcium sulphate 0.L4 

Calcium carbonate . 0.25 

Silica Trace. 

Total 0.81 



280 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

This cannot be termed a mineral water, as it contains less solid 
matter than most of the ordinary potable waters of the United 
States. 

SIMPSON SPRING, 

Bristol County. 

Post-office, South Easton. The spring is located about seven 
minutes' walk from the railroad station. The water has a tempera- 
ture of 36° F., and is very pure and wholesome. According to an 
analysis made in 1884 by Prof. Raphael Pumpelly, chemist to the 
National Board of Health, the water contains 2.60 grains of solid, 
matter per United States gallon. This consists chiefly of silica 
and lime, with a trace of iron. The water may be classed as indif- 
ferent or neutral. It is used commercially, and is also employed 
in the manufacture of temperance beverages, extracts, etc. 

The following springs of Massachusetts are stated in the United 
States Geological Reports, Bulletin xxxii., to be used as resorts: 

Coldbrook Mineral Springs, Coldbrook Springs, Worcester 
Connty; two in number; sulpho-chalybeate. 

Echo Grove Mineral Spring, Lynn, Essex County. 

The Hopkinton Mineral Springs of Middlesex County — carbon- 
ated chalybeate waters — are said to be no longer used as a resort. 
Several other once famous spring resorts of Massachusetts have also 
been abandoned. 

The Milford Springs, at Amherst Station, Hillsborough County, 
have been known and frequented since 1818. A new hotel was 
built in 1883, and the surrounding grounds laid out in an artistic 
manner. The springs are several in number, and are chiefly of the 
mild alkaline-saline-chalybeate variety. 

The waters are much commended by those who have used them. 

The following additional springs are used for commercial pur- 
poses : 

Abajone Spring, Woburn, Middlesex County. 

Belmont Hill Spring, Everett, Middlesex County. 

Blue Hill Silver Spring, Milton, Norfolk County. 

Burnham Spring, Methuen, Essex County. 

Cobanet Spring, Taunton, Bristol County. 

Diamond Spring, Lawrence, Essex County. 

Electric Spring, Lynn, Essex County. 

Harvard Crystal Spring, Allston, Suffolk County. 

Indian Spring, Brighton, Suffolk County. 

Leland Mineral Spring, Lowell, Middlesex County. 

Middlesex Mountain Spring, Maiden, Middlesex County. 

Moose Hill Spring, Swampscott, Essex County. 

Bobbin's Spring, Arlington, Middlesex County. 



MICHIGAN. 281 



MICHIGAN. 



This State extends from 41° 30' to 47° 31' north latitude, and 
from 84° 24' to 90° 33' west longitude. It is divided by the Great 
Lakes into two irregular peninsulas, known as the Upper and Lower 
Peninsula. The upper or northern portion is rugged, and in some 
parts mountainous, while the southern section consists of an undu- 
lating plain, seldom broken. The principal rivers of the north are 
the Montreal, Presque Isle, Ontonagon, Menominee, and Escanaba, 
and of the south the Saginaw, Manistee, Kalamazoo, Clinton, Mus- 
kegon, Huron, Pere Marquette, Cheboygan, and Thunder Bay. 
The Great Lakes on her border give Michigan a coast line of 1624 
miles. The State abounds in numerous smaller lakes. The lake 
and river scenery is celebrated for its beauty and attractiveness. 
The climate is mild, but the temperature varies considerably, the 
mean annual temperature as observed at Fort Mackinac being 
41.02° F., and at Detroit 47.25° F. The average rainfall varies 
from 23 inches at Mackinac to 30 at Detroit. The mortality-rate 
of Michigan, according to the latest census, was 11.95 per thousand 
of population. The consumptive death-rate was 1.31 per thousand. 

Michigan has for many years been well known as a mineral spring 
State. The State and National Geological Surveys give returns of 
twenty-one localities used as resorts, besides several that are used 
commercially. Many of the so-called springs are in reality artesian 
wells, the water being obtained by boring to a considerable depth. 
The artesian borings are most numerous in the corniferous limestone 
and Huron group (Devonian). Owing to the conformation of the 
strata, which seem to have retained all of their original soluble con- 
stituents, all the artesian waters of the State, except those in some 
outlying, leached-out patches of the Parma sandstone, will be found 
more or less mineralized. The waters, as a rule, are saline, carbon- 
ated, and sulphureted. The brines of the State, also obtained from 
artesian borings, form an important factor in the industries of the 
Commonwealth, a large percentage of the salt product of the United 
States being credited to Michigan. Some of the waters of Michigan 
were long supposed to possess " magnetic" properties, and are still 
spoken of under this designation. It has been shown, however, 
that the magnetic phenomena observed in several of the springs and 
wells are due to accidental circumstances. In the appended account 
of the Michigan springs the author is indebted to Peale's list, to the 
Magnetic and Mineral Springs of Michigan, by Dr. Stiles Kennedy, 
to Walton's work, and to personal communications from a number of 
localities. 

ALMA MAGNETIC MINERAL WELLS, 

Gratiot County. 

Post-office, Alma. Sanitarium and hotel. There are three im- 
portant mineral wells connected with the Alma Sanitarium. They 



282 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

are, respectively, 2861, 1100, and 226 feet deep. An analysis by 
Prof. Charles A. Davis, of Alma College, shows the presence of 
mineral ingredients in large quantities. The waters are of the 
saline-calcic variety, and possess value in stomach, hepatic, and 
renal disorders, and in rheumatism. 

ALPENA MAGNETIC SULPHUR SPRING, 

Alpena County. 

Post-office, Alpena. Hotels. This celebrated spring or well is 
situated in the city of Alpena, on Lake Huron. The location is 
reached by numerous lines of railway and by vessels on the Great 
Lakes. The vein of water supplying the well was discovered in 
1869 by prospectors boring for salt. When a depth of 900 feet 
was reached an immense volume of water gushed from the pipe 
with such force as to compel a suspension of operations. Among 
the phenomena observed by the workmen were the strong odor of 
sulphur and the apparent magnetic properties of the water. As no 
salt was found the well was abandoned ; but, stimulated by the 
unusual features of the water, the Alpena Magnetic Sulphur Bath 
Company was organized in 1891 for fully developing the resources 
of the vein. Another well was accordingly sunk, which seemed to 
surpass the first in magnetic properties. At a depth of 1052 feet 
the drill struck a stratum of lodestone which so profoundly charged 
the steel drill with positive magnetism that great difficulty was 
experienced in removing it from the iron casing. It is said that 
any piece of steel will at once become magnetized if held in the 
flowing water of the well. A sumptuous bath-house was erected, 
which, in point of elegance, comfort, and equipment, is not easily 
surpassed. The building is charmingly located on Thunder Bay, 
at an elevation of 585 feet above the sea-level. It is abundantly 
supplied with facilities for Turkish, Russian, vapor, and electric 
baths. The surface of the country about Alpena is undulating, 
and the soil of a sandy loam, such as is found in pine regions. We 
are indebted to Dr. A. M. Miller, of Alpena, for the following facts 
concerning the meteorology, etc., of this region : 



Greatest number of rainy days in a year 
Least number of rainy days in a year 
Greatest number of cloudy days in a year 
Least number of cloudy days in a year 
Greatest number of clear days in a year 
Least number of clear days in a year 



187 
151 
199 
113 
115 
50 



The winter temperature ranges from 58° F. to 27° F.; summer 
98° F. to 34° F. The average for the year is 41° F. The tem- 
perature of the water ranges from 40° F. in April to 67.6° F. in 
August, falling again to 36.1° F. in November. The following 
analysis was made in 1892 by Prof. Edwards, of the University of 



Michigan : 



MICHIGAN. 283 

ALPENA MAGNETIC SPRING. 

• Salin e-s ulp hureted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 1.67 

Sodium chloride 243.89 

Magnesium chloride 78.22 

Sodium sulphide ........ 28.05 

Calcium sulphide 182 56 

Total solids 534.39 

Sulphureted hydrogen gas, 7.38 cubic inches per gallon. 

The waters have been used, and with gratifying results, in cases 
of rheumatism, syphilis, neurasthenia, dyspepsia, Bright's disease, 
and certain skin affections, especially eczema, psoriasis, and lichen. 
The internal use of the waters has been found advantageous in cases 
of constipation, diabetes, and vesical catarrh. 

The population of Alpena, as given in the Michigan State Gazette 
of 1892, was 15,000. It is in all respects a city of progress, and con- 
tains all the advantages of the recent inventions in electricty as well 
as gas, water- works, etc. 

AMERICANUS MINERAL WELL, 

{Formerly Michigan Congress Well) 
Ingraham County. 

Post-office, Lansing. Access: By numerous railroads to the city 
of Lansing. 

The water of this well, under the name of the Michigan Con- 
gress Water, has been in use for many years past. We present an 
anlysis which we believe was made by Dr. Jennings, of Detroit : 

AMERICANUS MINERAL WELL. 

Alkaline-saline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium phosphate 25.04 

Sodium chloride . 183.84 

Sodium bicarbonate 93.40 

Magnesium bicarbonate 67.13 

Iron carbonate . 3.06 

Lithium carbonate . . 0.08 

Calcium carbonate 85.90 

Potassium sulphate 1 2.45 

Silica 33.00 

Aluminium . Traces. 

Sodium iodide Trace. 

Calcium phosphate " 

Total 503.90 

Carbonic acid, 190.29 (grains ?). 



284 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The temperature of the water remains at 53° F. the year round. 
The water is highly recommended in cases of acid dyspepsia, the 
headache following alcoholic excesses, etc. It has also been used 
successfully in cases of lumbago, gout, and various urinary and 
renal disorders. The water is bottled and sold. 



BUTTERWORTH'S MINERAL SPRING, 

Kent County. 

Post-office, Grand Rapids. This spring is located on Huron 
Street, in the city of Grand Rapids. Adjoining is a commodious 
bath-house, with suites of rooms on separate floors for ladies and 
gentlemen* (Walton). The analysis is by Dr. S. P. Duffield : 

BUTTER WORTH'S MAGNETIC MINERAL SPRING. 

Saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium bicarbonate 5.00 

Calcium bicarbonate 8.34 

Magnesium bicarbonate 5.85 

Iron bicarbonate 0.97 

Calcium sulphate . 75.15 

Sodium chloride 12.73 

Potassium chloride 9.60 

Calcium chloride 6.10 

Magnesium chloride 41.86 

Alumina 0.41 

Silica 0.52 

Organic matter 0.67 

Total 167.20 

The water has a considerable resemblance to that of Bath, Eng- 
land. It contains, however, a much larger proportion of chloride 
of magnesium. 

CLARK'S RED CROSS MINERAL WELL, 

Mecosta County. 

Post-office, Big Rapids. This water was discovered on the farm of 
A. L. Clark, adjoining the southern limits of the town of Big Rapids, 
in June, 1890. The workmen were boring for gas, but at the depth 
of 1300 feet struck an immense vein of water with a pressure so 
heavy that it is said the drill, weighing nearly 2500 pounds, was 
borne up with it. The water was submitted to Prof. Albert B. 
Prescott, of the University of Michigan, who found the following 
list of mineral ingredients : 



MICHIGAN. 



285 



clark's red cross mineral well. 



Muriated-saline . 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Magnesium chloride 
Calcium chloride 
Sodium bromide 
Calcium sulphate 
Iron carbonate . 
Silicic acid 
Aluminium 
Potassium . 

Total 
Specific gravity at 62° F 



Grains. 

13,048.59 

1,390.78 

3,261.18 

86.95 

33.24 

4.46 

0.07 

Traces. 



17,825.27 



(16.6° C), 1205. 
Weight of one U. S. gallon of the water, 70,273.19 grains. 
Eeaction, neutral before and after boiling. 
Filters clear and colorless. 



The analysis shows this to be one of the most heavily mineral- 
ized waters known. A bath-house for the local use of the water 
has been erected on Maple Street, opposite the Northern Hotel, and 
the water is also used commercially. For internal use it is recom- 
mended in very small doses — from one-half to two teaspoonfuls 
four times a day, diluted with plain water. It is said to act as an 
emetic or purge if taken too strong. 

The water is recommended for numerous internal disorders, and 
also for its local effects in ulcers, cuts, burns, or bruises; as a lotion 
in conjunctivitis, a gargle in pharyngitis, an injection in leucor- 
rhoea, gonorrhoea, etc. The hot baths are stated to be of great 
value in old cases of obstinate rheumatism. The water is odorless, 
and it is said that it never freezes at any temperature known in 
Michigan. 



CLARK'S RIVERSIDE MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Wayne County. 

Post-office, Detroit. This resort is located on Fort West Street, 
corner of Clark Avenue, about two miles from the centre of the 
city of Detroit. It is reached by electric cars, which pass the door 
of the bath-house every five minutes. This bathing establishment, 
which was recently opened to the public, is one of the most elegant 
and luxurious to be found in the country. The springs are two 
in number, aad furnish an abundant flow of water. An analysis 
by Samuel P. Duffield, M.D., Ph.D., made in November, 1889, 
resulted as follows: 



286 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



CLARK S RIVERSIDE MINERAL SPRINGS. 



Muriated-, 


mlphated 


. Saline- calcic. 




One U. S. gallon contains : 




Solids. 


Grains. 


Sodium chloride 


3408.50 


Potassium chloride 














0.18 


Calcium chloride . 














860.00 


Calcium sulphate . 














1790.98 


Magnesium sulphate 














1082.02 


Magnesium carbonate 














11.22 


Calcium carbonate 














149.16 


Silica . 














3.50 


Alumina 














13.41 



Total grains per U. S. gallon 

Sulphureted hydrogen gas, 40.76 cubic inches. 
Temperature of water, 56° F. 



7,318.97 



The bath-house is kept open all the year. The waters have 
been found very useful in the diseases to which the saline-calcic 
class is applicable. 

EASTMAN SPRINGS, 
Berrien County. 

Post-office, Benton Harbor. Hotel. Benton Harbor is in the 
midst of the fruit-belt of Michigan, sixty miles from Chicago and 
ninety miles from Milwaukee. The springs are nineteen in num- 
ber. Following are analyses of some of the representative springs : 



"KING DAVID " SPRING (EASTMAN SPRINGS). 

Calcic-chalybeate. 

(W. S. Haines, analyst, 1882.) 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 0.11 

Sodium bicarbonate . 0.67 

Potassium sulphate . 0.14 

Calcium bicarbonate . 8.12 

Magnesium bicarbonate 3.53 

Iron bicarbonate . 1.29 

Manganese phosphate .... Well-marked traces. 

Alumina 0.11 

Silica 0.58 

Total 14.55 

Carbonic acid gas, 38.96 cubic inches. 



MICHIGAN. 287 

"SILVER QUEEN" (EASTMAN SPRINGS). 

Alkaline-calcic, 

(W. S. Haines, analyst, 1882.) 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 0.09 

Sodium bicarbonate 1.36 

Potassium bicarbonate 1.07 

Potassium sulphate Traces. 

Calcium bicarbonate 6.80 

Magnesium bicarbonate 3.22 

Silica 0.11 

Total 12.65 

Carbonic acid gas, 35.46 cubic inches. 



" SILVER KING" (EASTMAN SPRINGS). 

Alkaline-calcic. 

(H. G. Garrison, analyst, 1889.) 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 0.10 

Sodium bicarbonate 1.13 

Potassium bicarbonate 1.05 

Potassium sulphate Traces. 

Calcium bicarbonate 5.02 

Magnesium bicarbonate 3.12 

Lithium bicarbonate 3.03 

Manganese phosphate 0.01 

Silica 0.11 

Total 13.57 

Free of organic matter. 

Carbonic acid gas, 49 cubic inches. 

" BIMINI " (EASTMAN SPRINGS). 

Alkaline-calcic. 

(E. G. Smith, analyst, 1894.) 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 0.05 

Sodium sulphate 0.52 

Sodium chloride 0.10 

Sodium phosphate . 0.01 

Sodium borate Trace. 

Sodium bicarbonate 0.26 

Magnesium bicarbonate 3.55 

Calcium bicarbonate 7.48 

Iron bicarbonate 0.07 

Alumina ... 0.03 

Silica 0.54 

Total 12.61 

Gas not estimated. 



288 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 
" GOLDEN FOUNTAIN" (EASTMAN SPRINGS). 

Alkaline-calcic. 

(E. G. Smith, analyst, 1894.) 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate . . 0.11 

Sodium sulphate 0.26 

Sodium phosphate 0.04 

Sodium chloride 0.09 

Magnesium sulphate 0.18 

Magnesium bicarbonate 3.21 

Calcium bicarbonate 8.20 

Iron bicarbonate 0.38 

Manganese bicarbonate Trace. 

Alumina 0.01 

Silica . 0.40 

Total 12.88 

Gas not estimated. 

Other well-known springs are the " Colonel's Own," the " Saul," 
the "Psyche," and the "Winans." This is quite a remarkable 
group of springs. They all appear to be more or less carbonated, 
some of them quite heavily so. They differ from most of the 
springs of Michigan in containing a much smaller proportion of 
chloride of sodium. The waters undoubtedly possess medicinal 
valne of a high order. Facilities for mineral and mud baths will 
be found at the springs; the waters are also used commercially. 

EATON RAPIDS WELLS, 
Eaton County. 

Post-office, Eaton Rapids. Numerous hotels. Access from Jack- 
son, Mich., via Grand River Valley R. R. to Eaton Rapids, twenty- 
four miles northwest. 

The town of Eaton Rapids is pleasantly situated on the Grand 
River. The wells were discovered in 1869 and 1870, and have 
drawn considerable attention to the place. Several of the wells are 
connected with the hotels, and all facilities for bathing are offered. 

The following analyses were made before the insertion of the first 
tubing, and it is probable that a considerable proportion of surface 
water was contained in that submitted for examination. Springs 
1, 2, and 3 were analyzed by R. C. Kedzie, and 4 by C. T. Jack- 
son : 



MICHIGAN. 



289 



EATON RAPIDS MAGNETIC SPRINGS AND WELLS. 

Alkaline-calcic- chalybeate. 



One U. S. gallon 


Bodine 


Mosher 


Shaw- 


Sterling 


contains : 


Spring. 


Spring. 


Spring. 


Spring. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Sodium carbonate . 




5.38 


11.57 




Sodium bicarbonate 


'. 5.05 




. . . 






Potassium carbonate 




1.15 


1.27 






Potassium bicarbonate 


.' 3.00 


. 








Calcium carbonate 


. 


19.43 


20.74 






Calcium bicarbonate 


'. 40.47 










Magnesium carbonate 


. . . 


4.52 


3.84 






Magnesium bicarbonate 


. 8.40 










Iron carbonate 








2.80 


Iron bicarbonate . 


.' 2.25 


i.bo 


2.23 




Sodium sulphate 


. . . 


. . « 


... 


12.59 


Calcium sulphate . 


. 57.50 


45.16 


48.13 


55.20 


Magnesium sulphate 








9.40 


Sodium chloride 


'. 1.50 


6.90 


0.90 


5.21 


Silica 


. 2.00 


2.54 


1.40 


, 


Organic matter, ) 
Loss, j 




0.85 


0.90 




Total . 


. 120.17 


80^93 


9~(X98 


8~5\20 


Gas. 


Cubic ins. 


Cubic ins. 


Cubic ins. 


Cubic ins. 


Carbonic acid 


. 17.35 


15.38 


15.97 




FRUIT PORT WELL, 






Muskegon County. 









Post-office, Fruit Port. This well is located in the town of Fruit 
Port, on the Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore R. R. ? one hundred 
and sixteen miles north of Chicago. It was formerly much patron- 
ized by citizens of Chicago. The following analysis by C. G. 
Wheeler shows the character of the water : 



FRUIT PORT WELL. 

Saline-calcic- chalybeate. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 
Solids. 

Sodium bicarbonate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Iron bicarbonate 
Manganese bicarbonate 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium chloride 
Potassium chloride 
Calcium chloride 
Magnesium chloride 
Bromides 
Alumina . 
Silica 

Total . 
Carbonic acid gas, 7 cubic inches 

19 



Grains. 

6.52 

5.11 

4.15 

7.50 

0.10 

46.00 

464.03 

0.43 

111.11 

46.81 

0.77 

Trace. 

10.60 

703.13 



290 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

HUBBARDSTOWN WELL, 

Ionia County. 

Post-office, Hubbardstown. This place is six and one-half miles 
from Pewamo, a town on the Detroit and Milwaukee R. P., 113 
miles northwest of Detroit. According to an analysis by Prof. P. 
H. Douglass, the water contains the following ingredients : 

HUBBARDSTOWN MINERAL WELL. 

A Ikaline-calcic-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium carbonate 7.35 

Calcium carbonate 16.54 

Iron protoxide 0.15 

Silica 0.13 

Total 24.17 

A bath-house was erected^some years ago. 

GRAND HAVEN MINERAL SPRING, 

Ottawa County. 

Post-office, Grand Haven. This is the terminal station on Lake 
Michigan of the Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee R. R. It 
can also be reached from Chicago by lake steamer. The location 
is a cool and pleasant place in the summer, and excellent opportu- 
nities are afforded for surf bathing in the lake. According to an 
analysis by C. G. Wheeler, the water is composed as follows : 

GRAND HAVEN MINERAL SPRING. 

Muriated-saline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 2.09 

Potassium carbonate 2.74 

Calcium carbonate 2.01 

Magnesium carbonate 1.52 

Iron carbonate 0.08 

Sodium sulphate 71.29 

Sodium chloride 306.03 

Potassium chloride 1.93 

Calcium chloride 148.05 

Magnesium chloride 71.53 

Magnesium iodide 0.05 

Magnesium bromide 0.17 

Calcium fluoride 0.05 

Alumina 0.30 

Silica 1.05 

Total 608.89 



MICHIGAN. 291 

This water contains sufficient sulphate of soda to give it great 
efficacy in cases of engorgement of the liver, abdominal plethora, 
and dyspepsia associated with these conditions. 

LESLIE WELL, 
Ingham County. 

Post-office, Leslie. Access from Jackson via the Jackson, Lan- 
sing and Saginaw R. R. to Leslie, fifteen miles north. 

This is a very good calcic water, with sufficient iron to give it 
tonic properties. Analysis by Prof. R. C. Kedzie : 

LESLIE MINERAL WATER. 

Calcic-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium bicarbonate 5.27 

Potassium bicarbonate ........ 4.55 

Calcium bicarbonate 30.62 

Magnesium bicarbonate 10.53 

Iron bicarbonate 2.27 

Calcium sulphate 7.04 

Alumina 2.08 

Silica 0.65 

Total 63.01 

Carbonic acid gas, 13.05 cubic inches. 

MOORMAN MINERAL WELL, 

Washtenaw County. 

Post-office, Ypsilanti. The waters of the Moorman Well are 
used to supply the Occidental Bath-house, which is situated near 
the centre of the charming city of Ypsilauti, on the line of the 
Michigan Central and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern 
R. R. The bathing establishment contains forty large, well-venti- 
lated bath-rooms, besides parlors for ladies and gentlemen, smoking- 
and reading-rooms, and other adjuncts of a modern first-class institu- 
tion of this kind. The water of this well has been in use since 1848, 
and has become widely known. The baths are highly recommended 
in uterine inflammations and congestions, in skin diseases, sciatica, 
and inflammatory rheumatism and gout. Internally the water is 
said to be valuable in constipation, dyspepsia, chronic alcoholism, 
and in hay-fever. It is also used as an insufflation, douche, or 
gargle in nasal and pharyngeal catarrh. The analysis was made 
by James H. Shepard, of the Ypsilanti High School, in 1884 : 



292 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



MOORMAN MINERAL WELL. 



Saline-calcic. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Magnesium, sulphate 
Potassium sulphate 
Ferrous salts 
Calcium sulphate . 
Magnesium bromide 
Sodium sulphide . 
Phosphates . 
Silicon dioxide 
Calcium carbonate 
Borates . 

Sodium chloride . 
Lithium salts 
Calcium chloride . 
Barium salts . 
Magnesium chloride 
Strontium salts 
Organic matter 

Total . 



Grains. 

103.76 

35.33 

Traces. 

175.65 

10.97 

8.42 

Traces. 

19.81 

57.26 

Traces. 

1573.62 

Traces. 

143.35 

Traces. 

128.09 

Traces. 



2256.26 



Sulphureted hydrogen gas, 26.84 cubic inches. 

The bath-house is connected with the new Occidental Hotel, 
where ample arrangements are made for the comfort of guests. 

Ypsilanti also contains several other well-known mineral wells. 
The most important of these are the Ypsilanti and Owens Wells. 
They are highly charged with mineral ingredients, and are also of 
the saline-calcic class. 



MT. CLEMENS MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Macomb County. 

Post-office, Mt. Clemens. Hotels. Access from Detroit via 
Chicago and Grand Trunk R. R., twenty miles northeast. These 
waters are very strong brines, as shown by the following analyses 
made by Prof. S. P. Duffield : 

MT. CLEMENS MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Saline. 



One U. S. gallon 


Mt. Clemens 


Media 


Soolbad 


contains : 


Mineral Well. 


Spring. 


Spring. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Calcium carbonate 


0.98 


91.00 


Trace. 


Magnesium carbonate 


0.70 


0.70 


a 


Iron carbonate. 


5.60 






Sodium sulphate 




. . . 




Calcium sulphate . 


100.56 


14.30 


44.00 


Potassic salts 


• • • . 


Trace. 


Trace. 


Sodic salts, ] 








Calcic salts, > . 


. 


11,741.00 


11,181.00 


Magnesic salts, J 









MICHIGAN. 






One U. S. gallon 
contains : 


Mt. Clemens 
Mineral Well. 


Media 
Spring. 


Soolbad 
Spring. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Iron sulphide . 
Sodium chloride 


! 11,900.00 






Calcium chloride 


934.50 


. . . 


. . . 


Magnesium chloride 


648.48 






Magnesium iodide . 


0.07 






Magnesium bromide 
Iron .... 


6.37 


8.50 


Trace. 


Alumina 


29.47 


29.00 


11.12 


Silica .... 


27.60 


28.00 




Bromide 




8.50 


Trace. 


Iodine 




0.07 


0.05 


Ammonia .... 


. 


Trace. 


Trace. 


Organic matter 








Total . 


13,654.33 


11,921.07 


11,236.26 


Gases. 


Cubic ins. 


Cubic ins. 


Cubic ins. 


Hydrogen sulphide or di- 

hydric sulphide . 
Carbonic acid 


40.00 
5.85 


40.00 


33.00 


Nitrogen 


Present. 


. . . 





293 



These waters resemble those of Achsel-Mannstein, in Bavaria. 
It is necessary to dilate them both for internal use and for bathing. 
They have acquired considerable reputation in the treatment of 
scrofulous disorders of the skin, bones, and joints, and for the 
improvement and even cure of paralysis when the disease depends 
chiefly upon innervation without decided lesion of the brain or 
spinal cord. Cases of chronic rheumatism with stiffened joints 
and obstinate cases of neuralgia may also find relief. 

The waters are used commercially. 



OWOSSO SPRING, 

Shiawassee County. 

Post-office, Owosso. Access: Owosso is a station on the Detroit 
and Milwaukee R. R., seventy-nine miles northwest from Detroit. 

The following analysis was made by a chemist whose name has 
been lost : 

OWOSSO MINERAL WATER. 

Chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium bicarbonate 25.67 

Magnesium bicarbonate 19.09 

Iron bicarbonate 15.92 

Sodium chloride, j <* .~ 
Potassium chloride, j 

Alumina, | A aa 

Silica, j °- 62 

Total .... .... 63.40 



294 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

This water, as shown by the analysis, is very heavily impreg- 
nated with iron. As the name of the analyst is not known, the 
analysis is not reliable. 

PLYMOUTH ROCK MINERAL WELL, 
Wayne County. 

Post-office, Plymouth. Plymouth is a handsome village of about 
1800 inhabitants, twenty-three miles west of Detroit, from whence 
it is reached by both the Flint and Pere Marquette and the Grand 
Rapids and Western P. R. The well is situated in a picturesque 
spot on the farm of Dr. M. V. B. Saunders. It was bored several 
years since, and an analysis was made by Prof. John E. Clark, of 
Detroit, in 1893 : 

PLYMOUTH ROCK MINERAL WATER. 

A Ikaline-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 14.38 

Sodium sulphate 0.37 

Sodium bicarbonate 5.27 

Potassium bicarbonate 1.73 

Calcium bicarbonate 5.47 

Magnesium carbonate 2.90 

Alumina and iron carbonate 1.73 

Silica 0.50 

Organic and volatile matter 1.29 

Total 33.64 

Lithium carbonate and carbonic acid gas not estimated. 

No accommodations have so far been prepared for visitors, but 
the water is widely sold. It is a good example of the alkaline- 
saline carbonated variety, and is useful in conditions to which this 
class is applicable. Its best effects have been observed in disorderd 
states of the stomach, especially when accompanied by hyperacidity. 
It is also highly recommended in irritable states of the bladder and 
kidneys as a diuretic and diluent of the urine. It is said to have 
produced excellent results in gout, rheumatism, gravel, and other 
affections. 

SPRING LAKE WELL, 

Ottawa County. 

Post-office, Spring Lake. Hotel. Spring Lake is a station on 
the Detroit and Milwaukee R. R., three miles east of Grand 
Haven. The town is located on a beautiful sheet of water of the 
same name, five miles long and one mile wide. The resort owes 
its rise to the citizens of Chicago, who frequent it in considerable 



MICHIGAN. 295 

numbers (Walton). The following analysis was made by Prof. C. 
G. Wheeler : 

SPRING LAKE WELL. 

Muriated-saline-cahic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains, 

Sodium bicarbonate 0.05 

Calcium bicarbonate 0.13 

Magnesium bicarbonate 0.01 

Iron bicarbonate 1.01 

Sodium sulphate 46.70 

Sodium chloride 405.53 

Potassium chloride . . . . . . 4.29 

Manganese bicarbonate 0.05 

Calcium chloride 113.42 

Magnesium chloride . . . ' . . . . 36.20 

Bromides 2.17 

Lithia , . Trace. 

Alumina . . . " 

Silica 0.50 

Ammonia 0.02 

Organic matter 18.29 

Total 628.37 

In chemical composition this water resembles the Edisenquelle, of 
Kreutznach. 

ST. CLAIR SPRINGS, 

St. Clair County. 

Post-office, St. Clair Springs. Hotel, The Oakland. Access from 
Detroit by steamer from the foot of Griswold Street, twice daily; 
distance, fifty miles. Also from Detroit via Grand Trunk Rail- 
way (foot of Brash Street), twice daily; distance, fifty-one miles. 
Railroad connection for springs can also be made at St. Thomas, 
Ont., via Canada Southern R. R. Steamer connection once daily 
is made at Port Huron, Mich. 

St. Clair Springs is one of the strictly first-class health and 
pleasure resorts of the United States. The Oakland Hotel, situ- 
ated in a tract of about 165 acres fronting on the St. Clair River, 
at the extreme southern portion of the city of St. Clair, affords all 
the comforts, conveniences, and luxuries to be found at our older 
Eastern resorts or at the European spas. The hotel is open for the 
reception of health or pleasure seekers all the year round. Two 
classes of mineral waters of very pronounced yet very different type 
are found here. The first of these is a powerful muriated-saline. 
The analysis is by Prof. Duffield : 



296 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



ST. CLAIR MINERAL SPRING. 



Muriated-saline-calcic. 




One U. S. gallon contains : 




Solids. 


Grains. 


Sodium chloride 


8,120.00 


Calcium chloride 








7,382.20 


Magnesium chloride . 








1,012.20 


Calcium sulphate 




. 




144.20 


Magnesium carbonate 




. 




Traces. 


Calcium carbonate 








u 


Magnesium iodide 








cc 


Magnesium bromide . 




. 




a 


Silica .... 








416 00 


Alumina 




■ 




830.00 


Total 


17,904.60 



Sulphureted hydrogen gas, 25.59 cubic inches. 



It will be observed that the water contains an unusually large 
quantity of chloride of lime. The salt is believed by some observers 
to possess valuable alterative properties and to be of great assistance 
in the treatment of the strumous diathesis. The water also pos- 
sesses all the well-known virtues of the densely charged chloride of 
sodium groups. 

An elegant and elaborate bath-house presenting all varieties of 
baths, sprays, douches, etc., is maintained in connection with the 
hotel. 

The "Salutaris" is a natural gaseous alkaline mineral water, 
very wholesome and pure. It is said to be entirely free from 
organic matter. The following analysis was made by Prof. Charles 
F. Chandler, of Columbia University, New York City: 

SALUTARIS SPRING (ST. CLAIR SPRINGS). 

Alkaline- saline. Carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 81.33 

Potassium chloride 1.69 

Potassium sulphate Traces. 

Sodium bicarbonate 4.87 

Calcium bicarbonate 5.13 

Magnesium bicarbonate 3.88 

Ammonium bicarbonate Traces. 

Silica _ 0.57 

Organic matter ....... Traces. 

Total 97.47 

Carbonic acid gas, 465.32 cubic inches. 

This is an excellent table water. It is miscible with all kinds of 
wines and liquors, as well as with buttermilk, whey, cream, sweet 



MICHIGAN. 297 

milk, and fruit syrups. It has a very beneficial influence in cases 
of acid dyspepsia and feeble digestion, and it is said by some physi- 
cians to be a factor in restraining the loss of albumin in Bright' s 
disease. It is bottled and is extensively sold throughout the United 
States. The attractions in and about the Oakland Hotel are of a 
manifold character. Expansive shaded lawns, picturesque drives, 
boating and sailing on the river and all the indoor pastimes of the 
day will be found here. 

ST. LOUIS SPRING, 

Gratiot County. 

Post-office, St. Louis. Hotels and sanitariums. Analysis by S. 
P. Duffield : 

ST. LOUIS SPRING. 

Alkaline-calcic-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium bicarbonate 88.66 

Calcium bicarbonate 57.83 

Magnesium bicarbonate 14.58 

Iron bicarbonate 1.00 

Calcium sulphate . . „ 55.41 

Calcium silicate 5.60 

Silica 2.40 

Organic matter, j -. fifi 
Loss, j ' * 

Total 227.14 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Sulphureted hydrogen Trace. 

Carbonic acid . 5.17 

The results of treatment with these waters, according to Dr. Stiles 
Kennedy, show them to be especially beneficial in dyspepsia, neu- 
ralgia, and chronic rheumatism. The water, as shown by the 
analysis, is strongly alkaline, and also contains sufficient iron to 
impart to it the properties of the chalybeate class. The waters 
were once supposed to be strongly magnetic, but it has been proved 
by the experiments of Walton, and corroborated by a committee of 
the Michigan State Medical Society, that the so-called magnetic 
properties were derived from the metallic tubing which encased the 
well. The resort is still kept up well and is very popular. 

The Midland Magnetic Well, of Midland County; the Otsego 
Mineral Springs, of Allegan County, and the Wyandote White Sul- 
phur Springs, of Wayne County, have also been used as resorts. 
The Blue Pock Spring, Grand Rapids, Kent County; The No-Che- 
Mo Spring, Reed City, Osceola County, and the Zauber Wasser 
Spring, Hudson, Lenawee County, are used commercially. 



298 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



MINNESOTA. 

Minnesota extends from 43° 30' to 49° north latitude, and from 
89° 29' to 97° 5' west longitude. 

The State contains the crest of the great low plain of North 
America, and occupies nearly the centre of the continent. The 
surface of the State is an undulating plain, with an average eleva- 
tion of 1000 feet above the sea, but in the northeast there is a group 
of low sand hills which rise about 600 feet higher. 

The principal rivers are the Mississippi, the St. Croix, the Minne- 
sota, the Red River of the North, and the St. Louis, all of which 
are navigable, and which, with their numerous tributaries, irrigate 
and drain every portion of the State. The Falls of St. Anthony, 
at Minneapolis, and the Minnehaha, made famous by Longfellow 
in " Hiawatha," are well known throughout the country. The 
surface is also dotted with an immense number of lakes. The 
climate is salubrious and invigorating, the summers being cool and 
pleasant, and the winters, although severe, rendered very comfort- 
able by the clearness and dryness of the atmosphere. The winter 
climate of the State is found to be suitable in many cases of con- 
sumption. 

The death-rate for Minnesota by the last United States census 
was 11.89 per 1000 of inhabitants; phthisical death-rate 1.17 per 
1000 of population. 

There are a considerable number of mineral springs in Minne- 
sota, but* few of them have been brought into public notice. No 
previous work on the subject credits the State with a single locality 
used as a resort (with the exception of Peale's list). A majority of 
the springs analyzed show the presence of iron generally in small 
quantities. We have obtained an account of two localities by cor- 
respondence : 

INDIAN MEDICAL SPRING, 

Sherburne County. 

Post-office, Elk River. This place is reached by the Great 
Northern and Northern Pacific R. R. 

The spring is located four miles northwest of the village of Elk 
River and thirty-four miles north of Minneapolis. The surround- 
ing country is of a hilly character, and the elevation of the location 
above the sea-level is stated to be about 5000 feet. 1 The spring 
flows about 1800 gallons per hour. No resort has yet been estab- 
lished here, but the water is used commercially, about 252,000 gal- 
lons having been sold in 1896. Two analyses have been made, one 
by Dr. Charles W. Drew, the other by Dr. A. F. Irwin, which 

1 Doubtless an error. The elevation is nearer 1000 feet.— J. K. C. 



MINNESOTA. 299 

show substantially the same result. The estimates have been pre- 
sumably made in grains per United States gallon : 

INDIAN MEDICAL SPRING. 

A Ikaline-calcic-chalybeate. 

(Charles W. Brew, analyst, 1893.) 
Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 0.40 

Sodium chloride 0.38 

Sodium sulphate 0.30 

Sodium bicarbonate 1.14 

Calcium bicarbonate 4.14 

Magnesium bicarbonate 2.00 

Jron bicarbonate 0.09 

Alumina 0.03 

Silica 1.04 

Organic matter 0.58 

Total 10.10 

Carbonic acid gas, heavily charged. 
Sulphureted hydrogen gas, faintly charged. 

The water is a very good diuretic, and is highly extolled in the 
treatment of dyspepsia, rheumatism, and skin diseases. 

WHITE MINERAL SPRINGS, 
Winona County. 

Post-office, Minnesota City. Boarding-houses. Access via Chi- 
cago and Northwestern, the Milwaukee and St. Paul, and the 
Winona and Southwestern R. R. to Minnesota City, the depot 
being two miles from the springs. A good wagon road connects 
the resort with Winona, eight miles distant. 

The springs, two in number, are located in a rather hilly, romantic 
stretch of country at a level of 650 feet above the sea. The summer 
temperature ranges from about 60° F. to 90° F.; winter, 15° F. to 
60° F. The temperature of the water is about 45° F. An analysis 
of one of the springs by Prof. W. A. Noyes, of the State University 
at Minneapolis, resulted as follows : 

WHITE MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Alkaline- calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains; 

Potassium carbonate 0.09 

Potassium sulphate 0.04 

Potassium nitrate Trace. 

Sodium sulphate 0.44 

Sodium chloride 0.29 

Calcium carbonate 10.61 

Magnesium carbonate 6.08 

Lithium carbonate Trace. 

Silica 0.95 

Alumina .......... 0.14 

Total 18.64 



300 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Warm and cold baths are provided at the springs, and the water 
is also used commercially. 

According to Prof. N. H. AVinchelPs reports on the geology and 
natural history of the State, the following springs have been more 
or less resorted to : 

Geisenger Spring, Rochester, Olmstead County. 

Owatonna Mineral Springs, near Owatonna, Steel County. 
These springs are nine in number, and of the alkaline-calcic class. 

The following are used commercially: 

Inglewood Springs, Minneapolis, Hennepin County. 

Mankato Mineral Springs, near Mankato, Blue Earth County. 



MISSISSIPPI. 



This State extends from 30° 20' to 35° north latitude, and from 
88° 12' to 91° 40' west longitude. 

The surface is undulating, with an elevation in the north and 
northeast of from 400 to 700 feet, some of the hills rising from 
200 to 300 feet above the surrounding country. There is a general 
slope to the south and southeast. The central and southern por- 
tions are generally hilly, though there are numerous marshes in the 
extreme south. 

The principal rivers are the Mississippi, which washes the west- 
ern shore; the Yazoo, Big Black, Homochitto, Tombigbee, Pasca- 
goula, Pearl, and Tennessee. 

The climate is warm, the winters being short and mild and the 
summers long and hot. The higher lands are healthful, but along 
the rivers malarial diseases are frequent, and occasionally assume 
an epidemic character. The mean annual temperature, as observed 
at Vicksburg, is 65.57° F.; that of the summer 80.52° F., and of 
the winter 50.45° F. The average rainfall is probably higher than 
that of any other State in the Union, being about 54 inches, ranging 
from 48 inches in the northwest to 64 inches on the Gulf coast. 
The mortality-rate for the State in 1890 was 11.55 per 1000 of 
population; phthisical death-rate, 1.11 per 1000. 

The mineral springs of Mississippi are numerous, and, like those 
of the neighboring States, are highly chalybeate. According to 
Prof. E. "W. Hil^ard, few neighborhoods in the State are without a 
mineral spring or well of some kind. Waile's report on the geology 
of Mississippi states that along the whole extent of the Yazoo and 
Tallahatchee valleys, and the whole front below, on the Mississippi 
River, copious springs issue from the bluffs, the water flowing from 
beds of ocherous earth and pyritous clays. The water is highly 
charged with sulphate of iron, and its habitual use is very perni- 
cious. Many of the springs have considerable local reputation, 



MISSISSIPPI. 301 

and appear to be used somewhat indiscriminately by the residents 
for medicinal purposes. Dr. Peale gives a list of twenty spring 
localities in the State which have been more or less used as resorts. 
A number of these were abandoned on account of the war, and a 
few of them are just beginning to come into use again. Walton 
describes two resorts — Cooper's Well and the Ocean Springs. The 
Stafford Springs are perhaps the best known in the State at the 
present time. We have secured the following account from various 
sources, but chiefly from correspondence with well-known persons 
in the State : 

BELMONT SPRINGS, 
(Formerly Harmon Springs) 

Wayne County. 

Post-office ,Buckatunna. Farmhouse, cottages, and cabins. The 
Belmont Springs are situated three and one-half miles east of Buck- 
atunna Station, on the line of the Mobile and Ohio R. P., seventy- 
one miles north of Mobile. Comfortable hacks convey passengers 
to and from the springs. 

This resort, known as the Harmon Springs from 1819 to 1835, 
was a favorite watering-place for the elite of the Southwest, but 
during the latter year the buildings were destroyed by fire, and the 
springs were closed to the public for a long period of time. In 
recent years, however, they are again attracting attention, and bid 
fair to recover much of their old-time glory. The location is on a 
high ridge, about one hundred miles from the Mexican Gulf and at 
a considerable distance above its level. The surface of the country 
is of an undulating character, and covered by forests of giant pines. 
The springs are situated in the valley of Red Creek, a tributary of 
the Buckatunna, and a clear, swift stream with a rocky and sandy 
bottom. The springs form natural fountains of clear, sparkling, 
nearly tasteless water, which seems to issue from great depths. It 
is very cold and emits a distinctly sulphurous odor. The two prin- 
cipal springs are known as the " Harmon " and the " Lake " springs," 
although there are many others in the neighborhood. No analysis 
seems to have been made. The waters have been found useful in 
disorders of the liver, skin, kidneys, and bowels, and especially in 
cases of obstinate diarrhoea. 

BROWN'S WELLS, 
Copiah County. 

Post-office, Brown's Wells. Hotel and cottages. Access via Illi- 
nois Central R. R. to Hazel hurst, thence five miles by stage line to 
springs. 

Brown's Wells are situated near the central part of Mississippi, 
forty miles south of Jackson and one hundred and fifty miles north- 
east of New Orleans. The location is among the pine hills of 



302 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Mississippi, though hickory, oak, and other growths abound. The 
climate here is very salubrious, and extremes of either heat or cold 
are seldom observed. The temperature rarely falls lower than 
20° F. in the winter or rises above 98° F. in the summer. The 
elevation above the sea-level is quite considerable. The resort is 
open for the reception of visitors all the year. Four springs are 
found in the neighborhood, but only two have been analyzed. 
Examination of spring No. 1 was made by Prof. John R. Chilton, 
of New York : 

SPRING NO. 1 (BROWN'S WELLS). 

Sulphated- saline. Acid-chalybeate. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 
Solids. 

Sodium sulphate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium sulphate . 
Aluminium sulphate 
Iron protosulphate . 
Calcium chloride . 
Organic matter 
Free sulphuric acid 



Grains. 
17.76 
45.00 
97.60 

8.11 
36.52 (?) 
16.44 

0.92 
40.88 (?) 



Total 263.23 

This analysis shows a very potent mineral water. It is probable, 
however, that the chemist's report has been misread in some of the 
findings, and a new analysis is consequently desirable. According 
to a quantitative analysis by State Geologist George Little, Spring 
No. 2 contains : 



Calcium carbonate. 
Magnesium carbonate. 
Sodium carbonate. 
Iron sulphate. 



Alumina. 
Organic matter. 
Carbonic acid gas. 
Sulphureted hydrogen 



The proprietor of the springs, Mr. M. L. Morehead, presents 
many testimonials from well-known physicians certifying to the 
value of the waters. They are said to be very useful in rheumatic 
and gouty disorders, obstinate disturbances of the alimentary tract, 
functional liver complaints, in dropsical affections due to nephritis, 
and in anaemia and allied disorders. 

CASTALIAN SPRINGS, 

Holmes County. 

Post-office, Durant. Hotel. These springs are located three 
miles west of Durant, at the point of intersection of the Canton, 
Aberdeen and Nashville and the main line of the Illinois Central 
R. R., and about two hundred and fifty miles north of the Gulf 
coast. There are from ten to twelve passenger trains arriving at 
and leaving Durant daily, all of which are met by the Castalian 
Springs stage line. 



MISSISSIPPI. 303 

The country around the springs is generally rolling, with some 
high hills and beautiful valleys, making a charming combination. 
The location of the springs is about 300 feet above the sea-level. 
Notwithstanding the great rainfall in this section, there is very little 
gloomy or cloudy weather. The clouds roll up quickly, discharge 
their contents, and disperse, leaving Old Sol to resume his sway. 
The temperature about the springs ranges, on an average, from 
35° F. in w r inter to 66° F. in summer. The greatest extremes 
ever noticed are 10° F. the lowest, to 90° F. the highest. The 
place is used as a resort both summer and winter. At present 
there are excellent accommodations for about two hundred and 
fifty persons, but the resort is soon to be improved by the addition 
of a first-class new hotel with a capacity for 500 guests. The 
springs are situated in a pleasant little valley shaded by magnifi- 
cent water-oaks, and surrounded by high hills with gradual slopes 
to the valley below. The hills are clad with evergreens of pine 
and some cedar. On the springs property, which embraces some 
360 acres, there are about fifty springs and wells, only two of 
which, however, have been analyzed or used for medicinal purposes. 
We have been able to secure these analyses, one of which is only a 
qualitative determination of the mineral ingredients, while the 
second is a quantitative one : 

SPRING NO. 1 (CASTAIilAN MINERAL SPRINGS). 
(Examination by Prof. E. W. Hilgard, former State Geologist.) 

One United States gallon contains 138.5 grains of solid matter, 
made up of the following ingredients in the order of their quanti- 
ties : 

Calcium sulphate. Iron carbonate. 

Aluminium sulphate. Potassium sulphate. 

Magnesium sulphate. Sodium chloride. 

Iron sulphate. Silica. 

Sulphureted hydrogen gas, strongly charged. 

Carbonic acid gas, considerable quautities. 

Prof. Hilgard states that the waters may be classed as sulphu- 
reted-chalybeate. They possess the astringent qualities of alum 
water, while at the same time they have laxative properties from 
the presence of the sulphate of magnesium. 

This spring yields about 600 gallons of water per hour, having a 
temperature of 56° F. : 

SPRING NO. 2 (CASTALIAN SPRINGS). 

Saline- calcic. 

(Prof. L. G. Patterson, present State Chemist, analyst.) 
One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 37.23 

Magnesium sulphate 15.18 

Sodium sulphate 8,68 



304 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silica 7.35 

Ferric and aluminium oxide 4.84 

Sodium chloride ...,,... 2.47 

Potassium sulphate 1.29 

Total 77.04 

This spring flows about 300 gallons per hour. The water is used 
for bathing purposes, and is also sold by the barrel or case. It has 
long held a wide reputation in Mississippi for the treatment of the 
malarial cachexia and for liver, stomach, bowel, and skin affections. 

COOPER'S WELL, 

Hinds County. 

Location, twelve miles east of Jackson (by stage) and four miles 
from Raymond. 

This is one of the famous old-time resorts of Mississippi, and the 
waters of the well have attracted more attention in days gone by 
than any others in the State. The well is 107 feet deep and its 
flow very abundant (Walton). The following analysis was made 
by Prof. J. Lawrence Smith : 

cooper's well. 
Saline-chalyb eate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 0.61 

Calcium sulphate 32.13 

Sodium sulphate . . . . . • . . .11.71 

Aluminium sulphate 6.12 

Magnesium sulphate 23.28 

Sodium chloride 8.36 

Calcium chloride 4.32 

Magnesium chloride 3.48 

Iron peroxide 3.36 

Calcium crenate 0.31 

Silicon crenate (?) 1.80 

Total 95.48 

This is a very valuable mild chalybeate water, containing a certain 
proportion of purgative salts and bearing considerable resemblance 
to the waters of Booklet, near Kissingen, in Bavaria. This combi- 
nation adapts the waters to numerous conditions in which anaemia is 
associated with constipation or abdominal plethora. Its effects are 
found to be very satisfactory in dropsy and in chlorosis. In chronic 
diarrhoea it has long held a high repute. The water acts as a 
diuretic or aperient according to the quantity used and the mode 
of drinking. 



MISSISSIPPI. 



305 



GODBOLD MINERAL WELL, 
Pike County. 

Post-office, Summit. Hotels and boarding-houses in Summit. 
Access via Illinois Central P. B. to Summit, thence a few minutes' 
walk to the well. 

This well-kuown chalybeate well is located in the suburbs of 
Summit, a village one hundred and eight miles northeast of New 
Orleans and seventy-five miles south of Jackson. The location is 
420 feet above tide-water. The well has a depth of eighteen feet 
and a diameter of four feet. The supply of water is unlimited. 
The following analysis was made by J. H. Laster, chemist, of New 
Orleans : 

GODBOLD MINERAL WATER. 



One U. S. gallon contains 

Solids. 
Iron proto-chloride 
Calcium sulphate 
Sodium chloride 
Calcium carbonate 
Silica 
Loss . 



Chalybeate. 



Grains. 

11.42 

Trace. 

1.73 

Trace. 

a 

0.84 



Total 13.99 

The water is said to possess much value in the treatment of diar- 
rhoea and dysentery and in disorders of the liver and kidneys. It 
is bottled and sold, but many persons visit the well in person for 
the purpose of drinking its waters. The water is almost a pure 
chalybeate, the remaining ingredients being practically inert. 

OCEAN SPRINGS, 

Jackson County. 

Post-office, Ocean Springs. Hotels. This is a station on the 
railroad between New Orleans and Mobile, eighty- three miles east 
of the former and fifty-seven miles west of the latter. It may also 
be reached by coast steamers from either city. The name of the 
springs is derived from their proximity to the gulf, the beach being 
but half a mile distant. According to Walton, the springs are most 
resorted to by citizens of New Orleans and Mobile. The analysis 
was made by Prof. J. Lawrence Smith: 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids, 
Sodium chloride 
Potassium chloride 
Calcium chloride 
Magnesium chloride 



OCEAN SPRINGS. 

Saline-chalybeate. 



Grains. 
47.77 

Trace. 
3.88 
4.97 



20 



306 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Ferrous oxide 4.71 

Organic matter Trace. 

Ammonia . " 

Iodine " 

Total 61.33 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Sulphureted hydrogen . 1.28 

Carbonic acid 9.79 

The water is a potent chalybeate, the iron being no doubt held 
in solution in the form of a carbonate. The unusual combination 
of carbonate of iron, chloride of sodium, and sulphureted hydrogen 
especially adapts it to the treatment of diseases of the skin in per- 
sons of a scrofulous diathesis. 

STAFFORD MINERAL SPRING, 

Jasper County. 

Post-office, Yosburg. Small hotel. Access via the " Queen and 
Crescent" route to Vosburg, thence one and a half miles southeast 
to spring. 

The location is a romantic one, surrounded as it is by Indian 
mounds and relics, and shaded by graceful and towering gums, 
sycamores, poplars, and pines. The Choctaws gave the name of 
Bogohama {" Water of Life") to the spring, hence it is inferred 
that they used it for medicinal purposes. Its properties have been 
known to the whites, however, only during the last five or six 
years. At present there is a large, well-kept boarding-house about 
one hundred yards from the spring, where guests will find all 
arrangements for their comfort. It is the intention of the company 
controlling the spring to build a large and commodious hotel, with 
all modern conveniences, to accommodate the rapidly increasing 
number of guests. The many natural advantages of the spot in the 
way of charming scenery, salubrious climate, and mineral waters 
will no doubt serve to make it one of the popular spring resorts of 
the country in the near future. The following analysis of the water 
was made by Prof. A. L. Metz, of the Tulane University, New 
Orleans, in 1892 : 

STAFFORD MINERAL SPRING. 

Calcic-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 0.96 

Sodium carbonate 0.41 

Potassium sulphate 0.9S 

Magnesium bicarbonate ....... 0.97 

Calcium bicarbonate 13.69 

Calcium sulphate 0.56 



MISSOURI. 307 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Ferrous (iron) bicarbonate 0.24 

Alumina Trace. 

Silica 1.99 

Organic matter . 0.00 

Total 19.80 

The analysis shows a very good calcic water with ferruginous 
properties. Its entire absence from organic matter adapts it for 
table and domestic use. The water has tonic and diuretic proper- 
ties, and ought to be useful in the diseased or disordered conditions 
to which this class of waters is applicable. It has been found to 
render excellent service in Bright 7 s disease of the kidneys and in 
diabetes, bladder disorders, and other conditions. The water is 
bottled and sold throughout the United States. 

Additional spring resorts of Mississippi: 

Chalybeate-acid Springs, near Grenada, Grenada County. 

Hazel-Dell Springs, Holly Springs, Marshall County. 

Iuka Mineral Springs, Iuka, Tishomingo County; four in num- 
ber; chalybeate and sulphurated. 

La Fayette Springs, La Fayette County; saline and sulphurated. 

Quitman Red Sulphur Springs, Quitman, Clarke County; two 
in number; sulphurated and chalybeate. 

Stovall's Springs, Columbia, Marion County; chalybeate. 

Winston Springs, Louisville, Winston County. 

White's Springs, near Fulton, Itawamba County. 

The following are used commercially: 

Mount Pleasant Mineral Spring, Mount Pleasant, Marshall 
County. 

Robinson Mineral Spring, Madison County. 

There are a number of undeveloped springs in the State. 



MISSOURI. 



The limits of this State extend from 36° 30' to 40° 30' north 
latitude, and from 89° 2' to 95° 50' west longitude. The Missouri 
River, which bisects the State laterally, divides Missouri into two 
distinct parts. The surface north of the river is generally level, 
while that south of it is undulating, becoming rougher and more 
mountainous as it approaches the Ozark Mountains. The Missis- 
sippi and Missouri Rivers, with their numerous tributaries, irrigate 
and drain every portion of the State. The climate of Missouri is 
subject to great extremes, the summers in most portions being long 
and hot, while the winters are very cold. The climate is very salu- 
brious, however, despite these facts, and persons with pulmonary 



308 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

troubles do well in many localities. The mean annual temperature, 
as observed at St. Louis, is 55° F.; that of the summer 76.12° F., 
and that of the winter 32.90° F. The average annual rainfall is 
about 42 inches. The mortality-rate for the State in 1890 was 12.16 
per 1000 of population. The mortality from phthisis was at the 
rate of 1.32 per 1000 of population. 

Missouri contains numerous mineral springs, which are of great 
variety. Many of them have never yet received any attention. As 
far as known, the springs are very similar to those of the neighbor- 
ing States, saline, sulphureted, and chalybeate springs predomi- 
nating. Many of the counties have salt springs or wells, and at 
one time the production of salt from them was an important indus- 
try. We are indebted for the following information to the State 
and National Geological Reports and to personal investigations. 
There are no doubt other springs in use in the State, but we have 
not been able to determine their present status. 

AURORA SPRINGS, 
Miller County. 

Post-office, Aurora Springs. Hotels. This resort is located on 
a spur of the Ozark Mountains, thirty-five miles southeast of Jef- 
ferson City. It is reached via the Jefferson City, Lebanon and 
Southwestern R. R. — a branch of the Missouri Pacific system. 

The general elevation of this locality is about 1000 feet above the 
sea-level, and the climate is unsurpassed for healthfulness. That 
the Ozarks are rich in scenic beauties no one will deny, but only 
those who have visited them personally can fully sympathize with 
the sentiment which led Bayard Taylor, the well-known author and 
traveller, to remark : " I have travelled all over the world to find 
in the heart of Missouri the most magnificent scenery the human 
eye ever beheld. " 

The country may be described as a succession of narrow ravines 
and well-wooded, high, dividing ridges, running in a general east 
and west direction, with picturesque streams of clear water winding 
through and cutting the ridges at right angles, forming narrow 
gorges, which have, coursing down their sides, sparkling rivulets 
and saucy brooks, fed by springs located in the hillsides. The 
Aurora Springs are located under a magnesian limestone forma- 
tion at the eastern entrance to a charming park and near the head- 
waters of Saline Creek. The surrounding country slopes gradually 
to the southeast, and is protected from the winter winds by the 
higher ground to the north, while the cooler breezes of the summer 
come from the south and west — down the Osage valley. The prin- 
cipal springs are four in number, known as the " Round," the 
" Bluff," the " Healing,' 7 and the "Bath" Springs. There are 
a number of others in the locality, including a sulphur spring, 
located about seven miles further down Saline Creek. The fol- 



MISSOURI. 309 

lowing analysis of the Round Spring was made by Prof. Clifford 
B. Richardson, analytical chemist, Department of Agriculture, 
Washington, D. C. : 

ROUND SPRING (AURORA SPRINGS, MO.). 

Saline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 2.42 

Magnesium chloride 6.95 

Sodium chloride 4.01 

Ferrous carbonate 5.13 

Ferrous oxide 0.93 

Lithia 1.43 

Total 20.87 

The water is almost a pure chalybeate. It has a sharp tonic 
effect on the economy, bracing up the digestion, promoting the 
appetite, and inducing healthful sleep and rest. It has been used 
with good effect in dyspepsia, renal diseases, rheumatism, scrofu- 
lous complaints, and in the debility resulting from nervous affec- 
tions and uterine complaints. 

The town of Aurora is a thriving and enterprising place, having 
already become the most populous in Miller County. Visitors will 
find ample hotel accommodations and all facilities for hot, cold, and 
steam baths. 

B. B. MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Pike County. 

Post-office, Bowling Green. Hotels, etc., in Bowling Green. 
Access via Chicago and Alton and St. L. and H. R. R. to Bowling 
Green. 

These springs are two in number. They do not appear to be 
used extensively as a resort, but their waters are widely sold in the 
Western States. The following analysis was made in 1887 by Dr. P. 
Schweitzer, Professor of Chemistry in the Missouri State University: 

B. B. MINERAL WATER. 

Sulphated-saline. Alumino us. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium sulphate 669.47 

Sodium sulphate 61.04 

Calcium sulphate 80.17 

Aluminium sulphate 18.31 

Silica 2.66 

Lithium chloride 0.29 

Total 831.94 

This is a very strong water, of the saline-purgative variety, con- 
taining, as it does, the sulphates both of magnesia and soda. As 
a laxative it is recommended in wineglassful doses at bedtime, the 



310 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

stomach being empty. It is said to possess tonic effects when taken 
in wineglassful doses or less after each meal. When heated and 
used for bathing it is valuable in rheumatism. 

BLUE LICK SPRINGS, 

Saline County. 

Post-office, Marshall. Cottages at spring. Access via Chicago 
and Alton, or Jefferson City, Boonville and Lexington branch of 
the Missouri Pacific P. P. to Marshall, thence eight miles by stage 
south to springs. 

Saline County, Missouri, is entitled to eminent distinction as a 
water-producing district. Thousands of clear springs of more or 
less volume are well distributed over its surface. They are found 
in large numbers along the Missouri, Blackwater, and Salt River 
bluffs, and at the base of the minor hills in all parts of the county, 
and are unfailing at all periods of the year. The most remarkable 
natural resources of the county, however, are its mineral waters, 
which for volume, variety, and medicinal value are among the 
finest in the country. Not less than 2000 mineral springs, some 
of them of immense flow, are found in the limits of the county. 
Some of these springs will no doubt take a prominent place among 
the health-resorts of the country when they shall have been prop- 
erly developed. At the Blue Lick Springs are more than thirty 
distinct fountains in a pretty valley at the base of picturesque 
wooded bluffs, all within a radius of thirty feet. The foremost of 
the group, known as the "Gum" Spring, is an immense salt foun- 
tain of 57° F., which was formerly the site of extensive salt works, 
but now the centre of a large bathing establishment. Nearby is the 
" Blue Lick" Spring, the most important of the group. Then 
there are numerous black sulphur, magnesian, chalybeate, and 
sweet springs, besides uncounted saline springs. Many of these 
have been analyzed by State Chemist Paul Schweitzer, who found 
in them the following mineral ingredients : 

BLUE LICK SPRINGS OF MISSOURI. 

Mineral Ingredients. 

Sodium chloride. Potassium sulphate. 

Potassium chloride. Calcium sulphate. 

Calcium chloride. Barium sulphate. 

Magnesium chloride. Calcium sulphite. 

Lithium chloride. Sodium sulphite. 

Calcium carbonate. Ammonium nitrate. 

Iron carbonate. Magnesium nitrate. 

Magnesium carbonate. Calcium phosphate. 

Manganese carbonate. Alumina. 

Magnesium bromide. Silica. 

Magnesium iodide Sulphur. 
Magnesium sulphate. 

Carbonic acid gas, large quantities. 

Sulphureted hydrogen gas, large quantities. 



MISSOURI. 311 

Many of these ingredients serve to endow the waters with valu- 
able remedial qualities. A complete qualitative analysis of the 
Blue Lick Spring, for which the collection is named, resulted as 
follows : 

BLUE LICK SPRING. 

Muriated and Sulphated-saline. Carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 57.84 

Magnesium sulphate 26.13 

Magnesium chloride 10.94 

Sodium chloride 493.88 

Potassium chloride 0.64 

Silica 8.16 

Alumina 10.23 

Organic matter 2.48 

Total 610.30 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Free carbonic acid 53.22 

Sulphureted hydrogen Not estimated. 

It will be seen that the waters are very similar to those of the 
Blue Lick Springs of Kentucky, for which these springs were 
named. 

The water is well adapted for the treatment of constipation, espe- 
cially when due to engorgement of the portal system. On the other 
hand, it is also said to act beneficially in many cases of chronic 
diarrhoea. It acts with advantage in many of the conditions due 
to a sluggish liver, such as hemorrhoids, jaundice, etc. Being a 
very efficient diuretic, the water is useful in certain renal and 
bladder disorders. Within sixty steps of the Blue Lick Spring 
are three black sulphur springs; two hundred and fifty yards south 
is the Sweet Spring, which has been found to be a very efficient 
diaphoretic and diuretic. It is entirely free from sulphur, and 
forms an exceedingly pleasant beverage. 

CLIMAX SPRINGS, 

Camden County. 

Post-office, Climax. Hotel. Access via Missouri Pacific P. P. 
to Warsaw, thence twenty-five miles by stage to springs. 

These springs are seven in number, and are located in a rolling, 
heavily timbered region, with many pleasing landscapes. An anal- 
ysis of the waters was made in 1882 by Prof. N. W. Wiley, of 
Purdue University, Indiana, State chemist : 



312 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

CLIMAX SPRINGS. 

lodo-bromated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium oxide 4.98 

Magnesium oxide 1.80 

Aluminium oxide (with iron oxide) .... 5.08 

Sulphuric acid 3.60 

Carbonic acid 3.92 

Sodium 1 14.00 

Potassium 1 1.20 

S/} ".00 

Chlorine 1 20.40 

Loss 3.02 

Total 72.00 

This water is remarkable for the quantity of iodine and bromine 
which it contains. They are somewhat similar to the waters of the 
celebrated Kreutznach Springs, of Prussia, but are far stronger in 
these ingredients. Such waters are especially adapted for the treat- 
ment of chronic syphilitic and scrofulous affections. The analysis 
is obviously incomplete, however, and a new examination should 
be made. We have been unable to obtain a recent report of these 
springs. The foregoing account is compiled from Walton's work 
and from the United States Geological Reports. 

EXCELSIOR SPRINGS, 
Clay County. 

Post-office, Yiginti. Hotels. Access via St. Joseph branch of 
the Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific R. R. to Vibbard; thence five 
miles by stage to springs. 

These springs are four in number. They do not appear ever to 
have had a quantitative analysis. They are known to contain 
about 25 grains of solid matter to the United States gallon, com- 
posed of the following ingredients : 



Calcium chloride. 


Sodium carbonate, 


Magnesium chloride. 


Iron. 


Sodium chloride. 


Alumina. 


Calcium carbonate. 


Silica. 


Magnesium carbonate. 





The water has been used with benefit in liver, kidney, and blad- 
der troubles. The springs are located in a delightful valley, two 
or three miles in area, surrounded by rugged hills. The locality is 
very healthy. 



1 Doubtless in combination. 



MISSOURI. 313 

HAGGENBUSH SPRINGS, 

Texas County. 

Post-office, Cabool. Access via Kansas City, Springfield and 
Memphis P. E. to Cabool; thence half a mile to springs. 

The springs are three in number, and are supposed to possess 
valuable medicinal properties; but we are informed by Mr. Lee 
Haggenbush, on whose farm they are located, that no analysis has 
yet been made. The place is said to offer a fine location for a sani- 
tarium. 

LAKE PARK WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Vernon County. 

Post-office, Nevada. Hotels. Nevada is a flourishing and beau- 
tiful little city, located in western Missouri, one hundred miles 
south of Kansas City. It is accessible by three railroads, viz., the 
Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the Missouri Pacific, and the Nevada 
and Minden P. R. Lake Park, in which the springs are located, 
is a pleasing spot one mile out from the city, and reached by horse- 
cars, which run every twenty minutes. The three principal springs 
are known as the " White Sulphur," the u Iron," and the {i Clear 
Water" Springs. No analysis seems to have been made, but the 
springs are beginning to attract considerable attention on account 
of their medicinal properties. The park is about one hundred and 
thirty acres in extent, and, besides the springs, contains two lakes 
which afford abundant opportunities for boating, bathing, fishing, 
etc. 

LOTUS SPRINGS, 

Dade County. 

Post-office, Greenfield. Hotel. These springs are four in num- 
ber, and are situated about six miles east of Greenfield, the county 
seat of Dade County, and two miles from the Gulf Railroad Station, 
at Pilgrim. 

The location is in the Ozark Mountains, and about 1400 feet 
above the sea-level. The springs yield about 2000 gallons of water 
per day of twenty-four hours. A qualitative analysis at the School 
of Mines, at Polla, showed the presence of salts of calcium, magne- 
sium, sodium, potassium, and iron, together with carbonic, sulphuric, 
and silicic acids, probably in combination. The water is said to 
have been found useful in gastric and renal disorders. 

MONTESANO SPRINGS, 

Jefferson County. 

Post-office, Sulphur Springs Landing. Hotel. Access from St. 
Louis via St. Louis and Iron Mountain R. P., twenty miles south; 
also by steamers on the Mississippi River. 



314 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



The springs are located in a broken but picturesque region, about 
600 feet above the sea-level. They are twelve in number. The 
flow of water is estimated at from 1500 to 3000 gallons per hour. 
The following analyses of the two principal springs were made by 
Messrs. Potter and Riggs, of the Washington University: 



MONTESANO SPRINGS. 



Muriated saline, sodic, magnesia, and. calcic. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Calcium carbonate . 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium sulphate . 
Iron and alumina . 
Sodium hyposulphite 
Calcium phosphate 
Sodium sulphide 
Sodium chloride 
Potassium chloride 
Magnesium chloride 
Magnesium bromide 
Magnesium iodide . 
Silica 

Total 



Montesano Spring. Casco Spring. 



Grains. 


Grains. 


71.45 


69.97 


14.05 


15.50 


32.37 


33.93 


0.87 


0.75 


0.74 


0.65 


Trace. 


Trace. 


0.34 


' 0.43 


365.11 


368.21 


16.37 


16.99 


35.91 


34.41 


Trace. 


0.11 


0.85 




0.51 


6.67 


538.57 


541.62 


Cubic inches. 


Cubic inches. 


46.43 


43.20 


1.40 


1.60 


e " Council 


," " Alton," 



Carbonic acid 

Sulphureted hydrogen . 

Other springs at Montesano are the 
" Pearl/' and "Thome" Springs. 

The waters are laxative, and also possess alterative properties. 
Their continued use in small doses produces favorable results in 
cases of chronic constipation and dyspepsia, and in disorders of the 
blood, liver, and kidneys. The accommodations for visitors are 
limited as yet, consisting of a small hotel and a few private houses 
where boarders are taken. The water is shipped from the springs 
in pint, quart, and half-gallon bottles. A peculiar creamy sub- 
stance, the natural product of one of the springs, is also used com- 
mercially. It has not been analyzed, but is said to be highly effica- 
cious as a local application to old sores, ulcers, or raw surfaces of 
any kind. 

PARIS CHALYBEATE SPRINGS, 

Lawrence County. 

Post-office, Paris Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access via 
Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf R. R. to Ash Grove; thence 
ten miles by stage to springs. The springs are delightfully located 
in the Ozark Mountains, the surrounding country being inter- 
spersed with beautiful glens, green meadows, dense forests, and 
orchards. The elevation (1500 feet above the sea-level) is sufficient 



MISSOURI. 



315 



to assure freedom from depressing heat in the summer time. The 
spring yields about 120 gallons of water per hour, having a 
temperature of 52° F. A qualitative examination showed the 
presence of oxide of iron in solution, besides the carbonates of lime 
and magnesia, the chlorides of sodium, potassium, and iodine. A 
complete qualitative analysis is desirable. Patients suffering from 
disorders of liver, kidneys, stomach, skin, and nervous system have 
found great benefit from a sojourn at the springs. The tonic prop- 
erties of the water have been well shown in the debility of anaemia 
and various disorders of the female sexual system. 

SWEET SPRINGS, 
Saline County. 

Post-office, Brownsville. Hotel. Access via Sedalia and Lex- 
ington branch of the Missouri Pacific R. P. to Brownsville; thence 
one mile to springs. The location is fifteen miles from the Mis- 
souri Blue Lick Springs. 

These springs are five in number, and have a flow of 224,000 
gallons hourly. The temperature of the water is 54° F. Analyses 
of two of the springs have been made by Prof. Charles P. Williams : 

SWEET SPRINGS. 

Muriated saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Calcium carboiicate . 
Iron carbonate , . 
Manganese carbonate 
Sodium sulphate 
Calcium sulphate . 
Barium sulphate 
Calcium phosphate 
Magnesium nitrate . 
Ammonium nitrate 
Sodium chloride 
Calcium chloride 
Potassium chloride . 
Magnesium chloride 
Lithium chloride 
Magnesium bromide 
Aluminium oxide . 
Silica 
Organic matter 

Total . 

It will be observed that there is a great difference in the strength 
of these waters, the Akesion Spring being much more potent. The 
spring also contains a considerable amount of sulphureted hdyrogen. 
It is especially recommended for diseases of the liver. The water 
of the Sweet Spring is recommended for diseases of the kidneys and 



Lkesion Spring. 


Sweet Spring 


Grains. 


Grains. 


. 40.25 


9.56 


0.27 


0.57 


0.20 


Trace. 


2.61 




. 57.93 


9.46 


8.15 




0.24 




0.18 




1.17 




. 756.11 


86.92 


. 74.79 


14.72 


. 28.56 


3.40 


. 87.32 


22.29 


0.30 


0.05 


0.13 


0.12 


0.17 


0.09 


0.51 


1.08 


3.05 


4.01 


. 1061.94 


152.27 






316 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES 

bladder. An excellent bathing establishment is maintained at the 
springs, baths being supplied by water from the salt-sulphur spring, 
five miles distant. There are also white and black sulphur springs 
in the neighborhood. 

Additional Missouri springs used as resorts : 

Blankenship's Medical Springs, near Houston, Texas County; 
one hundred in number; flow, 2000 gallons per hour. 

Bowsher Mineral Spring, near Princeton, Mercer County. 

Cedar Springs, Cedar County; chalybeate. 

Colis Springs, Malta Bend, Saline County; supposed to be 
chalybeate (unimproved up to May, 1894). 

Dixon Springs, Cureall, Howell County; fifty in number; 1300 
gallons hourly. 

Eldorado Springs, Cedar County; three in number; 180 gallons 
hourly. 

Eldorado Springs, Oregon County; fifty in number; chalybeate. 

Fair view Mineral Spring, Denver, Worth County; chalybeate 
and saline. 

Harriman's Sulphur Spring, Cooper County. 

Indian Springs, McDonald County. 

Landreth's Mineral Well, Knox City, Knox County; saline- 
chalybeate. 

Louis Spring, Greenfield, Dade County. 

Mineral Springs, Panacea, Barry County. 

Moorsville Mineral Springs, Livingston County; calcic; saline. 

Randolph Medical Springs, Randolph County. 

Reiger Spring, Mercer County. 

Rocheport Sulphur Springs (or Adams Springs). Rocheport, 
Boone County; four in number; sulpho-saline. 

Siloam Springs, Siloam Springs, Howell County; fifteen in num- 
ber; alkaline-saline. 

Spaulding Springs, Ralls County; four in number; saline-chalyb- 
eate. 

Zodiac Springs, Vernon County; twelve in number; saline- 
chalybeate. 



MONTANA. 



This State extends from 104° to 116° west longitude, and from 
44° 25' to 49° north latitude. The western portion of the State is 
mountainous and the eastern is a vast, rolling table-land. The 
principal range of the Rocky Mountains extends along the south- 
western boundary of the State, and the scenery in many parts is 
grand and impressive. Besides the two great rivers — the Missouri 
and the Columbia — which have their sources in Montana, there are 
a number of other noble streams in the State, notably the Yellow- 



MONTANA. 317 

stone, Jefferson, Madison, Musselshell, Gallatin, and Deer Lodge 
Rivers. The climate is milder than the latitude and elevation 
would seem to indicate, the mean annual temperature as observed 
at Helena being 43.04° F.; that of the summer 70.28° F., and of 
the winter 19.16° F. The mortality- rate, as computed from the 
last United States census, was 7.66 per 1000 of population. The 
death-rate from consumption was 0.42 per 1000. 

The mineral springs of Montana are numerous and important, 
although but little has ever been written concerning them. Walton 
describes but one locality — the White Sulphur Springs, and BelFs 
book dismisses the subject with the mere statement that these springs 
exist, but had not at that time (1885) been improved. Owing to 
the scantiness of the population, many valuable springs in the State 
are still in an undeveloped condition. Many of the Montana springs 
are thermal, especially in the western portion of the State. We find 
here all the conditions usually existing in connection with hot springs, 
viz., volcanic rocks, uplifted mountain chains, and dislocations or 
fractures of the strata. There are, however, a number of very ex- 
cellent cold springs in the State. We have secured the following 
information chiefly by means of personal inquiry in all parts of the 
State. 

ALHAMBRA SPRINGS, 

Jeffekson County. 

Post-office, Alhambra. Hotel. Access by Northern Pacific or 
the Great Northern E. R. The location is fifteen miles from Helena. 
The springs are situated at a level of 3786 feet above the sea, the 
surrounding country being broken and mountainous. The atmos- 
phere in this region is very dry, with but little rain in the summer 
or snow in the winter. The scenery is varied and picturesque, the 
hills and mountains being covered by different varieties of pine, fir, 
cypress, etc., and the bottoms dotted with groves of alder, willow, 
mountain ash, poplar, and other trees. Many varieties of plants 
have been found in the neighborhood, which, it is said, have never 
yet been classified. The springs are situated in an angle formed by 
the junction of two creeks in which mountain trout abound. Game 
is still quite abundant, consisting of grouse, pheasants, deer, elks, 
mountain lions, and a few bisons. The springs are twenty-two in 
number, and vary in temperature from 90° F. to 134° F. A com- 
plete analysis has never been made, but Dr. G. W. Stein, the pro- 
prietor, sends us the following partial qualitative analysis bv him- 
self : 

Sodium carbonate. Lithium carbonate. 

Potassium carbonate. Sodium chloride. 

Calcium carbonate. Potassium sulphate. 

One spring is said to be strongly chalybeate, while . another is 
heavily impregnated with fluoride of calcium. 



318 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

A sufficient quantity of the waters of some of the springs pro- 
duces mild purgative effects with most people. Dr. Stein states 
that the internal use of the waters is markedly advantageous in 
cases of chronic articular rheumatism and other disorders for which 
the Carslbad waters of Bohemia have become famous. Mild attacks 
of albuminuria usually disappear, and even advanced cases of 
Bright' s disease are benefited. Abundant hot and cold water bath- 
ing facilities, with a plunge and swimming bath, are provided. 

BOULDER HOT SPRINGS, 

Jefferson County. 

Post-office, Boulder. Hotel and cottages. These springs are 
located within two miles of the town of Boulder, about midway 
between Butte and Helena. They are reached by both the Northern 
Pacific and Great Northern R. P. The springs are numerous, and 
some of them have a large outflow of water. The surrounding 
country is of a rugged, mountainous character, the location of the 
springs being 4904 feet above the sea-level. The following anal- 
ysis, supplied by Mr. George B. Beck with, manager of the springs > 
was made at the Columbia School of Mines, New York City : 

BOULDER HOT SPRINGS. 

Saline-chalybeate. Sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 4.70 

Sodium sulphate 4.30 

Sodium carbonate 2.60 

Calcium carbonate 1.30 

Magnesium carbonate . 3.60 

Sulphur 4.80 

Iron 2.90 

Total 24.20 

The temperature ranges from 125° F. to 187° F. The water is 
said to be very palatable as a beverage. The hotel is heated by 
the water of the springs, and bathing facilities are abundant. The 
diseases especially benefited here are rheumatism, indigestion, chronic 
constipation, renal, cutaneous, and hepatic diseases, and metallic 
poisoning. 

FERRIS HOT SPRINGS, 

(Formerly Matthews) 

Gallatin County. 

Post-office, Bozeman. Hotel. These springs are located on the 
east bank of the West Gallatin River, seven miles west of Bozeman, 
from which place they are reached by coach. They were discovered 
over twenty years ago, but were not much improved until quite 



MONTANA. 319 

recently. The present proprietor has erected a handsome modern 
hotel, improved the natural charming surroundings, and placed the 
resort on a par with the most attractive in the West. The location 
of the hotel possesses unusual advantages. To the north, east, and 
south a broad expanse of level country stretches out, dotted here 
and there by groves of cottonwood and poplars, the intervening 
ground being occupied by fields of growing grain and verdant 
meadow-lands. On the west the river sweeps along in magnificent 
curves, the line of tall trees conforming to the meanderings of the 
stream. Back of all, the grand old Rockies — snow-crowned, rock- 
ribbed, majestic — form an apparently unbroken guard to the 
enchanting scene which lies in tranquil loveliness below. The 
location is 4500 feet above the sea-level. Fish and game are found 
in great abundance and variety in the neighborhood. An analysis 
of the waters by Messrs. Riggs and Clark, of the United States 
Geological Survey, in 1885, resulted as follows : 

FERRIS HOT SPRINGS. 

Saline- silicious. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silica 4.61 

Sodium silicate . 6.40 

Calcium carbonate 2.28 

Magnesium carbonate 0.21 

Sodium carbonate 4.37 

Potassium chloride 0.78 

Sodium chloride 4.12 

Sodium sulphate 11.51 

Loss 0.06 

Total 34.34 

The analysis shows sufficient sulphate of soda to give the waters 
a laxative effect when taken in considerable quantities. They are 
useful both for internal use and for bathing in the diseased condi- 
tions to which hot saline waters are applicable. 

HUNTER'S HOT SPRINGS, 

Gallatin County. 

Post-office, Springdale. Hotel and sanitarium. Access via 
Northern Pacific R. R. to Springdale, where stages connect with 
the springs, three miles distant, the road crossing a magnificent iron 
bridge on the Yellowstone River. Hunter's Springs are situated at 
the base of the foothills of what is known as the Crazy Range of 
mountains. The location is 1000 miles west of St. Paul and 920 
miles east of Portland, Oregon, and has an altitude of 4480 feet above 
the sea-level. The surrounding scenery is of the grand and romantic 
character commonly found in the Rocky Mountains. The climate 
is dry and salubrious, and severe storms are unknown. The ther- 



320 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

mometer seldom reaches as high as 98° F. in summer or as low as 
zero in winter. The springs boil up from a rocky ledge in the 
bottom of a little valley or basin enclosed by gently undulating 
hills. They are twenty-seven in number, and are arranged in three 
principal groups, varying in heat from 148° F. to 168° F., with a 
combined outpour of about 90,000 gallons per hour. The water is 
clear and sparkling and remarkably soft. At present only the 
waters from the upper springs are used for the baths of the sanita- 
rium. The baths for ladies and gentlemen are in separate build- 
ings, each fitted with a plunge, tub, and vapor baths, and heated 
by the hot waters. About eighty rods from the bath-house is an 
outdoor summer bath, about one hundred and five feet square and 
from four to six feet deep, supplied with water from the lower 
group. This is said to be the largest bath of hot mineral water in 
the United States. The sanitarium connected with the springs has 
recently been enlarged and is adequately prepared for the reception 
of various classes of patients. Cases of rheumatism, liver disor- 
ders, bronchial catarrh, asthma, gout, and uterine diseases have 
been benefited or cured by a sojourn at this resort and the use of 
the waters and baths. An analysis by Prof. INfoyes, of the Minne- 
sota State University, resulted as follows : 



HUNTER'S HOT SPRINGS. 



Light Alkaline-saline. 



One U. S. gallon contains 

Solids. 
Silica 

Alumina . 
Iron carbonate . 
Calcium carbonate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Lithium carbonate 
Potassium carbonate 
Potassium iodide 
Potassium bromide 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium sulphide 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium phosphate 
Sodium biborate 
Sodium carbonate 
Ammonium (free) 
Albuminous ammonia 



Grains. 
4.52 
0.07 

Trace. 
0.23 

Trace. 

0.32 
Trace. 

a 

1.44 

0.85 

0.61 

Trace. 

8.79 

0.02 

Trace. 



Total 



16.85 



LISSNER'S MINERAL SPRING, 

Lewis and Clarke County. 

Post-office, Helena. Hotels. This spring is located in Helena, 
about three hundred yards from the International Hotel, at the 
corner of Main and State Streets. The spring gushes from the 



MONTANA. 321 

foot of a granite mountain, three hundred feet high, at the rate of 
about 20,000 gallons a day. A qualitative analysis by Messrs. 
Thomas Price & Son, chemists, of San Francisco, showed the pres- 
ence of the chlorides, carbonates, and sulphates of lime, magnesia, 
soda, and potash. It is free organic or vegetable matter. The 
water is used commercially, and is recommended for indigestion, 
constipation, liver, kidney, and bladder troubles. We are unable 
to classify the water in the absence of a complete quantitative 
analysis. 

PULLER SPRINGS, 

Madison County. 

Post-office, Puller Springs. Hotel. This resort is reached by 
a good wagon-road, and has semi- weekly mails. 

The location is in a beautiful valley, having an elevation of 5530 
feet above the sea-level. The springs are two in number, the tem- 
perature being 95° F. for the larger and 105° F. for 'the smaller 
spring. Xo analysis. The waters have been found beneficial in 
rheumatism and allied disorders. 

WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 
Meagher County. 

Post-office, White Sulphur Springs. Hotel. Access by Northern 
Pacific R. P. toTownsend; thence by stage or private conveyance 
to springs. They may also be reached by stage from Helena, 
seventy-five miles distant. The springs are located at an eleva- 
tion of 5012 feet above the sea-level, in a valley seventy-five miles 
long by ten or fifteen wide, watered by numerous streams where 
trout and other fish are abundant. Game is also plentiful in the 
surrounding mountains. 

An analysis by R. B. Riggs, of the United States Geological 
Survey, in 1885, showed the presence of the carbonates of sodium, 
calcium, and magnesium, sulphate of sodium, chlorides of sodium 
and potassium, silica, and a trace of sulphureted hydrogen. The 
water is of the alkaline-saline-thermal type. The temperature of 
the water varies from 95° F. to 125° F. It is recommended for 
the liver, and skin diseases and syphilis. 

The following springs of Montana are more or less used as 
resorts : 

Allan's Mineral Springs, Pine Creek, Bitter Root Valley, Mis- 
soula County. 

Clark's Warm Springs, near Pony, Madison County. 

Helena Hot Springs, near Helena, Lewis and Clarke County. 



21 



322 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



NEBRASKA. 

Nebraska extends from 40° to 43° north latitude, and from 95° 
13' to 104° west longitude. The greater part of the State is a 
plateau. The eastern half has an average elevation above the sea- 
level of 1400 feet. The average elevation of the whole State is 
2312 feet. There are no mountains, but in the northern and 
western parts there are some ridges and a few lofty hills. Not 
less than 25 per cent, of the entire surface is composed of well- 
watered valleys. There are a great number of ponds and lakelets. 
The principal rivers are the Missouri, which forms part of the 
northern and all of the eastern boundary; the Niobrara, and the 
Nebraska or Platte. Owing to the elevation above the sea, the 
dryness of the atmosphere, and the great amount of ozone which it 
contains, and the fine natural drainage of the State, the climate is 
exceptionally healthy, especially for persons of consumptive ten- 
dency. The diseases incident to the climate are rheumatism, neu- 
ralgia, and, in isolated spots, malaria. The mean annual tempera- 
ture, as observed at Omaha, is 49.28° F. ; that of summer 74.26° 
F., and that of winter 23.36° F. The mortality-rate in 1890 was 
7.99 per 1000 of population; phthisical death-rate 0.57 per 1000. 

The mineral springs of Nebraska are few in number, and, so far, 
unimportant. No work on mineral springs mentions any resorts in 
the State, and the list of the United States Geological Survey con- 
tains but three spring localities, none of them being in use. In 
many places the waters reached by wells are no doubt mineralized 
to some extent, as in the adjoining States of Kansas and South 
Dakota. Saline springs are found in the southeastern part of the 
State and also along the Elkhorn and Loup Rivers. We have 
made a personal visit to the State and have directed inquiries to a 
number of localities, but have secured information of only one 
spring resort, which probably represents the State's entire contribu- 
tion up to the present time. 

VICTORIA MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Custer County. 

Post-office, New Helena. Hotel built recently. New Helena 
is reached by the Burlington and Missouri R. R. 

The springs are seven in number, and are at a level of 2600 feet 
above tide-water, in a level prairie country having fine roads. It 
is said that an average of 350 clear, sunny days in the year may 
be counted upon in this region. The accommodations for visitors 
are limited at present, but improvements are at this time being 
added. The springs were discovered in 1888, and it is stated that no 
two of them are exactly alike. The largest, known as the " Mag- 
nesia ? ' Spring, is used for bottling. Each spring has a different 



NEVADA. 323 

flow, yielding from 1200 to 3000 gallons per hour. An analysis, 
made in 1888, resulted as follows. We are unable to secure the 
name of the analyst : 

MAGNESIA SPRING (VICTORIA MINERAL SPRINGS). 

Alkaline-saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 15.63 

Magnesium carbonate 11.27 

Iron carbonate . . 0.08 

Sodium sulphate 2.16 

Calcium sulphate 18.03 

Magnesium sulphate 12.06 

Potassium sulphate 1.46 

Ammonium sulphate 0.23 

Sodium chloride 1.26 

Lithia Trace. 

Iodine " 

Bromine " 

Total 62.18 

The water has an unvarying temperature of 55° F. It is coming 
into considerable use as a commercial water, and in addition to table 
and domestic use it is recommended for stomach and kidney disor- 
ders. 

An artesian well, in Lincoln, Lancaster County, is said to yield 
a valuable saline water. Another spring of the State, mentioned 
in the United States Geological Reports, is the Saratoga Sulphur 
Spring, Saratoga, Holt County. It has not come into use, so far 
as can be learned. 



NEVADA. 

Nevada extends from 114° to 120° west longitude, and from 35° 
to 42° north latitude. The surface of the State is an elevated table- 
land, with an average height of over 4000 feet above the sea-level, 
broken into by several ranges of mountains running from north to 
south. The Sierra Nevada Mountains form a part of the western 
boundary, and vary from 7000 to 13,000 feet in height. The prin- 
cipal rivers are the Colorado and the Humboldt. Other smaller 
streams are the Truckee, Walker, Carson, and Quinn's Rivers. The 
mountains are generally covered from base to summit with a growth 
of forests, consisting of pine, spruce, and fir. The hardier fruits, 
berries, etc., grow luxuriantly. The series of long, narrow basins, 
surrounded by rugged, steep, and, in many places, lofty mountains, 
present a weird graudeur of scenery surpassed by none other in 



324 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

the United States. The climate is generally mild and healthful 
and the air dry and invigorating. The rainfall is scanty, occur- 
ring, as a rule, only in the spring. The mean annual temperature 
is 54.13° F.; that of the summer 75.18° F., and of the winter 
34.55° F. The death-rate, according to the United States census 
of 1890, is 9.48 per 1000; phthisical mortality-rate, 0.77 per 1000 
of population. The State is plentifully supplied with mineral 
springs of great variety ; but such is the scantiness of the popula- 
tion and the extent of the territory that few of them have become 
well known and only a small proportion developed in any way. 
None are mentioned as resorts in any of the books on mineral 
springs. West of Palisade and south of the Union Pacific R. R. 
is a region that contains numerous intermittent hot springs whose 
waters are impregnated with sulphur. These springs are usually 
found in connection with fractures of the strata or geological fault- 
lines. Salt and borax springs are also numerous. There are a 
number of fumaroles and geysers in the State, notably in the Vol- 
canic Springs district, in Lander County, near Beowawe. These 
springs have not come into use as a resort, nor has the Pueblo Hot 
Springs in Humboldt, mentioned by Walton. 

By assiduous correspondence and personal inquiry we have been 
able to elicit direct information from a single spring locality in the 
State at this time used as a resort. 

W ALLEY'S HOT SPRINGS, 

Douglas County. 

Post-office, Genoa. Hotel. This resort, formerly known as 
Genoa Hot Springs, is located about fourteen miles from Carson 
City, the capital of the State. The situation is picturesque, having 
an altitude of about 4000 feet, with high mountains on the west and 
a beautiful valley on the east. The prevailing weather is clear and 
pleasant, the temperature seldom exceeding 90° F. in summer or 
falling below zero in winter. Mr. H. J. Walley furnishes us with 
the following analysis made by J. W. Phillips, analytical chemist 
at the Nevada Agricultural Experimental Station : 

WALLEY 7 S HOT SPRINGS. 

Sulphated-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 0.67 

Sodium sulphate . . . . . . ... 12.41 

Iron sulphate Trace. 

Calcium sulphate 2.19 

Sodium hyposulphite . 0.40 

Sodium bicarbonate 0.64 

Magnesium bicarbonate Trace. 

Sodium biborate 1 .45 

Sodium chloride 4.78 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 325 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silica 2.85 

Alumina 0.02 

Ammonia Trace. 

Organic matter " 

Total 25.41 

Carbonic acid gas, 6.48 cubic inches. 

The temperature of the several springs (six in number) varies 
from 136° F. to 160° F. The baths here are stated to be very 
efficacious in the treatment of renal and skin diseases and in rheu- 
matism of long standing. The analysis shows a valuable thermal 
water of the saline class. 

According to the United States Geological Keports, the following 
springs of Nevada have been used as resorts either by the aborigines 
or the white settlers : 

Elko Hot Springs, Elko, Elko County. 

Golconda Hot Springs, Golconda, Humboldt County. 

Mineral Spring, one mile east of Carson City, Ormsby County; 
thermal. 

Thermal Springs, ten miles north of Wellington, Lyon County. 

Kyle's Hot Springs, twelve or fifteen miles east of Star Peak, 
Humboldt County. 

Mineral Hill Hot White Sulphur Springs, near Mineral Hill, 
Elko County. 

These springs are five in number, and are said to have a boiling 
temperature. 

Shaw's Hot Springs (formerly Swift's), two miles northeast of 
Carson City, Ormsby County; temperature 120° F. 

Steamboat Springs, Steamboat Springs, Washoe County; tem- 
perature 204° F. 

Sulphur Springs, in Sodaville, north of Columbus, Esmeralda 
County. 

Whelan's White Sulphur and Mineral Springs, Pine Valley, 
Eureka County. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

The limits of New Hampshire extend from 42° 41' to 45° 11' 
north latitude, and from 70° 40' to 72° 28' west longitude. The 
Atlantic border of the State is a sandy beach, succeeded inland by 
hills which increase with considerable rapidity in elevation. The 
region of hills is quickly followed by that of the mountains. 
Taken as a whole, the natural features of New Hampshire are 
bold, prominent, and in some localities sublime; and its elevated 
regions are often called the Switzerland of America. Some of the 



326 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

peaks of the White Mountains are upward of 6200 feet above the 
Atlantic Ocean, Mount Washington and Mount Lafayette being 
the highest. There are several important lakes, the largest being 
Winnipiseogee, Squam, and Sunapee. The principal rivers are 
the Connecticut, Androscoggin, and Merrimac, all of which have 
their origin in New Hampshire. The State is much visited during 
the summer months by tourists in quest of recreation and pleasure 
amid the lake and mountain scenery. The climate is healthful, 
and epidemics are unknown. The winters, however, are long and 
cold, and the summers are frequently hot. Among the attractive 
localities in the White Mountain region are Alton Bay, Wolf borough, 
and Center Harbor, on Lake Winnipiseogee; Plymouth, Sandwich, 
and Campton, south of the mountain region ; Bethlehem, Jeffer- 
son, Gorham, and Lancaster, north and west of it; North Conway, 
east of it. The death-rate in 1890 was 18.79 per 1000 of popula- 
tion; the phthisical mortality- rate was 1.93 per 1000. 

There are a considerable number of mineral springs in New 
Hampshire, but, with one or two exceptions, none of them appear 
to be used to any great extent. The waters of the commercial 
springs, however, have a very large sale, their value, according to 
the United States Geological Reports of 1896, being greater than 
that of the waters of any other State for the preceding year, 1895. 
From various sources, chiefly from geological reports, we have 
obtained information of the existence of thirteen localities. Walton 
mentions three springs in the State; Pepper's list nine, and Peale 
eleven. The springs, as a rule, are not highly mineralized, resem- 
bling in this respect those of other New England States. 

BIRCHDALE SPRINGS, 
Merrimac County. 

Post-office, Concord. Hotel. These springs are located about 
four miles from the State House. 

The springs are four in number, known as the " Concord/ ' 
"Merrimac," " Granite," and " Penacook." The following 
analysis of the Concord Spring was made in 1873 by Prof. Charles 
F. Chandler, of New York : 

BIRCHDALE SPRINGS (THE CONCORD SPRING). 

Calcic-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon 1 contains :■ 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium bicarbonate 0.19 

Calcium bicarbonate ........ 2.09 

Magnesium bicarbonate 0.84 

Iron bicarbonate 0.37 

Sodium chloride 0.38 

Sodium sulphate 0.26 

1 The original analysis was estimated in grains per imperial gallon. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 327 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 0.07 

Sodium phosphate ... .... 0.01 

Silica . 0.92 

Alumina 0.12 

Organic matter 0.67 

Total . . . 5.92 

We have been unable to obtain information relating to the present 
status of these springs. They were formerly used both commer- 
cially and as a resort. 

BRADFORD MINERAL SPRING, 

Merrimac County. 

Post-office, East Washington. Hotel. Access from Boston via 
the Lowell R. R. to East Washington; thence one mile to hotel at 
springs. Stages await trains during the season from May 15th to 
October 15th. 

This spring became known to the white settlers in 1770, and 
since early in the present century its waters have been used for 
medicinal purposes. An analysis by Dr. Jackson, of Boston, sub- 
sequently confirmed by Dr. Richards, of Poughkeepsie, New York, 
showed the presence of the following ingredients : 

BRADFORD MINERAL SPRING. 

Qualitative Analysis. 

Sodium chloride. Calcium sulphate. 

Potassium chloride. Iron oxide. 

Sodium carbonate. Aluminium oxide. 

Calcium carbonate. Organic matter . 

Magnesium carbonate. Sulphur. 
Carbonic acid gas. 

We are unable from this analysis to assign the water to its proper 
class, although it is probably a sulphurated chalybeate. The spring 
yields 2100 gallons hourly. The water is clear and sparkling, and 
emits an odor of sulphurated hydrogen gas. It has been success- 
fully used by the residents of the neighborhood in the treatment of 
certain cutaneous diseases, especially eczema. It is said to be a very 
efficient diuretic and tonic, and seems to be well adapted for rheu- 
matism and diseases of the alimentary tract, and for conditions in 
which the urine is scanty and high-colored. As a douche in nasal 
catarrh and in catarrhal states of the vagina and uterus it has been 
found useful. There are bathing facilities for guests who wish to 
take hot or cold sulphur baths. The surroundings of the place are 
very attractive, and ample amusements and diversion are afforded 
the visitor in the way of bowling, shooting, fishing, driving, etc. 



328 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

LONDONDERRY LITHIA SPRING, 

Rockingham County. 

Location, Londonderry. This spring is evidently not used as a 
resort, but its waters have become widely celebrated and are exten- 
sively sold. The following analysis was made by Prof. H. Hal- 
vorson : 

LONDONDERRY LITHIA WATER. 

Alkaline-chalybeate. Lithiated and aluminous. 

One U. S. gallon 1 contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 25.13 

Potassium carbonate 18.33 

Calcium bicarbonate 7.29 

Magnesium carbonate 7.53 

Aluminium sulphate . 5.05 

Lithium bicarbonate 7.29 

Iron carbonate 1.85 

Potassium sulphate 0.30 

Sodium chloride 0.83 

Silica 1.25 

Organic matter None. 

Total 74.85 

Carbonic acid gas, 62.84 cubic inches. 

The analysis shows a very potent and valuable mineral water, 
possessing the virtues of an antacid, diuretic, and ferruginous tonic. 
It has been found beneficial in a wide range of diseases, but notably 
those due to the uric-acid diathesis. The best effects of the water 
have been observed in gout, rheumatism, in neuralgic pains, in 
gravel, and in giddiness, headache, insomnia, and other manifesta- 
tions denoting the lithsemic state. Being entirely free from organic 
matter, the water is well adapted for domestic use. Although not 
used as a resort, the proprietors of the spring extend a welcome to 
visitors and are pleased to show them through their extensive bot- 
tling plant. 

The following-named springs of New Hampshire are mentioned 
in the Geological Reports of the State : 

Abenaquis Spring, Walpole, Cheshire County. 

Amherst Soda Springs, two miles from Amherst, Hillsboro 
County; has been used as a resort. 

Charleston Springs, Charleston, Sullivan County; unimportant. 

Milford or Ponemah Springs, Milford, Hillsboro County; four 
in number; chalybeate, etc.; has been used commercially and as a 
resort. 

Moultonborough Mineral Spring, Moultonborough, Carroll 
County; formerly used as a resort. 

1 The original analysis was estimated in grains per imperial gallon. 



NEW JERSEY. 329 

Sulpho-chalybeate Spring, near Pittsfield, Merrimac County. 

Unity or Unitoga Springs, East Unity, Sullivan County; ten in 
number; alkaline-calcic; resort. 

White Mountain Mineral Spring, Conway, Carroll County; alka- 
line; has been used as a resort. 

Yocum Spring, Goffstown Center, Hillsboro County; chalybeate; 
has been a resort; present status not known. 

The following are used commercially: 

Amherst Mineral Spring, Amherst, Hillsboro County. 

Pack Monadnock Lithia Spring, Temple, Hillsboro County. 



NEW JERSEY. 



New Jersey extends from 38° 56' to 41° 30' north latitude, and 
from 73° 55' to 75° 32' west longitude. The northern portion of 
the State is hilly and mountainous, the highest elevations reaching 
from 1000 to 1750 feet. The Palisades, a wall of perpendicular 
trap-rock from 300 to 600 feet high, form the western bank of the 
Hudson River for fifteen miles. The central portion of the State is 
a rolling country, and the eastern portion a sandy plain, declining 
to the sea. The Atlantic coast-line is one hundred and twenty miles 
long. The principal rivers are the Hudson, forming parts of the 
eastern border; the Delaware, the western boundary, and the Pas- 
saic, Hackensack, Raritan, Neversink, and Shrewsbury. The 
climate of New Jersey is somewhat variable. The uplands are 
healthy, but marsh and malarial fevers are found in some of the 
low-lying districts. The mean annual temperature, as observed at 
Newark during a period of twenty-four years, was 50.50° F.; that 
of the summer 70.30° F., and of the winter 30.75° F. The aver- 
age rainfall is about 45 inches. The death-rate of the State, accord- 
ing to the last United States census, is 0.21 per 1000 of population; 
phthisical mortality 2.34 per 1000. There are extensive forests of 
pine in the southern part of the State and several pretty lakes in the 
northern part. There is much pleasing scenery, and the proximity 
of the State to the great cities of New York and Philadelphia have 
made many sections favorite places of resort. Some of the New 
Jersey watering-places are frequented by visitors from all over the 
country. Among the most famous of these are Long Branch, 
Asbury Park, Ocean Grove, Atlantic City, and Cape May, along 
the Atlantic coast. Lake wood, in the pine region, has of late years 
become a popular winter resting-place for fashionable people of New 
York and Philadelphia. The State has few mineral springs, and 
these are comparatively unimportant. There are numerous highly 
mineralized artesian wells in different parts of the State, but they 
do not appear ever to have been used for medicinal purposes. As 
far as can be learned, only one locality is used as a resort. 



330 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

PINE LAWN SPRING, 
Bergen County. 

Post-office, Hohokus. The Pine Lawn Spring water, recently 
introduced into the markets, is obtained from an artesian spring at 
Hohokus, twenty-three miles from New York City. The place is 
not used as a resort, but we are informed that residents of the 
neighborhood attach considerable medicinal value to the water and 
use it in large quantities. The following analysis was made in 
1897 by Messrs. Smith and De Roode, chemists, of Eraser & Co., 
New York : 

PINE LAWN SPRING WATER. 

Light Alkaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate . 0.06 

Sodium chloride 0.43 

Sodium sulphate 0.32 

Calcium sulphate . 0.49 

Calcium nitrate . . . . . ... . 0.66 

Calcium carbonate 2.04 

Magnesium carbonate . 0.72 

Alumina Trace. 

Silica 0.57 

Total 5.29 

The water is exceptionally free from organic matter, and presents 
no evidence of surface pollution. It is clear, palatable, and spark- 
ling, and well adapted for the table. 

SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN SPRINGS, 
Morris County. 

Post-office, Schooley's Mountain. Hotel. Access from New 
York via the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western R. R. to Hack- 
ettstown, thence three miles by stage to springs; or via the Central 
R. R. of New Jersey to German Valley, thence two and one-half 
miles by stage; from Philadelphia via the Philadelphia and Read- 
ing R. R. to German Valley, etc. 

Schooley's Mountain is a broad plateau in the northern part of 
New Jersey, 1200 feet above tide-water, overlooking the Musconet- 
cong Valley on the north and German Valley on the south. The 
scenery in the vicinity is varied and picturesque, and the neighbor- 
hood abounds in beautiful walks, drives, landscapes, etc. Among 
the nearby points of interest are Lake Hopatcong, Budd's Lake, 
and the romantic Delaware Water Gap. The chalybeate spring, 
situated half a mile from the hotel (the Heath House), has enjoyed 
a reputation as a ferruginous tonic for many years. The following 
analysis was made by C. Mclntyre, Jr., analytical chemist : 



NEW JERSEY. 331 

CHALYBEATE SPRING (SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN SPRINGS). 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate " 0.58 

Magnesium carbonate 1.60 

Iron carbonate 0.58 

Manganese carbonate Trace. 

Calcium carbonate 1.42 

Calcium sulphate 1.68 

Alumina . . . 0.14 

Ammonia . . . . . . . . . Trace. 

Silicic acid 0.74 

Sodium chloride . 0.43 

Total 7.17 

A subsequent analysis, showing a larger percentage of iron, has 
been made; but the terms of the analysis are so dubious that we 
have not thought it well to introduce it. The waters are recom- 
mended in cases of general debility, torpor of the liver, and in 
renal and bladder disorders. 

At the Heath House is another spring, which has been analyzed 
by Prof. George H. Cook, State geologist. The figures are pre- 
sumed to refer to grains per United States gallon, in accordance 
with the analyses of the artesian wells and springs contained in the 
State Geological Reports : 

HEATH-HOUSE SPRING. 

Saline- chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 8.00 

Magnesium sulphate 2.00 

Sodium chloride . . 31.00 

Magnesium chloride 17.00 

Silica 3.00 

Calcium carbonate ........ 16.00 

Magnesium carbonate 7.00 

Iron carbonate 4.00 

Potassium chloride 3.00 

Total 91.00 

The analysis shows a water rich in mineral ingredients, but, as 
far as we can learn, it is not used for medicinal purposes. The 
Heath House and cottages consist of several detached buildings, 
none of them over three stories in height, with accommodations for 
350 guests. They are situated in a beautiful lawn of twenty-five 
acres. It is stated that the temperature here averages 10° lower 
during the day and 15° to 20° lower during the night than at Xew T 
York or at Philadelphia. 



332 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The following springs are used commercially: 
Kalium Springs, Collingswood, Camden County. 
Pine Grove Mineral Spring, Woodbury, Gloucester County. 
We are informed that the Spa Spring, of Woodbridge, Middlesex 
County, is no longer used commercially. 



NEW MEXICO. 



New Mexico extends from 31° 20' to 37° north latitude, and from 
103° to 109° 9' west longitude. The surface of the country con- 
sists of a series of elevated level plateaus, covered by mountain 
ranges that often rise into high peaks, with intervening fertile val- 
leys. The average elevation of the entire Territory is 5600 feet 
above tide-water. The Sangre-de-Cristo range enters from Colo- 
rado and extends nearly to Santa Fe, and has several peaks 
ranging from 12,000 to 14,162 feet in height. In the northeast 
are the Raton Moun tains; while, west of the Rio Grande, range 
after range of grand peaks rise up to the westward until the great 
continental divide of the Sierra Madre is reached There is also 
a continuous range, bearing local names, below Santa F6. This 
range runs along the east side of the Rio Grande, crossing the 
river at El Paso into Mexico. The chief rivers of the Territory 
are the Rio Grande Del Norte, known as the " Nile of the New 
World;" the Pecos, its principal affluent, and the Canadian, Gila, 
San Juan, and Little Colorado, tributaries of the Colorado. The 
rainfall is very light, varying from 8 inches in the valley of the 
Rio Grande to 20 inches near the Texas State line. The great 
Staked Plains is a treeless and waterless grassy plateau of 44,000 
square miles and 5000 feet elevation. In the highlands is an 
abundant supply of timber, the pine, walnut, hemlock, cottonwood, 
aspen, cedar, oak, and other trees being found. The mountains 
bear great forests of evergreens, and the deserts yield the yucca 
palm, valuable for paper making. As might be expected in a region 
with such a diversity of surface conditions, New Mexico is rich in 
the picturesque. Some of the most romantic scenery in the world 
is found amid its broken, irregular mountain ridges; the fertile 
valleys are rich with gramma grass, while on every side lie the 
ruins of ancient cities and dried-up canals that remain only to 
whisper the story of a people whose history perished with them. 
The climate is dry and salubrious, mild and equable, the winters 
being followed by cool and invigorating summers. The mean 
annual temperature at Santa Fe is 50.54° F., that of the summer 
70.50° F., and of the winter 30.28° F. The mortality-rate of the 
Territory, as computed from the United States census for 1890, was 



NEW MEXICO. 333 

16.24 per 1000. The phthisical death-rate showed the remarkably 
low figure of 0,63 per 1000 of population. 

New Mexico abounds in warm and hot springs, some of which 
are of considerable importance. They are chiefly of the alkaline- 
saline -calcic varieties. Several of the springs were in use many 
years ago by the Franciscans and Dominicans, and by the native 
races prior to the advent of Europeans. Our information concern- 
ing the springs of the Territory is drawn partially from the Re- 
port of the United States Geological Survey, west of the 100th 
meridian (vol. iii., Geology), and from Peale's contributions, but 
chiefly from personal inquiries. Some of the springs analyzed by 
the Government geologists do not appear to be in use at this time. 

HUDSON HOT SPRINGS, 

Grant County. 

Post-office, Hudson. Hotel. Access via Atchison, Topeka and 
Santa Fe* R. R. (Silver City branch) to Hudson, thence by coach 
to springs. The location is twenty-five miles from Deming, at the 
junction of the Southern Pacific and Atchison Railroads. 

At present the accommodations for guests are limited, the hotel 
having been destroyed by fire and not rebuilt. Plans are completed, 
however, for the erection of a hotel of fifty rooms, with all modern 
conveniences, and it will no doubt be ready for occupancy before 
this work is printed. The location is 5000 feet above the sea-level, 
and is in a broad valley open on the south for many miles, and 
surrounded on other sides by mountains distant from ten to fifteen 
miles. On the east, four miles distant, flows the Mimbres River, 
whose valley, from one to two miles in width, is dotted with a suc- 
cession of fine farms and orchards. The variations of temperature 
are never extreme in this region, the air being pure and dry and 
the rainfall light, occurring almost entirely in July and August. 
The flow of water from the springs has not been measured, but it 
is sufficient to irrigate eight acres of land. The following analysis 
of the Hot Spring was made by Prof. W. D. Church, chemist : 

HUDSON HOT SPRINGS. 

A Ikaline-caleic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silica 1.55 

Oxide of iron and alumina 0.50 

Calcium carbonate 4.45 

Magnesium carbonate 2.62 

Soluble sulphates and carbonates of sodium and potassium 13.55 

Sodium chloride 2.27 

Total 24.94 

Temperature of water, 142° F. 



334 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

It is said that certain of the diseases of the blood, liver, kidneys, 
and stomach are much benefited by the hot-water baths conjoined 
with the internal administration of water of the cold spring. On 
account of the equable climate it is safe to visit this resort at any 
season of the year. 

LAS VEGAS HOT SPRINGS, 

San Miguel County. 

Post-office, Las Vegas Hot Springs. Hotel. Access via At- 
chison, Topeka and Santa Fe R. R. to Las Vegas, thence by branch 
liue six miles to springs. Through Pullman sleeping cars pass Las 
Vegas twice a day in both directions. 

These springs are situated upon the southeastern slope of the Santa 
Fe range of the Rocky Mountains at an altitude of 6767 feet above 
the sea-level. They are about forty in number, and vary in tem- 
perature from ice-cold to very hot, the thermal springs ranging 
from 110° F. to 140° F. The following analysis of the waters of 
the largest of the latter, flowing 1250 gallons per hour, was made 
by Dr. Walter S. Haines, Professor of Chemistry at Rush Medical 
College, Chicago : 

SPRING NO. 6 (LAS VEGAS HOT SPRINGS). 
Saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 0.89 

Magnesium carbonate . 0.15 

Sodium carbonate 8.38 

Potassium carbonate 0.28 

Sodium sulphate 3.35 

Sodium chloride 14.68 

Silica 3.50 

Alumina 0.10 

Volatile and organic matter 0.32 

Lithium carbonate ....... Traces. 

Sodium bromide " 

Total 31.65 

In its chemical composition this water resembles in many respects 
that of the famous hot springs of Toeplitz, in Austria. The water 
is conducted to a commodious bath-house, where, under the super- 
vision of the resident physician, all varieties of baths are admin- 
istered by a corps of competent assistants. The baths are said to 
have accomplished excellent results in rheumatism, gout, and dis- 
eases of the skin and lymphatic system. Mud baths are a special 
feature and are used in obstinate or neglected cases. This vicinity 
partakes in a large degree of the magnificent climatic conditions 
prevailing in New Mexico. The average humidity of New Mexico, 
as shown by the recent reports of the United States Signal Service, 
varies from 29 to 43 per cent, according to locality — as compared 



NEW MEXICO. 335 

with 72 per cent, for New York City, 73 per cent, for New Eng- 
land, 74 per cent, for the Middle Atlantic, and 79 per cent, for the 
Southern Atlantic States. The climate here is peculiarly adapted to 
persons afflicted with hay-fever, bronchial asthma, and most forms 
of throat and lung diseases. The rarity of the air, caused by the 
high elevatiou, renders this region unfavorable for cardiac affections. 
Among the many attractions surrounding the Las Vegas Hot Springs 
may be mentioned the magnificent mountain scenery, the beautiful 
drives, and the unrivaled opportunities for fishing and hunting. 
The Montezuma is a first-class hotel, affording comforts and conve- 
niences to meet the most exacting demands. It has accommodations 
for 250 guests. 

OJO CALIENTE (HOT SPRINGS), 

Taos County. 

Post-office, Ojo Caliente. Hotel. Access : Take Denver and 
Rio Grande R. R. to Barrancas Station; thence twelve miles by 
stage to springs. 

These celebrated hot springs are located at an elevation of about 
6000 feet above the sea-level in the region of the ancient cliff 
dwellers, twenty-five miles west of Taos and fifty miles north of 
Santa Fe. There is now a commodious hotel at the resort, having 
accommodations for about 100 guests. The surrounding country 
is broken and mountainous, and the climate of the usual delightful 
New Mexican variety. The hottest summer day recorded at the 
springs in recent times was 93° F. and the coldest winter day 20° 4 F. 
The resort is kept open all the year round. The springs are fifteen 
in number, and vary in temperature from 90° F. to 122° F. Their 
flow has not been measured, but it is estimated by Congressman 
Antonio Joseph, the proprietor, at about 4200 gallons hourly. The 
following analysis was made by Prof. O. C. Marsh : 

OJO CALIENTE. 

Thermal. Alkaline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 91.52 

Magnesium carbonate ....... 1.26 

Iron carbonate 5.90 

Lithium carbonate 0.12 

Sodium chloride 22.18 

Calcium carbonate 2.42 

Potassium sulphate 3.00 

Sodium sulphate ........ 7.92 

Silica 1.22 

Total 135.54 

An analysis made in 1892 of the " !S T ew Spring " by W. T. Hille- 
brand, acting chief chemist of the United States Geological Survey, 



336 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

showed the presence of large quantities of carbonate of sodium, be- 
sides salts of lithium, potassium, strontium, barium, magnesium, 
and iron, with a considerable proportion of carbonic acid gas. The 
waters here have a great reputation in the treatment of advanced 
syphilis, chronic induration of the lymphatic glands, gout, and rheu- 
matism. 

From a neat brochure issued by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa 
Fe R. R. we have obtained a brief account of the following mineral 
springs of New Mexico 

CHICO SPRINGS, 

Colfax County. 

Location, twenty miles north of Maxwell City. Stages run daily 
between the two places. Here are found, besides the spring waters, 
pleasant surroundings, romantic scenery, etc. At the hotel the vis- 
itor will find well-kept rooms, a generous cuisine, a good library, 
and amusements in the way of billiards, etc. The place is highly 
recommended as a health resort. 

COYOTE MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Bernalillo County. 

These springs are located at Coyote Canyon, twelve miles from 
Albuquerque. Some of these springs are now used commercially. 
The waters are mildly laxative and diuretic. This is a favorite 
place for summer visitors, and may be regarded as a pleasure rather 
than a health resort 

JEMEZ HOT SPRINGS, 

Bernalillo County. 

Post-office, Archuleta. These springs are located in the beauti- 
ful Jemez Mountains, forty-five miles from Albuquerque, with which 
they are connected by daily stages during the summer months. 
There are two groups of springs, known as the upper and the lower. 
The upper group, at Archuleta, is most frequented. These springs 
are located in the San Diego Canyon, 6620 feet above the level of 
the sea. They are forty in number, and range in temperature from 
70° F. to 105° F. They are chiefly saline in character. The lower 
group, two miles south, are ten or more in number, and have tem- 
peratures ranging from 94° F. to 168° F. They are also saline. 

SELDEN HOT SPRINGS, 

Dona Ana County. 

These springs are sixteen miles north of Las Cruces, and are 
patronized by those afflicted with rheumatism. Visitors camp out; 
there are no accommodations. 



NEW YORK. 337 

Other springs of New Mexico worthy of mention are the follow- 
ing : 

Aztec Spring (Ojo Xiganti), four miles east of Santa Fe, Santa 
Fe Connty. The water is mildly alkaline, and is sold in Santa Fe. 

There are numerous undeveloped springs in the Territory, chiefly 
thermal. 



NEW YORK. 



The State of New York extends from 71° 51' to 79° 47' 25" west 
longitude, and from 40° 29' 40" to 45° 0' 42" north latitude. 
Stretching thus over 4J° of latitude, New York possesses a great 
diversity of soil and climate, and presents some of the finest lake, 
mountain, and river scenery in the world. Although resting only 
one corner upon the Atlantic, the State has a seacoast — extended 
by Staten Island and Long Island — of two hundred and forty-six 
miles, and on these islands are found many lovely and picturesque 
summer resorts. The important rivers of the State are the broad 
and noble Hudson, famous the world over for its romantic and 
impressive scenery; the magnificent St. Lawrence, forming the 
northeast boundary and the outflow of the great lakes, which pours 
into the ocean more water than any river in the world except the 
Amazon; the picturesque Mohawk, and the Genesee, with its 
numerous falls. In the eastern part of the State the Catskill 
Mountains cover over 500 square miles, and reach a height of 3800 
feet. The Adirondack Mountains, in the wild region west of Lake 
Champlain, rise to various heights and are known by different 
names. Mt. Marcy, the loftiest peak, reaches an elevation of 5337 
feet. The State contains among its varied attractions more than 
one thousand lakes, some of them of rare beauty and loveliness. 
Among the most noted, included in whole or in part within in the 
State limits, are Lakes Erie, Ontario, Champlain, George, Otsego, 
Seneca, Chautauqua, Canandaigua, Keuka, Mahopac, Round, and 
Cayuga. In the mountain region in the northeastern part of the 
State are Long Lake, Tupper, St. Regis, Placid, Calden, Avalanche, 
Schroon, Upper and Lower Saranac, Racquette, Sanford, and Pleas- 
ant Lakes. The pleasure resorts of the State along its lakes, water- 
ways, and mountains are among the most attractive and popular in 
the country. There is a great diversity of climate. It is subject 
to sharp, sudden changes, but on the whole is healthful and agree- 
able. The winters in the Adirondack region are long and severe, 
but the air is dry and bracing, and in certain localities beneficial in 
chronic pulmonary troubles at all seasons. The mean annual tem- 
perature, as observed at Albany, is 47.95° F., and in the city of 
New York 51.83° F. The rainfall varies from 44 iuches in the 
Hudson valley to 32 inches in the valley of the St. Lawrence. " The 

22 



338 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

mortality-rate in 1890 was 20.53 per 1000 of population; death- 
rate from consumption was 2.47 per 1000 of population. 

The mineral springs of New York are numerous, and many of 
them widely celebrated. In the United States Geological Reports 
the State is credited with a larger number of localities than any of 
her sisters in the Union. This is probably due to a great extent to 
the great commercial success of the Saratoga Springs, perhaps the 
oldest and undoubtedly one of the most popular spring resorts of the 
United States. The numerical supremacy of the State in the Geo- 
logical Reports is also no doubt partially due to the fact that its 
springs have undergone a more thorough examination and have 
been more carefully studied than those of other States. New locali- 
ties are constantly coming into notice, however, while a number of 
the older ones have been abandoned. The following data have been 
obtained chiefly by personal visits and correspondence. We have 
also drawn upon the Geological Reports and upon the previous 
works on mineral springs for information concerning some locali- 
ties. We have been unable to gain positive information as to the 
present status of some of the springs. They are indicated thus *. 
It will be observed that all varieties of mineral waters are found 
in the State, the saline and alkaline types predominating. The 
highest temperature reached by any of the springs is at Lebanon, 
where the thermal spring attains 75° F. Several of the Saratoga 
and Ballston springs have temperatures that exceed the mean annual 
temperatures of those places, and are therefore in a strict sense 
thermal springs. 

ADIRONDACK MINERAL SPRING, 

Washington County. 

Post-office, Whitehall. The waters of this spring are found in 
the markets under the name of Adirondack Medicinal Water. It 
has been analyzed by Prof. C. Collier, of the University of Vermont, 
with the following results : 

ADIRONDACK MEDICINAL WATER. 

Saline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 5.14 

Potassium carbonate 5.32 

Calcium carbonate 18.54 

Magnesium carbonate 16.62 

Lithium carbonate . ■ 0.02 

Manganese carbonate Trace. 

Iron carbonate 5.04 

Calcium sulphate 11.13 

Sodium chloride 14.34 

Alumina Trace. 

Silica 0.74 

Total 76.89 



NEW YORK. 



339 



The analysis indicates a chalybeate water of great potency. Ex- 
perience has shown its efficacy in cases of anaemia and general 
debility, subacute and chronic articular rheumatism, muscular rheu- 
matism, and certain cutaneous affections. 

AVON SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Livingston County. 

Post-office, Avon. Hotel. Access: Branches of the Erie system 
extend in four directions from Avon, forming direct communication 
with New York, three hundred and sixty-seven miles distant; Roch- 
ester, eighteen miles; and Buffalo, sixty-six miles. The village has 
a surpassingly beautiful location, nestled as it is in the charming 
and picturesque valley of the Genesee. The springs are on a some- 
what lower level, about three-quarters of a mile from the village. 
The surrounding country is delightfully interspersed with fine 
drives, charming lakes, streams, etc. The medicinal qualities of 
the springs were discovered in 1792, and they have been used as a 
resort since that time. The springs found to possess the greatest 
efficacy are those known as the " Upper " and the "Lower" 
Spring. The " Congress" and the " Magnesia" Springs are also 
used to some extent, the latter being the favorite for drinking. 

ANALYSIS OF AVON SULPHUR SPRINGS. 

Saline- calcic. Sulphur eted. 



One U. S. gallon 
contains: 


Upper Spg. 
J. Hadley. 


Lower Spg. 
J. R. Chilton. 


Congress Hall Spg. 
H. M. Baker. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Calcium carbonate 


8.00 


29.33 


9.25 


Sodium sulphate 


. 16.00 


13.73 


21.02 


Calcium sulphate 


. 84.00 


57.44 


27.61 


Magnesium sulphate . 


. 10.00 


49.61 


19.07 


Sodium chloride 


. 18.40 




29.11 


Calcium chloride 


. ... 


8.41 




Sodium iodide . 




Trace. 




Sodium sulphide, ) 
Calcium sulphide, j ' 


. 




99.55 


Total 


. 136.40 


158.52 


205.61 


Gases. 


Cubic inches. 


Cubic inches. 


Cubic inches. 


Sulphureted hydrogen 
Carbonic acid 


. 12.00 
5.60 


10.02 
3.92 


27.63 
22.04 


Oxygen 
Nitrogen 


. . . 


0.56 
5.42 


0.97 

3.88 



Total 



17.60 



19.92 



54.52 



The chemical constituents of the magnesia spring are supposed to 
be similar to those of the lower spring, with, however, a greater 
proportion of sulphate of magnesia. In consequence of the con- 
siderable proportion of this ingredient the two latter springs have 
valuable laxative and purgative properties. They thus become 



340 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

useful in disorders of the gastro-intestinal tract accompanied by 
torpor of the liver and constipation. The water also produces an 
increased activity of the functions of the skin, and free diaphoresis 
often ensues. The water also possesses valuable antacid properties, 
and has been found of special benefit in cases of dyspepsia attended 
by flatulence, heartburn, and gastric catarrh. Both internally and 
in the form of baths these waters have been found beneficial in 
cases of obstinate rheumatism, diseases of the urinary tract, and in 
various skin disorders. Facilities for all forms of hot, cold, and 
electric baths are supplied. Taken altogether, Avon Springs offer 
many pleasant features in the way of charming surroundings, agree- 
able climate, spring waters and baths, and other artificial and natu- 
ral attractions to invite the tourist or invalid. 

*ALBANY ARTESIAN WELL, 
Albany County. 

Location, Ferry Street, Albany. 
Analysis by William Meade : 

ALBANY ARTESIAN WELL. 

Saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 40.00 

Calcium carbonate 32.00 

Magnesium carbonate 16.00 

Iron carbonate (with silicate) 8.00 

Sodium chloride 504.00 

Total 600.00 

A later analysis by L. C. Beck shows a smaller proportion of 
magnesium carbonate (12 grains per gallon) and of sodium chlo- 
rides (472 grains per gallon). There were also 4 grains of chloride 
of calcium per gallon. The analyses are otherwise identical. The 
well is 500 feet in depth. 

AYER'S AMHERST MINERAL SPRINGS, 
Erie County. 

Post-office, Williamsville. Hotels. Access : The Buffalo and 
Williamsville trolley line is one and one-half miles distant. The 
springs are four miles, two miles, and four miles, respectively, 
from the following railroad stations : the West Shore, the Lehigh 
Valley, and New York Central (branch). 

The springs, owned by Mr. A. D. Ayer, are two in number, and 
are located in the town of Amherst, two miles northeast of Wil- 
liams ville and six miles from Buffalo. The principal spring (arte- 
sian) was bored about eight years since. According to a qualitative 



NEW YORK. 



341 



analysis by Herbert M. Hill, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry and 
Toxicology at the University of Buffalo, it contains the following 
ingredients : 



Calcium sulphate. 
Irou bicarbonate. 
Calcium bicarbonate. 



Magnesium sulphate. 
Sodium chloride. 



The water cannot be classified from this analysis, but it would 
appear to be a calcic-chalybeate, with sufficient Epsom salts to give 
it laxative properties. A complete quantitative analysis is desirable. 
It is highly recommended for chronic constipation, sick headache, 
dyspepsia and gastric catarrh, hemorrhoids, and other conditions 
due to a disordered state of the gastro-intestinal tract. A sanita- 
rium at the springs is under contemplation. 

*BALLSTON SPA, 

Saratoga County. 

Post-office, Ballston. Hotels. Access : From Albany via Dela- 
ware and Hudson R. P., thirty miles north. The location is seven 
miles southwest of Saratoga Springs. 

The fame of Ballston Springs is almost coeval with that of Sara- 
toga, and at one time it was a formidable rival of that celebrated 
resort. The town of Ballston is an exceedingly pleasant and attrac- 
tive one, where those who wish to avoid the excitement of Saratoga 
may live quietly and drink excellent mineral waters at the same 
time. Some of the springs are very heavily mineralized. We 
present analysis of four of the most important : 

BALLSTON MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Saline. 



f~\nii TT Q n-ollrtn 




Sans Souci 


Artesian Lithia 


Franklin Arte- 


United 


LTitj u. o. gaiion 
contains : 


Spring. 


Spring. 


sian Well. 


States. 


J. H. Steele. 


C. F. Chandler. 


C. F. Chandler. 


L.C.Beck. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Sodium carbonate 


12.66 






16.88 


Sodium bicarbonate . 




11.93 


94.60 




Calcium carbonate (with 


L 








iron oxide) 


43.41 


. . . 




29.20 


Calcium bicarbonate . 




238.16 


202.33 




Magnesium carbonate 




. . . 


. . . 


5.76 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


39.10 


180.60 


177.87 




Strontium bicarbonate 




0.87 


Trace. 




Lithium bicarbonate . 




7.75 


6.78 




Iron carbonate . 




5.95 








Iron bicarbonate 




. 


1.58 


i*6i 




Barium bicarbonate 






3.88 


1.23 




Sodium sulphate 








• • • 


i.76 


Potassium sulphate 




. . . 


6.52 


0.76 




Sodium phosphate 






0.05 


0.01 




Sodium biborate 






Trace. 


Trace. 




Sodium chloride 




143.73 


750.03 


659.34 


424.96 


Potassium chloride 






33.28 


33.93 " 




Sodium bromide 






3.64 


4.67 




Calcium fluoride 






Trace. 


Trace. 


. . . 



342 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



Sans Souci Artesian Lithia Franklin Arte- 



United 



Spring. 


Spring. 


sian Well. 


States. 


J. H. Steele. 


C. F. Chandler. 


C. F. Chandler. 


L.C.Beck. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains^ 


1.30 


0.12 


0.24 






0.08 


0.26 




LOO 


0.76 


0.74 


8.00 




Trace. 


Trace. 




247.15 


1233.25 


1184.37 


486.56 


Cubic ins. 


Cubic ins. 


Cubic ins. 


Cubic ins. 




426.114 


460.06 


244.00 



One U. S. gallon 
contains: 

Solids. 
Sodium iodide . 
Alumina . 
Silica 
Organic matter . 

Total . 
Gas. 
Carbonic acid . 

It will be seen that these waters are quite similar to those of 
Saratoga. Some of them are indeed much richer iu mineral ingre- 
dients than any of the Saratoga waters. They are all saline, but 
some of them, as will be observed, are quite heavily impregnated 
with calcium, iron, and magnesium. The waters are certainly of 
great value for medicinal purposes. Among other springs at Ball- 
ston may be mentioned the Washington Lithia Well (old Conde 
Dentonean), and the "Iron" spring. 

*CHERRY VALLEY SPRINGS, 

Otsego County. 

Post-office, Cherry Valley. Hotels in village. Access via Dela- 
ware and Hudson R. R. (Susquehanna division) to Cherry Valley, 
sixty-eight miles west of Albany; thence two miles to springs. 

These springs are situated in a portion of New York State ren- 
dered historical by the Indian wars. Close by the springs are the 
Tekaharawa Falls, the water here having a perpendicular drop of 
152 feet. As far as we can learn, no regular resort has been estab- 
lished here, but a bath-house is maintained for the accommodation 
of visitors during the summer months. 

CHERRY VALLEY SPRINGS. 





Sulphureted. 




One U. S. gallon 


Bath-house Spg. 


Spg. north of Bath-house 


contains : 


J. R. Chilton. 


Dr. Perkins. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Calcium carbonate . 


9.41 


14,75 


Magnesium carbonate 


. 17.82 


9.96 


Iron carbonate . 




2.45 


Sodium sulphate 


.' li.08 




Calcium sulphate 


. 57.68 


149.46 


Magnesium sulphate 


.. . 24.56 


2.13 


Sodium chloride 


. 12.44 


• . . 


Calcium chloride 


2.80 


... 


Potassium chloride . 




2.49 


Magnesium chloride 


'. '. '. 3.68 


• . . 


Calcium sulphide 


0.60 




Iron oxide, | 




. . . 


Alumina, >■ . 


0.36 


. . . 


Silica, ) 




3.64 


Organic matter 


0.28 




Total . 


. 140.71 


184.88 



NEW YORK. 



343 



The " Phosphate" Spring, analyzed by Prof. Chandler in 1876, 
shows 61.32 grains of solid matter per United States gallon. 



CHITTENANGO SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Madison County. 

Post-office, Chitteuango. Access : This pleasant summer resort 
is located about three miles south of the Chittenango stations, on 
the New York Central and on the New York, West Shore and 
Buffalo railroads, between the beautiful villages of Chittenango and 
Cazenovia. The springs are reached from Chitteuango by an elec- 
tric railroad, by carriages, and by a stage line. 

The country surrounding the springs is hilly and covered by a 
growth of hemlock, pine, beech, and maple. Through the valley 
between the hills flows the outlet of Cazenovia Lake to Oneida 
Lake, affording a stream twenty to seventy feet in width and well 
stocked with California, German, and brook trout. The hotel is 
large and commodious, with extensive verandas, spacious parlors, 
and high and well-ventilated rooms, capable of accommodating 
300 guests. The hillside grounds, in the rear of the hotel, in- 
cluding several acres, are covered with wild woods, intersected with 
walks, affording a cool and delightful strolling place in hot summer 
days. The springs are three in number, known as the " White 
Sulphur," the "Magnesium Sulphur," and the "Lithium Sul- 
phur" Springs. The following analyses were made by Prof. 
Chandler, of New York : 

CHITTENANGO SULPHUR SPRINGS. 



Calcic-sulphur eted. 



One U. S. gallon 

contains : 

Solids. 



Magnesium bicarbonate 
Iron carbonate . 
Iron bicarbonate 
Sodium hyposulphite 
Sodium sulphate 
Calcium sulphate 
Strontium sulphate. 
Magnesium sulphate 
Sodium chloride . 
Potassium chloride 
Lithium chloride 
Sodium sulphide 
Calcium sulphide 
Alumina 
Silica 

Total 

Gases. 
Sulphureted hydrogen 
Carbonic acid 

Temperature of water,- 45 c 



White Sulphur 
Spring. 
Grains. 
22.02 

6.08 

6.21 

81.42 
Trace. 

1.95 

1.04 

0.16 
Trace. 

0.12 



0.08 
0.28 



107.36 

Cubic ins. 

0.88 
20.48 
F. 



Lithium Sulphur 

or Cave Spring. 

Grains. 

23.97 

6.16 

0.26 

106.12 
Trace. 

7.59 

1.57 

0.23 
Trace. 

0.39 

1.12 

0.22 

0.52 

142.15 

Cubic ins. 
2.75 
15.93 



Magnesia Sul- 
phur Spring. 
Grains. 



20.78 
0.32 
0.02 

115.09 

Trace. 

12.72 

1.83 

0.33 

Trace. 
0.75 
0.93 

Trace. 
0.58 

153.35 

Cubic ins. 

5.62 

19.43 



344 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The water of the White Sulphur Spring also contains a trace of 
free sulphur, which accounts for its pearly-white hue. This water 
is recommended for rheumatism, neuralgia, gout, and skin diseases. 
The magnesia water is transparent, but deposits a sediment said to 
consist of magnesia, yellow sulphur, and chloride of potassium. 
This water possesses marked tonic properties, and is much used in 
general debility, nervous affections, and insomnia. The water of 
the lithium spring is also perfectly clear and very pleasant to the 
taste. It has enjoyed much reputation in the treatment of kidney 
affections. There is a large bath-house in connection with the 
springs, in which hot mineral water, vapor, and electric baths are 
furnished. 

CLIFTON SPRINGS, 
Ontario County. 

Post-office, Clifton Springs. Hotel and sanitarium. Access via 
Auburn branch of the New York Central and by the Lehigh Val- 
ley Railroads. 

This resort is located in one of the most healthful parts of the 
State, midway between the villages of Geneva and Canandaigua. 
The location is about 617 feet above the sea-level, and the sur- 
rounding country is somewhat hilly. An average summer tem- 
perature of about 75° F. to 85° F. is the rule. The springs are 
very numerous, but only five are in use at present. Dr. Henry 
Foster, the superintendent, sends us the following analysis by the 
late Prof. J. R. Chilton : 

SULPHUR SPRING (CLIFTON SPRINGS). 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 9.68 

Magnesium carbonate . ' 13.12 

Sodium sulphate . . 7.76 

Calcium sulphate . . 69.20 

Magnesium sulphate 16.48 

Sodium chloride . . ■ . . . . . . 9.28 

Calcium chloride 4.08 

Magnesium chloride 4.08 

Organic matter . . . . . . . . Trace. 

Total 133.68 

Sulphureted hydrogen gas, present. 
Carbonic acid gas, present. 

This water is quite similar to that of the Greenbrier White Sul- 
phur Springs of West Virginia. It is used to supply the Clifton 
Springs Sanitarium, the important feature of this resort. A staff 
of eight physicians, six gentlemen and two ladies, is maintained 
at the sanitarium, and it is believed that the facilities for treating 
certain classes of diseases are unsurpassed anywhere. All varieties 
of baths are here to be found, as well as all the modern appliances 



NEW YORK. 345 

and methods of using electricity. The use of massage, the Swedish 
movement, and the various forms of gymnastics also receive due 
attention. The sanitarium building, with its' recently constructed 
annex, affords accommodations for 450 persons. All modern con- 
trivances for the comfort and health of the guests are provided 
— elevators, an electric-bell service, a solarium, roof-garden, etc. 
The surrounding park, containing more than fifty acres, beautified 
by well-kept lawns, spacious pavilions, attractive walks, miniature 
lakes, shady groves, flowers, etc., provide a healthful and restful 
retreat. The house is kept open for guests all the year, but the 
greater number visit the place during the summer months. 

COLONIAL SPRINGS, 

Suffolk County. 

Post-office, West Deer Park. Hotel (Colonial House) new. 
Access via Long Island R. R., thirty-four miles east of New York. 

These springs are situated near the base of a bluff that rises about 
one hundred feet above the great plain of Long Island, and come 
through a large deposit of clay in which are found considerable 
quantities of iron and other minerals. The location is about 200 
feet above the sea-level and near the middle of the island, being- 
five miles from Babylon, on the great South Bay, and seven miles 
from Huntington, on the Sound. It is said that the temperature 
during the winter months will average 4° warmer than at Lake- 
wood, N. J. There are two springs in use, known as the " Colo- 
nial " and the '' Mo-Mo-Ne " Spring. The former has been known 
and used for many years by people in the vicinity suffering from 
kidney troubles. While excavating to make a reservoir for the 
Mo-Mo-Ne, several years since, four Indian wells were discovered 
two or three feet below the present surface. These were made 
from the trunks of the swamp aspen, or poplar — a tree of the 
Southern States. The trunks had been burnt out in the centre 
with hot stones, in the way that the Indians constructed their 
canoes. The smallest of the wells were left in position, while the 
others are on exhibition at the Colonial House. This discovery 
seems to prove beyond doubt that the waters here were known to 
and used by the aboriginese before the advent of Europeans. 

The waters of the two springs were analyzed in 1894 by Profes- 
sors Chandler and Pellew, of Columbia College, New York : 

COLONIAL SPRINGS. 

Light Alkaline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon Colonial Mo-Mo-Ne 

contains : Spring. Spring. 

Solids. Grains. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 0.19 6.12 

Potassium chloride 0.43 0.06 

Sodium chloride 0.80 0.48 

Sodium carbonate 0.06 



346 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



One U. S. gallon 


Colonial 


Mo-Mo-Ne 


contains : 


Spring. 


Spring. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Calcium carbonate 


. 0.36 


0.09 


Magnesium carbonate 


. 0.17 


0.13 


Oxide of iron and aluminium . 


. 0.02 


0.02 


Silica 


. 0.44 


0.47 


Organic and volatile matter 


. 0.09 


0.19 



Total 2.50 1.62 

These waters are very pure, the analysis showing but a minute 
proportion of organic matter. They are well qualified for domestic 
use. The Colonial Spring is quite similar to the Poland Spring of 
Maine. The water has a mild diuretic and tonic action. It has 
been found useful in kidney and bladder troubles, and may be 
taken in large quantities. These waters are beginning to attract 
considerable attention in New York and Brooklyn. 

COLUMBIA SPRINGS, 

ColUxMbia County. 

Post-office, Hudson. Hotel. Access via New York Central and 
Hudson River P. R., or by steamer on the Hudson River to Hud- 
son, one hundred and fifteen miles north of New York and twenty- 
seven miles south of Albany; thence four miles northeast by car- 
riage to springs. 

This is a very pleasant, quiet resort, where salubrious air and 
charming rural scenery may be enjoyed. The springs are four in 
number. An analysis by Prof. Atwood shows the following con- 
tents : 

COLUMBIA SPRINGS. 

Saline- sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 21.79 

Sodium hyposulphite 8.15 

Calcium sulphate 64.94 

Sodium phosphate 2.14 

Sodium chloride 84.72 

Potassium chloride 1.19 

Magnesium chloride 31.43 

Iron sesqui-chloride 3.42 

Loss 0.82 

Total 218.60 

Sulphureted hydrogen gas, 4.49 cubic inches. 

This analysis shows a very valuable saline-sulphur water, with a 
considerable proportion of iron. A new examination is desirable, 
as we are informed this analysis was made many years ago. 



NEW YORK. 347 

DEEP ROCK SPRING, 
Oswego County. 

Post-office, Oswego. Hotel. Oswego is located on Lake Ontario, 
about fifty miles south of the head of the St. Lawrence River. It 
is reached by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western; Rome, 
"Watertown and Ogdensburg; and the New York, Ontario and 
Western Railroads. 

The Deep Rock Spring was opened to the public and the water 
placed on the market in the spring of 1871. Since that time it has 
had an extensive sale, competing fairly in the markets with the 
most popular waters of the time. The following analysis was 
made by Prof. Silas H. Douglass, of the University of Michigan : 

DEEP ROCK MINERAL WATERS. 

Saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 308.18 

Potassium chloride 149.08 

Magnesium chloride . . . . . . , 10.24 

Calcium chloride . . 18.19 

Silica _ 71.70 

Sulphuric acid Trace. 

Iron protoxide " 

Loss 1.78 

Total 559.17 

Carbonic acid gas, not determined. 
Temperature of water, 50° F. 

The water is strongly saline and actively diuretic without cath- 
artic effects. It is useful in rheumatism and some forms of kidney 
and bladder troubles. It is claimed that the water contains a 
greater proportion of potassium chloride than that of any other 
known spring. A valuable sulphur spring has been discovered in 
a ledge of rocks fifty-seven feet above the source of Deep Rock, 
which it is intended to utilize for both drinking and bathing pur- 
poses. 

The city of Oswego has a charming location, and is one of the 
most desirable summer visiting places in the country. The well- 
known Doolittle House, adjoining the springs, has accommodations 
for 150 guests. 

*DOXTATTER'S MINERAL WELL, 

Monroe County. 

Post-office, Rochester. Hotels. This well is described in some 
of the older works as Longmuir's Well. It is located in the city 
of Rochester. An analysis by L. C. Beck, many years ago (1842) 
resulted, as follows : 



348 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

doxtatter's mineral well. 

Saline-sulphur eted. Calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium bicarbonate, ) 

Magnesium carbonate, > 11.84 

Iron oxide, j 

Sodium sulphate . . 55.92 

Calcium chloride • . 52.16 



Total ingredients . . . . . . . 119.92 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Sulphureted hydrogen 17.28 

Carbonic acid Trace. 

This analysis is evidently incomplete. It shows sufficient sul- 
phate of soda to give it aperient properties. The water is also 
highly charged with sulphureted hydrogen. 



DRYDEN SPRINGS, 
Tompkins County. 

Post-office, Dry den. Hotel and sanitarium. Access via Lehigh 
Valley R. R. (Auburn division) to Dryden Station; thence one- 
half mile west to springs. Dryden is situated midway between 
Auburn and Oswego, and midway also between Ithaca and Cort- 
land, the distance to each of the latter-named places being ten miles. 

The village is on an elevated plateau, overlooking the Catskill 
Range. The surrounding region is remarkable both for the 
beauty and picturesqueness of its scenery and for the purity and 
salubrity of the atmosphere. The grounds about the springs 
are tastefully laid out, and furnish every facility for outdoor 
exercise and recreation. The Dryden "Sulphur" and "Chaly- 
beate" Springs are among the oldest and most favorably known 
in the State. The waters of the " Crystal " Spring are said to 
be identical in temperature and quality with the Poland Spring. 
The " Magnetic 7 ' Spring, which is used for bathing, is also a very 
valuable water. All of the waters are quite palatable, and none 
are offensive even to the most fastidious taste. They have never 
been subjected either to a thorough qualitative or quantitative anal- 
ysis. An important adjunct to the springs is the sanitarium — a 
large, four-story building with extensive piazzas and cheerful, well- 
furnished rooms. The building contains many bath-rooms, and a 
large and convenient assembly-room for calisthenic exercises, relig- 
ious services, and social and literary entertainments. The building 
is equally well adapted for the comfort of patients or for those who 
desire a quiet country home during the summer months. 



NEW YORK. 349 

ESPERANZA MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Yates County. 

Post-office, Pen 11 Yau. Access by steamers on Lake Keuka or 
by a trolley line between Penn Yan, which is six miles distant in 
one direction, and Branchport, one mile distant, in the other. 

The springs are located at the head of the west branch of Lake 
Keuka, one of the most charming and picturesque of the many 
series of lakes which give the name of the lake section to this part 
of central New York. Lake Keuka is 700 feet above the ocean- 
level, and within a mile of the springs an elevation of 1100 feet 
higher may be reached. This is the great grape-producing section 
of New York, and the country about the lake is dotted on every 
hand with vineyards. Lovely walks, drives, and bicycle paths 
abound on all sides. The largest of the springs flows about 1000 
gallons hourly. The w T ater has never been examined quantita- 
tively. A qualitative analysis shows the following ingredients : 

ESPERANZA SPRINGS, 

Calcic-sulphur eted. 

Solids. Solids. 

Calcium carbonate. Magnesium carbonate. 

Calcium sulphate. Magnesium sulphate. 

Calcium phosphate. Iron oxide (trace). 

Calcium chloride. Sulphur eted hydrogen gas. 

Magnesium chloride. Carbonic acid gas. 
Temperature of water, 51° F. 

The w T ater has a strong odor, and tastes of sulphur when first 
taken from the spring; but this disappears after a few hours, and 
the water becomes very palatable. There is no hotel at the springs, 
though there are . many within easy reach. Lake Keuka is well 
supplied not only with hotels, but many cottages, steam yachts, 
sail-boats, etc. No systematic effort has so far been made to put 
the Esperanza Spring waters on the market, although much has 
been sold and given great satisfaction. 

*EXCELSIOR SPRING, 

Onondaga County. 

Post-office, Syracuse. This spring is located in the city of Syra- 
cuse. It was analyzed by Charles A. Goessman in 1868, with the 
following results : 

EXCELSIOR SPRING. 

Saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 15.24 

Calcium sulphate 36.45 

Sodium chloride 584.53 



350 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



"} 



Grains. 
1.02 



One IT. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Alumina, 
Silica, 

Sodium sulphate 13.16 

Magnesium chloride J 7.69 

Magnesium bromide 0,15 



668,24 



Total 

Carbonic acid gas present. 

This analysis indicates a very potent saline water, with diuretic 
and slightly aperient properties. 

GENEVA LITHIA SPRING, 

Ontario County. 

Post-office, Geneva. Location, Geneva. The well-known Geneva 
lithia water is obtained from an artesian well over 800 feet deep, 
which was bored in 1886. Issuing from a stratum of pervious rock 
defined by a layer of mediaeval sandstone sixty feet thick and a 
deep substratum of hard slate, the water is forced up by an internal 
pressure of one hundred and twenty pounds to the square inch, and 
if unimpeded at the surface, would form a fountain eighty feet high. 
The water is bright, clear, and sparkling, being agreeable to the 
palate and excellently adapted for table use. The following anal- 
ysis was made by Prof. A. Auchie Cunningham, F.C.S. : 

GENEVA LITHIA WATER. 

Litkiated-saUne-chalybeate. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Magnesium sulphate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Potassium chloride 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium sulphate 
Aluminium sulphate 
Lithium bicarbonate 
Lithium sulphate . 
Iron carbonate 
Calcium sulphate . 
Calcium carbonate . 
Phosphoric acid 



Grains. 

83.13 

16.00 

13.40 

24.54 

17.64 

8.75 

10.03 

4.10 

2.15 

18.75 

35.84 

Trace. 



Total . 234.33 

There is an entire absence of organic matter. The analysis 
shows a valuable lithia water, which possesses many excellent 
qualities. Aside from its strong impregnation with the bicarbonate 
and sulphate of lithia, it possesses sufficient of the sulphates of mag- 
nesium and sodium to give it laxative properties, and enough iron 
to make it a valuable ferruginous tonic when taken continuously. 



NEW YORK. 351 

The water is used commercially, and has an extensive sale. It has 
the indorsement of many prominent physicians of the great Eastern 
cities. The water resembles tbat of a spring at Bippoldsau, in the 
Duchy of Baden, but is more heavily charged with iron and free 
phosphoric acid. It is extensively employed in anaemic states and 
general debility and in many of the conditions resulting from the 
uric-acid diathesis, viz., gout, dyspepsia, rheumatism, renal and 
vesical calculus, Bright* s disease, etc. 

GLEN SPRINGS, 

Schuyler County. 

Post-office, Watkins. Hotel and sanitarium. Access: Watkins 
is situated on the Northern Central B. B., between Elmira and 
Bochester. This road (a division of the Pennsylvania system) runs 
from Bochester to Baltimore, Philadelphia and Washington. It 
connects at Bochester with the New York Central, West Shore, 
Michigan Central and other railroads, at Canandaigua with the 
Auburn branch of the New York Central, and at Elmira with the 
Erie and the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western B. B. The Fall 
Brook B. B. also has a depot one and one-half miles from Watkins. 
A transfer stage meets Fall Brook trains, and the Glen Springs coach 
meets all day trains on the Northern Central B. B. The Lehigh 
Valley road has a station at Burdette, about two miles from Watkins. 

This beautiful and modern health resort and watering-place 
stands upon a broad plateau 300 feet above Seneca Lake, whose 
winding course it overlooks for nearly thirty miles. It is sur- 
rounded by pine forests and backed by an amphitheatre of hills 
rising in regular terraces to nearly 1500 feet. At the foot of the 
hill, less than a quarter of a mile away, lies the village of Wat- 
kins, with its churches, shady streets, and lovely homes, while the 
entrance to the famous Watkins Glen and the landing of the superb 
Seneca Lake steamers are both within seven minutes' easy walking 
distance. Seneca Lake is one of the most remarkable bodies of 
water known. It is fed by deep springs, and has been frozen over 
only twice during the last century. For beauty of scenery and 
richness of coloring it has no superior; its shores are grand and 
picturesque, the sides thickly wooded in places, in others covered 
with fruit orchards and vineyards. This great body of water, 
nearly forty miles long and from two to four miles in width, exerts 
an unquestioned modifying influence on the atmosphere, tempering 
it in winter and cooling and freshening it in summer. A remark- 
able feature of this region is the great number of its sunny days 
during the fall, winter, and spring. The record for 365 days has 
shown that there were only fifty-five cloudy days, and seventeen 
of those were in May. These features tend to make the location a 
very desirable winter as well as summer resort. The Glen Springs 
Park comprises sixty acres of woodland and lawn, about equally 
divided, and one can wander for miles over well-built walks, 



352 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

obtaining from almost every point grand and beautiful vistas of 
lawn, lake, forest, and glen. Within the park are bowling-alleys, 
tennis courts, croquet grounds, and golf links. Pleasant drives 
abound in every direction, while to those who prefer the water 
the fine, large steamers of the Seneca Lake Navigation Company, 
plying six times a day between Geneva and Watkins, afford every 
comfort and luxury. Good fishing is found in Seneca Lake, and 
within easy driving distance over good roads one can reach Keuka, 
Lamoka, Cayuta, and Little Lakes, all famous fishing resorts. The 
main building of the Glen Springs sanitarium, heated by steam and 
lighted by electricity and gas, consists of four stories and a base- 
ment, constructed in a substantial manner of brick and stone. 
The annex, a new building, has accommodations for 100 guests. 
The two buildings are connected by a wide corridor enclosed in 
glass and heated in cold weather by steam. It affords ample 
space for exercise, and forms an excellent solarium during the 
winter months. These buildings are provided with all modern 
comforts and luxuries. There are several large mineral springs 
located on the grounds which are used for drinking and baths. 
The following analyses of the first four springs were made by Prof. 
S. A. Lattimore, of the University of Rochester. The fifth spring 
was analyzed by Prof. Charles F. Chandler : 

SENECA SPRING. 

Calcic. 
One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. , Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 9.90 

Calcium sulphate 0.47 

Magnesium carbonate 2.10 

Sodium chloride 0.12 

Silica 0.07 

Iron oxide Trace. 

Total 12.66 

The water is entirely free from organic matter. This spring is 
situated two hundred feet higher than the buildings. It flows 
about 4000 gallons of water per hour, which is used in the build- 
ings for general domestic purposes. 

VULCAN SPRING. 



Saline-chalybeate. 




One U. S. gallon contains : 




Solids. 


Grains. 


Calcium carbonate 


. 29.80 


Magnesium carbonate 


. 11.37 


Iron carbonate 


1.87 


Sodium chloride 


. 149.06 


Alumina . . .... 


. Trace. 


Silica 


it 


Total . 


. 192.10 



Carbonic acid gas, large quantities. 



NEW YORK. 



353 



This is a clear, sparkling water, and issues from the rocks at a 
depth of 100 feet. It resembles the waters of Kissengen, and has 
diuretic, tonic, mildly aperient and slightly alterative properties. 



SALUBRIA SPRING. 

Muriated- saline. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Calcium carbonate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Silica 



Total 



Grains. 

196.28 

19.68 

0.05 

Trace. 

216.01 



This spring issues from the rock at a depth of 250 feet, and 
resembles the class known in Germany as muriated (chloride of 
sodium) alkaline springs. It is somewhat similar to the waters 
of Vichy, Tachingen, and Bilin, but is more like those of Kissen- 
gen, Homburg, and Wiesbaden. The water has a stimulating 
effect upon the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels and 
increases the flow of gastric juice and bile and promotes diges- 
tion and absorption. It has about the proper quantity of sodium 
chloride to favorably influence the process of osmosis. In large 
doses it is purgative. 

NEPTUNE SPRING. 

Salinic-calcic. Iodo-bromated. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 




Solids. 


Grains. 


Calcium cloride 


. 3,499.08 


Magnesium chloride ... 


635.67 


Sodium chloride . 


. 6,368.33 


Sodium iodide 


Trace. 


Sodium bromide .... 


u 


Iron and alumina .... 


a 


Total 


. 10,503.08 



This water constitutes a strong brine. It is quite remarkable for 
its large proportion of calcium chloride and its total freedom from 
calcium sulphate (gypsum). In its principal ingredients it resem- 
bles the brine springs of Michigan and the springs of Nauheim, 
Rehme, and Jaxtfelt. It may be classed as an iodo-bromated 
saline spring, and while not adapted for drinking purposes, is of 
great value for bathing. By charging the water with carbonic 
acid gas it becomes very similar to the Nauheim waters, and the 
treatment of glandular and rheumatic troubles, gout, lumbago, 
and sciatica, as well as the Schott method in chronic disease of the 
heart, is carried out at Glen Springs. This water is also employed 
in the electro-chemical and electro-vapor baths, douches, sprays, 

23 



354 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

etc. The spring is said to have its origin about 1700 feet below 
the surface of the earth. 

DEER LICK SPRING. 

Saline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 114.75 

Potassium chloride 0.23 

Sodium bromide 0.59 

Sodium iodide 0.04 

Potassium sulphate Traces. 

Lithium bicarbonate " 

Ammonium bicarbonate 1.08 

Iron bicarbonate 1.73 

Calcium bicarbonate 41.77 

Magnesium bicarbonate 19.28 

Alumina 0.34 

Sodium phosphate Traces. 

Silica 0.64 

Total 180.45 

This water is clear and sparkling, without odor, and with a 
slight astringent, mildly saline taste. Containing, as it does, besides 
chloride of sodium and iron, the rare ingredients of iodine and 
bromine (in combination), it may be ranked as a ferro-iodo-brorno- 
muriated spring. It is also rich in carbonic acid gas. It resembles 
in many respects the waters of Kreuznach, Hall, Duerkheim, and 
Krauenheit. It is an excellent drinking water, and, unlike many 
of the foreign iodo-bromated waters, may be taken as it flows with- 
out dilution. The Deer Lick water possesses tonic, alterative, 
diuretic, and mildly aperient properties. Tissue metabolism is 
promoted and the red globules of the blood increased. Its physio- 
logical action fits it for use in anaemia, neurasthenia, chronic renal 
diseases, glycosuria, and chronic diseases of the uterus. 



Oswego County. 

This spring is located near Fulton. It has been known for many 
years, having been used by the aborigines. Within the last few 
years the spring has been improved, and the water has an extensive 
sale in Syracuse. More recently it has been introduced into New 
York and other large cities. The water is but feebly mineralized, 
but it is remarkably pure, and its freedom from organic matter 
gives it excellent qualities for the table. Its very small cost is an 
additional advantage. The following analysis was made in 1890 
by Dr. William Manlius Smith, of Syracuse : 



NEW YORK. 355 



GREAT BEAR SPRING. 

Light- Alkaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 0.72 

Calcium carbonate . 3.50 

Magnesium carbonate 1.25 

Magnesium chloride 0.47 

Sodium and potassium carbonates .... Traces. 

Total 5.94 

*LEBANON SPRINGS, 

Columbia County. 

Post-office, Lebanon Springs. Hotel. Access from Bennington, 
Vt., or from Chatham, N. Y., via Lebanon Springs R. R. The 
location is in the extreme northeastern corner of Columbia County, 
one hundred and fifty-five miles north of New York and twenty- 
five miles northeast of Chatham. 

This spring claims our attention as being the only thermal water 
in the extensive territory embraced by New York and the New 
England States. The temperature, 75° F., is about the same as the 
Old Sweet Springs of Virginia. The spring yields about 30,000 
gallons hourly. The following analysis was made by Prof. H. 
Dussance : 

LEBANON THERMAL SPRING. 

A Ikalin e-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 2.41 

Calcium carbonate 4.04 

Potassium sulphate 1.04 

Magnesium sulphate 1.06 

Sodium chloride 0.96 

Sodium sulphide 0.02 

Iron oxide 0.94 

Alumina 0.45 

Silica _ 3.25 

Organic matter ........ 10.21 

Total 24.38 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 0.48 

Oxygen 2.00 

Nitrogen 3.52 

This place has been a well-known resort since pre-Revolu- 
tionary days. The salubrity of the climate and the beauty of the 
scenery tend to make the surroundings very attractive. The 
water is used principally for bathing. A valuable chalybeate 



356 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

spring is located in the village of the Brickyard Shakers, a short 
distance from Lebanon Springs. 

*MASSENA SPRINGS (OR ST. REGIS SPRINGS), 

St. La whence County. 

Post-office, Massena Springs. Hotel. Access via Rochester divi- 
sion of the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg R. R., or via Massena 
Springs branch of Grand Trunk R. R. to Massena Springs Station. 

This is one of the old-time spring resorts of the Empire State. 
The springs are delightfully situated on the banks of the Raquette 
River, a broad and rapid stream flowing into the St. Lawrence. 
The following analysis was made as long ago as 1850 by Prof. W. 
J. Craw : 

MASSENA SPRINGS. 

Saline-sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium, bicarbonate 4.85 

Iron bicarbonate 0.49 

Sodium hyposulphide 4.21 

Sodium sulphate 0.50 

Calcium sulphate 60.03 

Sodium phosphate 1.32 

Sodium chloride 76.79 

Potassium chloride 0.51 

Magnesium chloride . 29.93 

Magnesium bromide 0.67 

Sodium sulphide 1 .40 

Organic matter, 1 1 1 i c 

Silicate of soda, j ' 11 " Le 

Total 191.88 

Sulphureted hydrogen gas, 5.30 cubic inches. 

This analysis represents what may be expressed as a muriated- 
calcic-alkaline-sulphureted water, but for ordinary purposes the 
term saliue-sulphureted is sufficient. The water resembles that of 
Eilsen, in the principality of Schaumburg-Lippe, but is much 
richer in chloride of sodium. It has been found decidedly useful 
in dartrous forms of skin disease, renal and vesical calculus, catarrh 
of the bladder, and other affections. Bathing facilities are ample. 

*OAK ORCHARD ACID SPRINGS, 

Genesee County. 

Post-office, Medina, Orleans County. Access via New York Cen- 
tral R. R. to Medina, a station forty miles west of Rochester, thence 
six miles south by stage. 

The springs are not used as a resort, but the waters have been 



NEW YORK. 



357 



sold to some extent. The following analyses show the waters to 
possess exceptional properties : 



OAK ORCHARD SPRINGS. 





Sulphated-acid 






One U. S. gallon 
contains : 


Spring Xo. 1. 

Silliman and 

Norton. 


Spring Xo. 2. 
E. Emmons. 


Oak Orchard 
Acid Water. 
Prof. Porter. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Sodium sulphate 


6.34 




3.16 


Calcium sulphate . 


. 74.89 


12.4i 


13.72 


Potassium sulphate 


5.52 


. . . 


2.48 


Aluminium sulphate 


. 21.69 




6.41 


Magnesium sulphate 


. 35.60 


4.98 


8.49 


Iron sulphate . 




39.23 


. . . 


Iron proto-sulphate 


.' 28.62 




32.22 


Sodium chloride 


2.44 




1.43 


Silica 


4.59 


i.84 


3.33 


Organic matter 


. . . 


10.88 


6.65 


Sulphuric acid 


.' 134.73 


129.06 


133.31 


Total . 


. 314.42 


198.40 


211.20 



These springs are remarkable in the amount of free sulphuric acid 
they contain, more, indeed, with one or two exceptions, than any 
other waters known. Waters containing this acid in free state are 
exceedingly rare. It is said that none of the kind are known in 
Europe. Among the few known on this side of the Atlantic are : 
one in the town of Byron, near the Oak Orchard Spring ; the 
Tuscarora Sour Spring, in Canada; the Matchless Mineral Wells 
of Alabama, and several acid springs in Texas, California, and 
Virginia. 

According to Prof. J. H. Armsby, of Albany, the Oak Orchard 
water has been used with advantage in " ill-conditioned ulcers, dis- 
eases of the skin, passive hemorrhages, diarrhoeas depending upon 
an atonic condition of the mucous membranes, and in depraved and 
impoverished conditions of the body from specific disease and from 
intemperance. " The water requires dilution before drinking. 

RICHFIELD SPRINGS, 

Otsego County. 

Post-office, Richfield Springs. Hotels and cottages. From New 
York through drawing-room cars to Richfield every morning via 
New York Central and Hudson River R. R., also via Delaware, 
Lackawanna and Western R. R. From Philadelphia the morning 
express via Delaware, Lackawanna and Western R. R. arrives at 
springs in time for dinner. From Washington and Philadelphia 
via Pennsylvania R. R. the traveller can reach Richfield without 
change of cars, by way of Utica. 

This charming summer resort is picturesquely located on Lake 
Canadarago, at an altitude of 1750 feet above the sea-level Rich- 



358 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

field may be classed amoDg the most attractive of our summer 
resorts. In writing of his visit here, Charles Dudley Warner well 
and truly said, " the charm of Richfield is in the character of its 
landscapes." It is scenery u that one grows to love and that 
responds to one' s every mood in variety and beauty. In a whole 
summer the pedestrian will not exhaust the inspiring views, and 
the drives over the hills, round the lakes, by woods and farms, 
increase in interest as one knows them better. The artist is here 
year after year, one season being too short to satisfy the demands 
the charms of the region make upon his love of the beautiful." 
The art of man has added much to the natural attractiveness of the 
location. The lover of society or amusement finds balls, germans, 
and hops, with an excellent orchestra; out of doors there are cro- 
quet grounds, tennis courts, and a bicycle track, while the hotels 
furnish ample facilities for billiards, pool, and bowling to beguile 
the fleeting hours. The greatest attraction of Richfield, however, 
is found in the fine White Sulphur Springs. There are sixteen 
springs at this resort, and some of them have become widely cele- 
brated. The bath-house in connection with the springs is one of 
the most complete in the world, and provides for the therapeutic 
use of water combined with massage and electricity in a thoroughly 
scientific manner. It contains sixty-seven sulphur bath-rooms, 
eight private baths, Turkish and Russian baths, a large swimming 
pool, a pulverization room, beside inhalation rooms for the treats 
ment of bronchitis and catarrh; electrical rooms, douche rooms, and 
a sun bath. The bath-house is situated on the grounds directly in 
front of the Hotel Earlington. The following analysis of the prin- 
cipal spring, known as the White Sulphur Spring, was made by 
Prof. Chandler, of New York : 

WHITE SULPHUR SPRING (RICHFIELD SPRINGS). 

Alkaline-calcic. Sulphureted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium hydrosulphate ....... 1.72 

Calcium hydrosulphate 0.09 

Potassium sulphate 1.67 

Calcium sulphate 112.34 

Strontium sulphate 0.01 

Barium sulphate Trace. 

Magnesium sulphate 5.15 

Sodium hyposulphite 0.38 

Magnesium bicarbonate 31.74 

Iron bicarbonate Trace. 

Calcium phosphate . " 

Sodium chloride 0.52 

Lithium chloride 0.02 

Alumina Trace. 

Silica 0.64 

Total 15428 

Sulphureted hydrogen gas, 14.20 cubic inches. 



NEW YORK. 359 

This spring, it will be observed, is very heavily charged with 
sulphureted hydrogen gas. Other important springs at Richfield 
are the Iron and Magnesia Springs, besides additional sulphur 
springs. The drinking waters are obtained from springs west of 
the village, and are pure and abundant. A course of baths at 
Richfield has been found of value in cases of insomnia from over- 
work, nervousness, or anxiety, in stomach disorders resulting from 
abused digestion, chronic malarial infection, gout, rheumatism, and 
some of the disorders of the liver and kidneys. The visitor will 
find in the Hotels Earlington, St. James, and smaller places accom- 
modations to please any taste or exchecquer. 

SARATOGA SPRINGS, 

Saeatoga County. 

Post-office, Saratoga. Hotels, boarding-houses, and cottages. 
Access : Saratoga is a station on the Delaware and Hudson R. R., 
thirty-eight miles north of Albany and 183 miles north of New 
York. The trip may be made by steamers on the Hudson River 
to Albany or by two lines of railroad : the New York Central and 
the West Shore to Albany, thence via Delaware and Hudson R. R. 
Through trains run daily from New York during the season. 
From Buffalo and the West Saratoga is reached by way of the 
Delaware and Hudson R. R. and its Western connections, and 
from Boston and the East via the Fitchburg R. R. to Albany, and 
thence via the Delaware and Hudson R. R. 

This famous resort is, perhaps, the most celebrated watering-place 
in the United States, as it is undoubtedly the oldest in the Northern 
States, and with the exception of Berkeley Springs in Virginia, the 
oldest in the country. The village is situated toward the eastern 
border of the State at the southern termination of the Adirondack 
range of mountains, and about the centre of a valley extending 
from Ballston to Quaker Springs. The altitude of Saratoga is 
about 300 feet above the sea level, and the population varies from 
about 11,000 in the winter to 35,000 during the season, which lasts 
from the middle of June to the middle of September. The accom- 
modation for visitors of all classes is ample and excellent. Some of 
the finest summer hotels in the world will be found here, while 
numerous smaller hotels and many excellent boarding-houses cater 
to those who wish to live less expensively. 

The name Saratoga is derived from the Iroquois tribe of Indians, 
and there is ample evidence to show that some of the springs here 
were know to and used by the aborigines many years prior to the 
advent of the European settlers. The well-known High Rock 
Spring on Willow Walk, seems to have been the first of these 
springs used by the whites. It is said to have been resorted to by 
Sir William Johnson as early as 1767. In 1773 Dirick Scowton 
cleared a small portion of land on the summit of the hill in the rear 



360 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

of High Rock Spring, and erected a log cabin, the first habitation 
to be built at Saratoga. The first real impetus given to the resort, 
however, was in 1789, when Gideon Putnam, of Sutton, appeared 
at the springs, leased 300 acres of land, and thereafter was the lead- 
ing spirit of improvement. In 1802 he built a portion of Union 
Hall upon the site of the present magnificent Grand Union Hotel, 
and this may be regarded as the starting-point of the Saratoga which 
we know to-day. Since those days many new springs have been 
added to the list, and the number at the present time will exceed 
fifty. As late as May 10, 1897, the New York Sun contained an 
account of a new spring which had been struck at the Geysers on 
the preceding day by workmen who were drilling for the Carlsbad 
Company. For eleven minutes after the vein was pierced the water 
spouted fifteen feet high from a six-inch opening The water of 
the new spring, which is 283 feet deep, is said to be strongly 
cathartic. 

Saratoga presents many attractions beside the mineral springs and 
the grand hotels. The village has numerous elegant private resi- 
dences, densely shaded streets, attractive walks, and beautiful drives. 
" The grounds of the different fountains are picturesquely adorned 
and shaded, and each hotel has its embowered court, where pleasing 
music is discoursed at intervals through the day and evening. Con- 
gress Park, at the southern extremity of Broadway, is a favorite 
resort where during the morning hours, visitors congregate at the 
spring, drink of the waters, and stroll along the beautiful walks 
beneath the shade of ancient forest trees" (Walton). Among the 
numerous attractions in the neighborhood are the Saratoga Lake, 
nine miles long and four or five miles wide, Prospect or Waring 
Hill, said to rise 2000 feet above the sea-level, Chapman's Hill, 
Hagerty Hill, etc. Bemis' Heights, the scene of the surrender of 
Burgoyne to General Gates, is in the town of Stillwater, fifteen 
miles distant. All these points and many others may be easily 
reached from Saratoga by carriage drives or bicycles. 

The predominant ingredients of the Saratoga waters, as will be 
seen from the analyses, are the chloride of sodium, the alkaline car- 
bonates, and carbonic acid gas. Some of them are, furthermore, 
quite heavily impregnated with iron. All contain one or more of 
the salts of lime. They are properly described as muriated alka- 
line-calcic carbonated waters. The further designation of chaly- 
beate may be applied in many instances. We are able to present 
analyses of twenty-four of the principal springs as follows : 



NEW YORK. 



361 



SARATOGA SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline-carbonated. 

Champion Spouting Spring. ' 





(C. F. Chandler.) 


One U. S. gallon contains : 




One U. S. gallon contains : 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


17.62 


Potassium chloride 


Calcium bicarbonate 


227.07 


Sodium bromide . 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


193.91 


Calcium fluoride . 


Strontium bicarbonate . 


0.08 


Sodium iodide 


Lithium bicarbonate 


6.25 


Alumina 


Iron bicarbonate . 


0.65 


Silica 


Barium bicarbonate 


2.08 


Organic matter 


Potassium sulphate 


0.25 




Sodium phosphate 


0.01 


Total . 


Sodium biborate . 


Trace. 


Carbonic acid gas 


Sodium chloride . 


702.24 






Columbian Springs. 




(J. H. Steele.) 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


15.40 


Sodium iodide 


Calcium carbonate 


68.00 


Silica 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


46.71 




Iron carbonate 


5.58 


Total . 


Sodium chloride . 


267.00 


Atmospheric air 


Potassium bromide 


Trace. 


Carbonic acid gas 




Crystal Springs. 




(C. F. Chandler.) 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


10.06 


Potassium chloride 


Calcium bicarbonate 


101.88 


Sodium bromide . 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


75.16 


Calcium fluoride . 


Strontium bicarbonate . 


Trace. 


Sodium iodide 


Lithium bicarbonate. . 


4.33 


Alumina 


Iron bicarbonate . 


2.04 


Silica 


Barium bicarbonate 


0.73 


Organic matter 


Potassium sulphate 


2.16 




Sodium phosphate 


Trace. 


Total 


Sodium biborate . 


a 


Carbonic acid gas 


Sodium chloride . 


328.47 






Congress 


Spring. 




(C. F. Chandler.) 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


. 10.77 


Sodium chloride . 


Calcium bicarbonate 


. 143.40 


Potassium chloride 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


. 121.76 


Sodium bromide . 


Strontium bicarbonate . 


. Trace. 


Calcium fluoride . 


Lithium bicarbonate 


4.76 


Sodium iodide 


Iron bicarbonate . 


0.34 


Alumina 


Barium bicarbonate 


0.93 


Silica 


Potassium sulphate 


0.89 




Sodium phosphate 


0.02 


Total . 


Sodium b ib orate . 


. Trace. 


Carbonic acid gas 



Grains* 

40.45 

3.58 

Trace. 
0.23 
0.46 
0.70 

Trace. 

1195.58 
465.46 



Grains. 
2.56 
2.05 

407.30 

4.50 

272.06 



Grains. 
8.33 
0.41 

Trace. 
0.06 
0.31 
3.21 

Trace. 

537.15 
317.45 



Grains • 
400.44 

8.05 

8.56 
Trace. 

0.14 
Trace. 

0.84 

700.90 
392.30 



362 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



One U. S. gallon contains 

Solids. 
Sodium bicarbonate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Strontium bicarbonate 
Lithium bicarbonate 
Iron bicarbonate . 
Barium bicarbonate 
Potassium sulphate 
Sodium phosphate 
Sodium biborate . 
Sodium chloride . 



Solids. 
Sodium bicarbonate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Iron bicarbonate . 
Magnesium sulphate 
Sodium chloride . 
Potassium bromide 



Solids. 
Sodium bicarbonate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Iron bicarbonate . 
Sodium sulphate . 
Strontium sulphate 
Sodium chloride . 



Solids. 
Sodium bicarbonate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Strontium bicarbonate 
Lithium bicarbonate 
Iron bicarbonate . 
Barium bicarbonate 
Potassium sulphate 
Sodium phosphate 
Sodium biborate . 



>GA springs— Continued. 


Empire Spring. 


(C. F. Chandler.) 




One U. S. gallon contains : 


Grains. 


Solids. 


9.02 


Potassium chloride 


. 109.66 


Sodium bromide . 


. 42.96 


Calcium fluoride . 


. Trace. 


Sodium iodide 


2.08 


Alumina 


0.79 


Silica 


0.07 


Organic matter 


2.77 




0.02 


Total 


. Trace. 


Carbonic acid gas 


. 506.63 




Eureka 


Spring. 


(Prof. 


Allen.) 


Grains. 


Solids. 


8.75 


Sodium iodide 


. 41.32 


Alumina 


. 29.34 


Silica . 


3.00 




2.15 


Total . 


. 166.81 


Carbonic acid gas 


1.57 




Excelsior 


* Spring. 


(Prof. Allen.) 


Grains. 


Solids. 


. 15.00 


Potassium bromide 


. 77.00 


Sodium iodide 


. 32.33 


Sodium silicate 


3.22 


Potassium silicate 


1.32 




. Trace. 


Total 


. 370.64 


Carbonic acid gas 


Flat Rock Spring. 


(C. F. Chandler.) 


Grains. 


Solids. 


9.10 


Sodium chloride . 


. 98.63 


Potassium chloride 


. 29.47 


Magnesium chloride 


0.01 


Sodium bromide . 


3.23 


Sodium iodide 


0.09 


Alumina 


0.10 


Silica 


0.48 


Organic matter 


0.04 




. Trace. 


Total . 



Grains. 

4.29 

0.27 

Trace. 

u 

0.42 

1.46 

Trace. 

680.44 
344.67 



Grains. 
4.67 
0.23 
0.53 



258.37 
239.00 



Grains. 

Trace. 
4.24 
4.00 
7.00 

514.75 

250.00 



Grains. 

108.85 
7.99 
10.83 
0.32 
0.01 
0.04 
1.34 

Trace. 

270.53 



NEW YORK. 



363 



Saratoga springs — Continued. 

Geyser Spouting Spring. 
(J. H. Steele.) 



One U. S. gallon contains : 




One U. S. gallon contains : 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


. 71.23 


Potassium chloride 


Calcium bicarbonate 


. 168.39 


Sodium bromide . 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


. 149.34 


Calcium fluoride . 


Strontium bicarbonate . 


0.43 


Sodium iodide 


Lithium bicarbonate 


9.00 


Alumina 


Iron bicarbonate . 


0.98 


Silica . 


Barium bicarbonate 


2.01 


Organic matter 


Potassium sulphate 


0.32 




Sodium phosphate 


. Trace, 


Total 


Sodium biborate . 


it 


Carbonic acid gas 


Sodium chloride . 


562.08 






Hamilton Spring. 




(Prof. Allen. J 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Sodium carbonate 


34.25 


Sodium iodide 


Calcium carbonate 


97.99 


Silica . 


Magnesium carbonate . 


39.06 




Iron carbonate 


4.62 


Total . 


Sodium chloride . 


298.66 


Carbonic acid gas 




Hathorn 


Spring. 




(C. F. Chandler.) 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


4.29 


Potassium chloride 


Calcium bicarbonate . 


170.65 


Sodium bromide . 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


176.46 


Calcium fluoride . 


Strontium bicarbonate . 


. Trace. 


Sodium iodide 


Lithium bicarbonate . 


11.45 


Alumina 


Iron bicarbonate . 


1.13 


Silica 


Barium bicarbonate 


1.74 


Organic matter 


Sodium phosphate 


Trace. 




Sodium biborate . 


a 


Total . 


Sodium chloride . 


509.97 


Carbonic acid gas 




High Rock Spring. 




(C. F. Chandler.) 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


34.89 


Sodium bromide . 


Calcium bicarbonate . 


131.74 


Calcium fluoride . 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


54.92 


Sodium iodide 


Strontium bicarbonate . 


Trace. 


Alumina 


Iron bicarbonate . 


1.48 


Silica . 


Barium bicarbonate 


Trace. 


Organic matter 


Potassium sulphate 


1.61 




Calcium phosphate 


Trace. 


Total . 


Sodium chloride . 


390.13 


Carbonic acid gas 


Potassium chloride 


8.50 





Grains. 
24.64 

2.21 
Trace. 

0,25 
Trace. 

0.66 
Trace. 

991.54 

454,08 



Grains. 

3.59 
1.00 

479.17 

320.00 



Grains. 
9.60 
1.53 

Trace. 
0.19 
0.13 
1.26 

Trace. 

888.40 
375.75 



Grains. 

0.73 
Trace. 
0.08 
1.22 
2.26 
Trace. 

627.56 
409.46 



364 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



Saratoga springs — Continued. 



One U. S. gallon contains 

Solids. 
Sodium bicarbonate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Strontium bicarbonate 
Lithium bicarbonate 
Iron bicarbonate . 
Barium bicarbonate 
Potassium sulphate 
Sodium chloride . 



Solids. 
Sodium bicarbonate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Strontium bicarbonate 
Lithium bicarbonate 
Iron bicarbonate « 
Barium bicarbonate 
Potassium sulphate 
Sodium phosphate 
Sodium biborate . 
Sodium chloride . 



Solids. 
Sodium bicarbonate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Iron bicarbonate . 
Sodium sulphate . 
Sodium phosphate 
Sodium chloride . 
Potassium bromide 



Kissingen or 


Triton Spring. 


(Prof. Sharpies.) 




One U. S. gallon contains : 


Grains. 


Solids. 


. 67.62 


Potassium chloride 




140.26 


Sodium bromide . 




70.47 


Calcium fluoride . 




Trace. 


Sodium iodide 




5.13 


Alumina 




1.56 


Silica . 




0.99 






Trace. 


Total 




338.50 


Carbonic acid gas 


Pavilion 


Spring. 


(C. F. Chandler.) 


Grains. 


Solids. 


3.76 


Potassium chloride 




120.17 


Sodium bromide . 




76.27 


Calcium fluoride . 




Trace. 


Sodium iodide 




9.49 


Alumina 




2.57 


Silica 




0.88 


Organic matter 




2.03 






Trace. 


Total . * . 




a 


Carbonic acid gas 




459.90 




Putnam 


Spring. 


(J. R. Chilton.) 


Grains. 


Solids, 


. 14.32 


Sodium iodide 




68.80 


Alumina 




51.60 


Silica 




7.00 






1.68 


Total . 




0.21 


Carbonic acid gas 




214.00 


Atmospheric air 




. Trace. 





Grains. 
16.98 

1.80 
Trace. 

0.04 
Trace. 

1.28 

644.63 
361.50 



Grains. 

7.66 
0.99 

Trace. 
0.07 
0.33 
3.16 

Trace. 

687.28 
332.46 



Grains. 
2.00 
0.56 

0.84 

361.01 

326.40 

6.40 



Solids. 
Sodium bicarbonate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Strontium bicarbonate 
Lithium bicarbonate 
Iron bicarbonate . 
Barium bicarbonate 
Potassium sulphate 
Sodium phosphate 
Sodium biborate . 



New Putnam Spring. 
(C. F. Chandler.) 



Grains. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


8.08 


Sodium chloride . 


268.04 


157.56 


Potassium chloride 


14.87 


173.61 


Sodium bromide , 


1.62 


0.11 


Calcium fluoride . 


Trace. 


9.83 


Sodium iodide 


it 


0.45 


Alumina 


0.22 


0.38 


Silica .... 


3.00 


2.26 


Organic matter 


Trace. 


Trace. 







Total 



640.03 





NEW YORK. 


365 


Saratoga springs — Continued. 






Bed Spring. 






(Prof. Appleton.) 




One U. S. gallon contains : 




One U. S. gallon contains : 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


15.33 


Potassium chloride 


6.86 


Calcium bicarbonate 


101.26 


Iron oxide, ) 
Alumina, j 


2.10 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


42.41 


Strontium bicarbonate . 


Trace. 


Silica . 


3.25 


Lithium bicarbonate 


0.94 








Sodium chloride . 


83.53 


Total . 


. 255.68 


Sara 


toga A or 


Alum Spring. 






(J. G. 


Pohle.) 




Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


6.75 


Calcium chloride . 


. Trace. 


Calcium bicarbonate . 


56.85 


Potassium chloride 


0.36 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


20.48 


Magnesium chloride . . Trace. 


Lithium bicarbonate 


1.72 


Alumina 


0.38 


Iron bicarbonate . 


1.72 


Silica 


1.46 


Sodium sulphate . 


2.50 


Organic matter 


. Trace. 


Calcium sulphate . 


0.45 








Potassium sulphate 


0.37 


Total . 


. 658.63 


Magnesium sulphate 


0.29 


Carbonic acid 


gas . . 212.00 


Sodium chloride . 


565.30 








Seltzer 


Spring. 






(C. F. Chandler.) 




Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


. 29.43 


Potassium chloride . . 1.34 


Calcium bicarbonate 


89.87 


Sodium bromide 


0.63 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


40.34 


Calcium fluoride . 


. Trace. 


Strontium bicarbonate , 


. Trace. 


Sodium iodide 


0.03 


Lithium bicarbonate 


0.90 


Boric acid 


. Trace. 


Iron bicarbonate . 


1.70 


Alumina 


0.37 


Barium bicarbonate 


. Trace. 


Silica 


2.56 


Potassium sulphate 


0.56 


Organic matter 


. Trace. 


Sodium phosphate 


Trace. 








Calcium phosphate 


u 


Total _ . 


. 302.02 


Sodium biborate . 


a 


Carbonic acid 


gas . . 324.08 


Sodium chloride . 


134.29 








Star > 


Spring. 






(C. F. Chandler.) 




Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Grain?. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


. 12.66 


Potassium chlorid< 


? . . 9.70 


Calcium bicarbonate 


. 124.46 


Sodium bromide 


0.57 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


. 61.91 


Calcium fluoride 


. Trace. 


Strontium bicarbonate . 


Trace. 


Sodium iodide 


0.13 


Lithium bicarbonate 


1.50 


Alumina 


. Trace. 


Iron bicarbonate . 


1.21 


Silica 


1.28 


Barium bicarbonate 


0.10 


Organic matter 


. Trace. 


Potassium sulphate 


5.40 








Sodium phosphate 


Trace. 


Total . 


. 617.37 


Sodium biborate . 


tt 


Carbonic acid 


gas . . 407.65 


Sodium chloride . 


. 398.36 







366 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



saeatoga speings — Continued. 





Union 


Spring. 




(C. F. Chandler.) 


One U. S. gallon contains : 




One U. S. gallon contains : 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


17.01 


Potassium chloride 


Calcium bicarbonate 


96.70 


Sodium bromide . 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


109.69 


Calcium fluoride . 


Strontium bicarbonate . 


Trace, 


Sodium iodide 


Lithium bicarbonate 


2.61 


Alumina 


Iron bicarbonate , 


0,27 


Silica 


Barium bicarbonate 


1.70 


Organic matter 


Potassium sulphate 


1.82 




Sodium phosphate 
Sodium biborate . 


0,03 


Total . 


Trace. 


Carbonic acid gas 


Sodium chloride . 


453.30 





United States Spring. 
(C. F. Chandler.) 



Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


4,67 


Potassium chloride 


Calcium bicarbonate 


. 93.12 


Sodium bromide . 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


. 72.88 


Calcium fluoride . 


Strontium bicarbonate . 


0.02 


Sodium iodide 


Lithium bicarbonate . 


4.85 


Alumina 


Iron bicarbonate . 


0.71 


Silica 


Barium bicarbonate 


0.91 


Organic matter 


Sodium phosphate 


0.02 




Potassium sulphate 


. Trace. 


Total . 


Sodium chloride . 


141.87 


Carbonic acid gas 




Vichy Spring. 




(C. F. Chandler.) 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


82.87 


Potassium chloride 


Calcium bicarbonate . 


95.52 


Sodium bromide . 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


. 41.50 


Calcium fluoride . 


Strontium bicarbonate . 


Trace. 


Sodium iodide 


Lithium bicarbonate . 


1.76 


Alumina 


Iron bicarbonate , 


0.05 


Silica 


Barium bicarbonate 


0.59 


Organic matter 


Potassium sulphate 


. Trace. 




Sodium phosphate 


it 


Total . 


Sodium biborate . 


a 


Carbonic acid gas 


Sodium chloride . 


128.69 






Washingtc 


m Spring. 




(J. R. Chilton.) 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Solids. 


Sodium bicarbonate 


8.48 


Potassium bromide 


Calcium bicarbonate 


84.10 


Sodium iodide 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


65.97 


Alumina 


Iron bicarbonate . 


3.80 


Silica 


Magnesium sulphate 


0.05 




Sodium chloride . 


182.73 


Total . 


Calcium chloride . 


0.20 


Carbonic acid gas 


Magnesium chloride 


0.68 





Grains. 
8.73 
1.30 

Trace. 
0.04 
0.32 
2.65 

Trace. 

696.17 
384.97 



Grains. 
8.62 
0.84 

Trace. 
0.05 
0.09 
3.19 

Trace. 

331.84 
245.73 



Grains. 

14.11 

0.99 

Trace. 

a 

0.48 

0.76 

Trace. 

367.32 

383.07 



Grains. 
0.47 
2.24 

Trace. 
1.50 

350.22 
363.77 



NEW YORK. 367 

Some of the analyses were made many years ago, and a re-exami- 
nation is desirable. It will be observed that all the waters contain 
large quantities of carbonic acid gas, ranging from about 212 cubic 
inches per United States gallon in the Saratoga Alum Spring to 465 
cubic inches in the Champion Spouting Spring. All contain the 
chloride of sodium and potassium, the former salt ranging from 
702 grains per United States gallon in the Champion Spring to 108 
grains in the Flat Rock Spring. The bicarbonate of sodium is also 
present in each of the springs, the Vichy Spring leading with 82 
grains and the Kissingen following with 67 grains per gallon. All 
contain magnesium salts, the Champion spring being first with 193 
grains of magnesium bicarbonate per United States gallon. All 
the springs analyzed according to the more recent methods of exami- 
nation, are found to contain lithium, the Hathorn having 11 grains 
and the Geyser, Pavilion, and New Putnam Springs each about 9 
grains of the bicarbonate to the United States gallon. Most of the 
other springs contain an appreciable amount of lithium. Iron is 
also present in all of the waters, from the merest trace in some to 
4.62 grains per gallon in the Hamilton, 5.88 grains in the Colum- 
bian, and 7 grains in the Putnam Springs. Ail of the springs also 
contain calcium, while many of them contain the iodide and the 
bromide of sodium. The Putnam Spring contains the bicarbonate 
of magnesium. Several well-known springs are not included in the 
above list, among them being the Lafayette, Carlsbad, Patterson, 
Royal, and Peerless Recent analyses of these springs show that 
they possess the general characteristics of the Saratoga waters pre- 
viously examined. 1 

It will thus be seen that the Saratoga waters will rank among the 
most potent of their class to be found on the globe. Such being 
the case, they have been recommended in a wide range of disorders 
and diseases, in many of which they have been found useful, while 
in others their influence has been pernicious. It can be laid down 
as an axiom that waters of this strength should not be taken at ran- 
dom; the consumer should invariably give himself the benefit of 
the advice of a physician of skill and experience before entering 
upon a course of the waters, either in his own home or at the 
springs. 2 We cannot in this place enter into a detailed discussion 
as to the indications and contraindications for the Saratoga waters, 
but it may be said in a general way that their best application has 
been found in dyspepsia, engorgement of the liver and portal sys- 
tem, and chronic constipation. The chalybeate waters have been 
found beneficial as a tonic and reconstructive in general debility, 
neurasthenia, and in anaemic states. The springs containing lithia 
may be counted upon to exercise the same influence upon the pro- 
tean uric-acid states as that of the widely-advertised lithia waters. 

1 Irwin. Op. cit. - Vide chapter on Therapeutics. 



368 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Many of the waters also possess a very appreciable alterative effect 
when taken for a considerable period of time. 

There are three bathing establishments at Saratoga : the Saratoga 
Baths, recently opened and luxuriously appointed; the Red Spring 
Bath-house, and the misnamed Magnetic Baths. There is also a 
bath-house at the White Sulphur Spring south of Saratoga Lake. 
All are well conducted. 



SHARON SPRINGS, 

Schoharie County. 

Post-office, Sharon Springs. Hotels, boarding-houses, and cot- 
tages. Access via Albany and Susquehanna R. R. direct to the 
springs; also via, New York Central R. R. to Palatine Bridge, and 
thence by stage nine miles to springs. 

The village of Sharon Springs is situated in a valley about 1100 
feet above the sea-level; the streets are provided with good side- 
walks, and are well shaded with maple trees. The air is pure and 
bracing and free from malarial influences. Even in the warmest 
of summer weather the nights are cool and pleasant for sleeping. 
The springs are easy of access within the village limits on the edge 
of a natural forest abounding in pleasant walks. The surrounding 
country is hilly and affords interesting drives and pleasant scenery. 
Excellent accommodations may be obtained in the village, conform- 
able to any taste or grade of expenditure. Sharon is one of the 
well-established old resorts of New York State, its waters having 
been used for medicinal purposes since early in the present century. 
The old bathing buildings were destroyed by fire a few years ago 
and have been replaced by the present spacious establishment, be- 
lieved to be unexcelled for its purposes anywhere in the country. 
There are several valuable springs at Sharon, the most important 
being the White Sulphur, the Magnesia, and the so-called Eye- 
water Spring. The waters of the White Sulphur Spring are used 
both internally and for bathing purposes. It is clear and bright as 
it issues from the spring, of an agreeable temperature for drinking 
(48° F.), and free of the roughness and acerbity which so often 
characterize sulphur waters. It is conducted to the bath-house 
and heated to any desired temperature for bathing. This spring 
yields 1400 or 1500 gallons of water per hour, so that the supply 
is always fresh, and abundant. The Magnesia Spring is also 
valuable for drinking purposes. The third spring is used ex- 
tensively as a lotion for inflammatory conditions of the eye, which 
fact has led to its designation of the Eye- water Spring. A chaly- 
beate spring is also found within the village limits. The follow- 
ing analyses of three of the springs were made a number of years 



NEW YORK. 



369 



SHARON SPRINGS. 



Saline-calcic. Sulphur eted. 



One U. S. gallon 
contains : 


White Sulphur 
Spring. 


Gardner Mag- 
nesia Spring. 


Eye-water 
Spring. 


Lawrence Reid. 


J. G. Pohle. 


Lawrence Reid 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Sodium bicarbonate . 




0.54 




Calcium bicarbonate . 




9.70 


• . . 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


! 24.00 


1.36 


32.00 


Calcium sulphate 


. 85.40 


93.50 


77.50 


Magnesium sulphate . 


. 34.00 


19.68 


7.50 


Sodium chloride, "1 
Magnesium chloride, J 


2.70 


1.23 


2.50 


0.44 


Calcium chloride 




0.16 


• • • 


Calcium sulphide, \ 
Magnesium sulphide, j 


3.00 


0.63 




Silica .... 


. 


0.40 




Total 


. 149.10 


127.64 


119.50 


Gases. 


Cubic ins. 


Cubic ins. 


Cubic ins. 


Sulphureted hydrogen 


. 20.50 


6.00 


• . • 


Carbonic acid 




2.22 


• . . 


Atmospheric air . 


. . . 


3.00 


. . . 



The sulphur baths here have a wide reputation in the treat- 
ment of gout, rheumatism, and certain forms of paralysis. They 
are also serviceable in cases where exudations are to be absorbed 
— e.g., in old gunshot wounds, stiff joints, glandular enlarge- 
ments, etc. 

It is said that many of the consequences of high living, such as 
congestion of the liver, abdominal plethora, and hemorrhoids, are 
quite certain to yield to a course of the Sharon waters. They are 
useful also in metallic poisoning and in ridding the system of chronic 
syphilitic infection, etc. The methods of employing sulphur waters 
at the well-known French spas, Aix-les-Bains, Challes, and Alle- 
vard, were adopted at Sharon Springs in 1884, and have been in 
successful operation since that time. The sulphur water of Sharon 
is also used commercially. 



SLATERVILLE MAGNETIC SPRINGS, 

Tompkins County. 

Post-office, Slaterville. Hotels. Access : The springs are acces- 
sible from Bessemer, on the Elmira, Central and Northern R. R. 
from Richford or Harford on the Southern Central R. R., and 
from Caroline Station (three and a half miles from the springs) 
on the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western R. R. Carriages 
will meet intending visitors at any of the above points on applica- 
tion. 

24 



370 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

This resort is located in a charming valley surrounded by rugged 
hills. It is eight miles from Ithaca, and has an elevation of 2100 
feet above tide-water. The region in the neighborhood of Slater- 
ville is one of great beauty and grandeur, affording delightful drives 
and numerous opportunities for pleasant excursions. The following 
points are within easy distance : Watkins Glen, Tanghannock, 
Enfield, Buttermilk Falls, and Cayuga and Dryden Lakes. There 
are excellent trout fishing and hunting in the vicinity during the 
season. 

The springs are four in number and flow from 300 to 420 gallons 
of water per hour. The following qualitative analysis was made by 
State Assayer Charles T. Jackson, M.D., of Massachusetts : 

SLATERVILLE SPRINGS. 

Solids. Solids. 

Calcium carbonate. Magnesium chlorate. (?) 

Iron carbonate. Potassium nitrate. 

Sodium sulphate. Calcium chlorate. (?) 
Calcium sulphate. 

A complete qualitative analysis is desirable. We are unable to 
classify the springs by the above ingredients. The waters are said 
to be useful in debility, ansemia, dyspepsia, bladder troubles. Hot 
and cold baths are supplied to those who desire them. The waters 
are also used commercially. 

The following additional springs of New York are also used as 
resorts : 

Cairo White Sulphur Springs, Cairo, Greene County. 

Cayuga Mineral Springs, near Cayuga, Cayuga County. 

Chlorine Springs, Syracuse, Onondaga County. Saline. 

Crystal Springs, Crystal Springs, Yates County. 

Dansville Springs, Dansville, Livingston County. Alkaline- 
calcic. 

Darien Mineral Springs, Darien Centre, Genesee County. Acid. 

Diamond Eock Mineral Well, Williamson, Wayne County. 
Sulpho-saline. 

Excelsior Spring, Syracuse, Onondaga County. Saline. 

Florida Springs, Florida Township, Montgomery County. 

Franklin Springs, Cowlesville, Wyoming County. Sulpku- 
reted. 

Nunda Mineral Springs, Nunda, Livingston County. 

Reid's Mineral Spring, South Argyle, Washington County. 

Spencer Springs, Spencer, Tioga County. 

Verona Mineral Springs, near Verona, Oneida County. 

Victor Spring, Darien Centre, Genessee County. Acid-saline. 

The following are used commercially: Boonville Mineral Springs, 
Boonville, Oneida County; Table Rock Mineral Spring, Honeoye 
Falls, Monroe County. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 37 1 



NORTH CAROLINA. 

The limits of this State extend from 33° 53' to 36° 33' north 
latitude, and from 75° 25' to 84° 30' west longitude. The extreme 
length of the State from east to west is 490 miles, while its breadth 
from north to south is 185 miles. The coast and swamp-land of 
the State extends nearly 100 miles inland. It is level and abounds 
in bogs and marshes, the streams being sluggish and muddy. Fully 
300,000 acres of the State are covered by swamps. The coast line 
is nearly 400 miles long, and along its entire course are sandy, 
desert islands from one-half to two miles wide, separated by numer- 
ous inlets, few of which are navigable. Cape Hatteras forms the 
headland of the dangerous triangular island beach which separates 
Pamlico Sound from the ocean. Narrow, shallow lagoons filled 
with constantly shifting sand-bars extend all along the coast south 
of Cape Lookout between the mainland and the sand islands. In 
the northeastern part of the State are two extensive sounds — Pamlico 
and Albemarle, and a smaller one, Currituck — which are cut off 
from the ocean by the islands or sand-banks referred to. The middle 
section of North Carolina is fertile and possesses great mineral 
wealth and abounds in streams, affording extensive water power. 
Immediately beyond is an elevated region from 1000 to 2000 feet 
above the sea-level, and still beyond this plateau the main ridge of 
the Appalachian Mountains traverse the State from northeast to 
southwest, reaching here its greatest altitude in Mt. Mitchell (6700 
feet), the loftiest summit east of the Mississippi River. The Iron 
or Smoky Mountains, with spurs and cross-chains, lead off in all 
directions. This mountain range separates the State from Tennes- 
see. Between these two ridges is a plateau whose altitude ranges 
from 3500 to 4000 feet, being the highest plateau of the same extent 
east of the Rocky Mountains. This mountain region presents scenery 
of sublime and lofty grandeur. The rivers of North Carolina are 
numerous, but have shifting sand-bars at their mouths, and rapids in 
their descent from the hilly region. The principal streams flowing 
into the Atlantic are the Cape Fear, Roanoke, Neuse, Tar, Chowan, 
Yadkin, and Catawba. From the western slope of the Blue Ridge 
flow the New, Little Tennessee, and other streams, the waters of 
which breaking through the Iron or Smoky Mountains, join those 
of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The forest trees of the North 
Carolina uplands are the oak, ash, hickory, walnut, and lime. The 
pine, cedar, cypress, maple, oak, and poplar abound in the low 
country and swamps. The climate of the State varies much. In 
the elevated portions the atmosphere is cool, dry, bracing, and 
remarkably healthy. Along the coast it is warm and humid, and 
malarial diseases are frequent. The mean annual temperature is 
58.52° F.; that of the summer, 77.24° F., and of the winter 
40.14° F. The average annual rainfall h about 43 inches. The 



372 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

mortality-rate, as computed from the last United States census, was 
11.38 per 1000 of population; consumption mortality-rate, 1.37 per 
1000. 

North Carolina possesses a large number of mineral springs, some 
of which are still in an undeveloped state. Sulphureted and chaly- 
beate waters are most numerous, as in Virginia and other States 
along the Appalachian chain. In the Hot Springs of Madison 
County the State possesses, after the Arkansas Hot Springs, the most 
highly thermal waters east of the Rocky Mountains. The follow- 
ing account of the North Carolina springs is derived to some ex- 
tent from Peale's list, from the report of Prof. Charles W. Dabney, 
Jr., of the State Agricultural Experiment Station, and from Prof. 
Kerr's report on the geology of North Carolina, but chiefly from 
correspondence with physicians and others in the State. 

ALL-HEALING SPRINGS, 

Alexander County. 

Post-office, Taylorsville. Hotel and cottages. Access from Char- 
lotte via Charlotte and Taylorsville branch of the Southern Rail- 
road to Taylorsville, fifty-four miles northwest; thence by stage six 
miles west to springs. 

The location of these springs is along the foothills of the Brushy 
Mountains at an altitude of about 1 300 feet above tide-water. The 
climate in this region is healthy and fairly pleasant at all times. 
The seasons change gradually, and the temperature seldom reaches 
extremes either of heat or of cold. The scenery in the vicinity is very 
pleasing. The following analysis of the springs was made by Dr. 
Yenable, Professor of Chemistry in the State University, in 1895 : 

ALL-HEALING SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-calcic. Chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 0.047 

Potassium carbonate 0.588 

Sodium chloride 0.193 

Iron carbonate 0.052 

Calcium bicarbonate 4.245 

Magnesium bicarbonate 0.051 

Potassium phosphate . Trace. 

Silica 1.660 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total 6.836 

The water flows at the rate of about 120 gallous per hour. The 
water is not strongly mineralized, but it has been found quite bene- 
ficial in rheumatic affections of the joints, muscles and skin aud 
in some of the disorders of the blood and kidneys. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 373 

BARIUM SPRINGS, 
Iredell County. 

Post-office, Barium Springs. Farm houses. Access via A. T. 
& O. R. R. (Southern System) to Barium Springs Station, thence 
one-half mile to springs. The location is five miles from Statesville 
and forty miles from Charlotte. 

This spring was discovered about the year 1775. It was formerly 
known as "Poison" Spring, from the fact that cattle refused to 
drink it. The spring is located on the top of a rocky knoll, about 
fifteen feet higher than a brook not over forty feet distant, and eight 
to ten feet higher than eight other springs around the base of the 
knoll and over one hundred feet distant. It has no visible outlet, 
yet the water remains at a constant level, never freezing and 
never stagnating. According to an analysis by Prof. Ledoux, 
it contains 17 Troy grains per United States gallon of barium 
sulphate and chloride, phosphoric acid, and iron. The analysis 
of Prof. Chandler shows the presence also of a small quantity 
of sulphuric acid, lime salts, and magnesia. 1 Barium has been 
recommended as a deobstruent and anthelmintic. Its virtues have 
been extolled by Dr. Crawford in the treatment of irritable states 
of the lymphatic system. He thus recommends it in scrofulous 
affections of delicate structures, like the eyes, lungs, etc. The 
Barium Springs water is used commercially, and is said to possess 
value in the early development of cancer, in syphilis, eczema, indi- 
gestion, ulceration of the stomach, etc. 

BLACKWELLS WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 
Buncombe County. 

Post-office, Alexander. Hotel and cottages. Access via Western 
North Carolina R. R. to Alexander Station; thence four miles west 
to springs by stage. The location of the springs is twelve miles 
northwest of Asheville, in the " Land of the Sky,' 3 this being one 
of the highest ranges of the Appalachian chain of mountains. The 
elevation is 2300 feet above tide-water. Some of the neighboring 
peaks attain an altitude of from 5000 to 6000 feet. This mountain 
region is justly celebrated for its salubrious climate and scenery. 
The springs are usually visited by Northern people from December 
to June, while the Southerners come from May to November. 

The springs are two in number, a sulphur and a chalybeate 
spring. No analyses have been made. The temperature of the 
sulphur spring is 48° F., and it flows from 700 to 800 gallons per 
day of twenty-four hours. A good bath-house is located near 
this spring, and conveniences for hot and cold sulphur baths are 

1 We have been unable to secure the full analyses. 



374 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

provided. The natural advantages of Blackwell's Springs make the 
resort a very attractive place for seekers after health or recreation. 



BROMINE-ARSENIC SPRINGS, 
Ashe County. 

Post-office, Crumpler. Hotel. Access via Norfolk and Western 
E. R. to Chilhowie, Va., thence thirty-nine miles by stage to the 
springs; also by private conveyance from Bristol, Tenn., thirty- 
four miles west. 

This spring was discovered in 1885. Since that time it has come 
into extensive use, and its waters are widely sold. The location of 
the spring is in a mountainous district, 2725 feet above the sea-level. 
There is a hotel with accommodations for about one hundred per- 
sons at the resort. The spring flows about 60 gallons hourly. The 
following analysis was made by Prof. Henry Froehling : 

Thompson's bromine-arsenic spring. 
Alkaline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate . . 1.04 

Calcium carbonate 0.93 

Magnesium carbonate 0.62 

Lithium carbonate 0.03 

Copper carbonate Trace. 

Zinc carbonate " 

Calcium fluoride " 

Potassium sulphate . . 0.62 

Potassium chloride 0.21 

Sodium chloride . 0.65 

Sodium arseniate Trace. 

Sodium iodide . " 

Sodium bromide 0.04 

Sodium borate Trace. 

Aluminium phosphate 0.12 

Iron sulphate 0.08 

Silica 1.08 

Organic matter 0.03 

Total 5.45 

The water is unique in possessing recognizable quantities of 
copper and zinc. It also contains the somewhat rare ingredients 
of arseniate of sodium and the iodide and bromide of sodium. 
We also find an appreciable amount of carbonate of lithium and 
sulphate of iron. The water is not highly mineralized, but it 
possesses valuable qualities as a mild antacid, tonic, and alterative. 
It is useful in many of the affections benefited by this class of 
waters. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 375 

HAYWOOD WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Haywood County. 

Post-office, Waynesville. Hotel and cottages. Access from Ashe- 
ville via Murphy branch of the Western North Carolina R. R., thirty 
miles west. 

The location of these springs is in the heart of the Alleghanies 
at the foot of the Great Balsam Mountains, where the peaks tower 
from 5000 to 6000 feet in height. The altitude at the springs is 
about 2850 feet. The surrounding scenery is of surpassing beauty, 
not excelled in rugged grandeur east of the Rockies. During the 
summer and autumn seasons the weather here is generally delight- 
ful, the temperature ranging from 56° to 80° F. The hotel is 
usually crowded with visitors at these times, some of them from 
remote points. There are two springs, one sulphur, the other iron. 
The temperature of the water is 54° F. No complete analysis has 
been made, but we are informed that the waters contain, beside sul- 
phur and iron, salts of sodium, potassium, and magnesium. The 
present hotel, a large and commodious brick building, with sur- 
rounding wooden cottages, is located on the banks of the Richland 
River, a beautiful trout stream. Numerous attractions in the way 
of shooting, fishing, archery, tennis, bowling, and billiards are at 
the option of the guests. The medical properties of the water have 
been amply attested, especially in chronic functional disturbances of 
the liver, stomach, and kidneys. Rheumatic and neuralgic troubles 
are benefited by the hot baths. 

HOT SPRINGS, 

Madison County. 

Post-office, Hot Springs. Mountain Park Hotel and boarding- 
houses. Access from the North and East by through Pullman cars 
on the Pennsylvania and Southern Railroads; from the West and 
Northwest via Louisville, or via Cincinnati by the Queen and Cres- 
cent route to Knoxville, thence by East Tennessee, Virginia, and 
Georgia R. R. (now a part of the Southern System.) The location 
is thirty-five miles west of Ashe vi lie. 

The picturesque little village of Hot Springs is situated on the 
western boundary of North Carolina, only three miles from the 
Tennessee line, in the heart of the Big Smoky and Blue Ridge 
Mountains, on the banks of the beautiful French Broad River. 
The location is 1700 or 1800 feet above the sea-level. The atmos- 
phere is dry and invigorating, and the climate mild and equable, 
there being a very large proportion of clear days. The springs 
have long been popular in the South, but in recent years they have 
come into high favor with Northern visitors also. Guests are 
received at all times of the vear. The Mountain Park Hotel is 



376 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

conducted on strictly first-class principles, and the visitor will find 
in its appointments all the comforts and conveniences of a desirable 
home. The springs here are about twenty in number, and the tem- 
perature of the waters ranges from 96° to 104° F. They form one 
of the only two groups of hot springs east of the Mississippi from 
Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. The following analysis was recently 
made by Professors Chandler and Pellew, of New York : 

NORTH CAROLINA HOT SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline- calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 1.08 

Potassium chloride 0.62 

Potassium sulphate 1.62 

Calcium sulphate . 20.04 

Magnesium sulphate 7.20 

Ammonium bicarbonate Traces. 

Calcium bicarbonate 9.02 

Iron bicarbonate 0.10 

Sodium phosphate Traces. 

Alumina 0.04 

Silica 3.14 

Organic and volatile matter Traces. 

Total 42.86 

The waters are quite similar to those of the Arkansas Hot 
Springs. Several of the springs have been encompassed in the 
limits of a fine, large bath-house, which is divided into sixteen 
separate pools, nine feet long by six feet wide, and four to five feet 
in depth. The water pours into these pools directly from the 
springs. The visitor will find here all of the modern appliances 
and improvements which go to make up a first-class bathing estab- 
lishment of the day. With its lovely mountain scenery, its exhila- 
rating climate, its thermal waters, and many other natural attrac- 
tions, combined with a hospitable and scientific management, this 
resort is well deserving of the wide reputation which it has obtained. 

LEMON SPRINGS, 

Moore County. 

Post-office, Lemon Springs. Access via Seaboard Air Line P. P. 
to Lemon Springs Station, thence a little over two miles to springs. 
These springs were named for the former owner, the late Dr. M. 
Lemon. They are located in a fine, healthy region, about 500 feet 
above the sea-level. The hotel was destroyed by fire a few years 
since, and the resort is suffering from undue neglect. It is said that 
the place could be made one of great attractiveness, both for sum- 
mer and winter visitors. The waters of Spring No. 1 were anal- 
yzed by Prof. Ledoux, at that time the State chemist, who detected 



NORTH CAROLINA. 377 

salts of iron, aluminium, magnesium, and other ingredients in 
nearly the same proportion as exist in the Buffalo Lithia waters of 
Virginia. 

MT. VERNON SPRINGS, 

Chatham County. 

Post-office, Mt. Vernon Springs. Hotel. Access from Greens- 
boro or Fayetteville via Cape Fear R. R. to Ore Hill Station, 
thence one mile to springs. 

This resort is in a charming spot for those who seek a quiet place 
for rest and recreation. The location is one of great natural beauty; 
the elevation above the sea is considerable, and the air is pure and 
invigorating. The hotel is large and comfortable, and contains 500 
feet of piazzas. A dense oak forest surrounds the premises, and 
beautiful shady walks and drives extend in every direction. The 
following analysis of Spring No. 3 was made in 1891 by H. B. 
Battle, Ph.D., Director of the North Carolina Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station : 

SPRING NO. 3 (MT. VERNON SPRINGS). 

Calcic-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 0.15 

Potassium chloride 0.86 

Sodium chloride 0.27 

Sodium carbonate . . 0.62 

Calcium carbonate . 1.05 

Magnesium carboDate ....... 0.57 

Silica 0.59 

Iron and aluminium oxide ...... 0.82 

Volatile and organic matter and loss .... 6.64 

Total 11.57 

The three other springs contain respectively 28.2, 28.1, and 58/3 
grains per United States gallon of essentially the same ingredients. 
An exact quantitative determination of the different salts has, how- 
ever, not been made. The water is clear, sparkling, and very pala- 
table. It is actively diuretic, and will be found useful in the class 
of cases benefited by such waters. 

PARK'S SPRINGS, 

Caswell County. 

Post-office, Pelham. These springs are located six miles east of 
Pelham, but do not seem to be used much as a resort. The waters, 
however, are used commercially, and are highly recommended by 
physicians of North Carolina and the neighboring States in chronic 
constipation, dyspepsia, and portal congestion. The following anal- 
ysis was recently made by Prof. Albert E. Ledoux, Ph.D., of the 
State Agricultural Experiment Station at Chapel Hill : 



378 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

park's SPRINGS. 
Sulphated-saline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium sulphate . . . . . . .1.50 

Sodium sulphate 1.48 

Iron oxide . 3.50 

Alumina 3.50 

Uncombined sulphur . . . . . . .0.15 

Calcium carbonate . . . . . . . . 4.80 

Silica • . . Trace. 

Sodium chloride " 

Total 14.93 

The water bears some resemblance to the well-known Hunyadi- 
Janos Water of Hungary. 

PANACEA SPRINGS, 
Halifax County. 

Post-office, Littletou. Access : 

These springs are situated three and a half miles from the town 
of Littleton, at an altitude of 380 feet above the sea-level. The 
location is in a beautiful valley surrounded by picturesque hills 
covered with rocks of immense size, and still clothed in their pri- 
meval forest growth of gigantic oaks. The meteorological condi- 
tions which prevail here are of a salutary character, there being 
neither long droughts nor excessive rains. The springs are fifteen 
or twenty in number, and flow about 500 gallons of water per hour. 
The following analysis was made some years ago by Dr. H. B. 
Battle, of the State Experiment Station. The bases and acids only 
are given: 

PANACEA SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron (Fe0 3 ) 2.18 

Alumina (A1 2 3 ) 0.32 

Calcium (Ca) 1.11 

Magnesium (Mg) 0.20 

Manganese iMn) 0.01 

Potassium (K 2 C) 0.70 

Sodium (Na,C0 3 ) 2.23 

Hydrochloric acid (HC1) 0.82 

Sulphuric acid (H 9 S0 4 ) 0.42 

Phosphoric acid (NP0 3 ) ....... 0.53 

Silica (SiO s ) . 1.18 

Total 9.70 

Carbonic acid (H 2 C0 3 ), large amount; not determined. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 379 

It is evident that the acids and bases would unite in the form of 
carbonates, chlorides, sulphates, and phosphates. 1 The waters are 
very useful in chronic diarrhoea and the debility incident thereupon. 
They are highly recommended in the debilitated states attending 
uterine and ovarian diseases and in restoring anaemic and puny 
children. 

ROCKY RIVER SPRINGS, 

Stanley County. 

Post-office, Silver. Hotel. These springs are located near the 
village of Silver. They are four in number, all within a radius of 
one hundred yards. Each is said to possess different properties 
from the others, but no analysis can be obtained in verification of 
this statement. They have been in use as a resort for one hundred 
years, and it is said that they were visited by the daughter of Aaron 
Burr. The climate of the region is genial and salubrious, and the 
air pure and fresh. The elevation of the location is about 750 feet 
above tide-water. The resort and its surroundings offer unusual 
attractions for the seeker after a restful and tranquil sojourn away 
from home. A comfortable hotel is situated near the springs. It 
is stated that the good effects of the waters are shown in cases of 
dyspepsia, early phthisis, debility, and skin affections. 

SHAW'S HEALING SPRINGS, 
Warren County. 

Post-office, Littleton. Hotel. Access from Weldon via the 
Raleigh and Gaston R. R. (Southern System) twenty miles west to 
Littleton; thence one-half mile to springs. The location is seventy- 
five miles from Raleigh. 

These springs were discovered by Mr. J. L. Shaw, the present 
proprietor, only a few years since. They are located close to the 
thrifty and healthful little town of Littleton, a place of about 1000 
inhabitants. The New Spring Park Hotel, controlled by the Springs 
company, is located in the centre of the town, at the corner of Main 
and Spring Streets. The distance to the springs constitutes an easy 
stroll or a pleasant drive along a well-kept road, amid attractive 
scenery. The springs are sixteen in number, four of which are 
believed to possess decided medicinal properties. No analyses have 

1 According to E. E. Smith, Ph.D., of New York, to whom we have submitted this analysis, 
the combinations would result as follows, reckoned in grains per U. S. gallon : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron bicarbonate .... 3.98 
Iron phosphate . . . .0.82 

Alumina 0.31 

Silica 1.18 

Total 16.32 



Solids. 


Grains. 


Sodium chloride . 


. 1.31 


Sodium sulphate . 


. 0.68 


Sodium bicarbonate , 


. 0.93 


Potassium bicarbonate 


. 1.02 


Calcium bicarbonate . 


. 4 85 


Magnesium bicarbonate 


. 1.21 


Manganesium bicarbonate 


. 0.03 



380 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

been made, but, judging from the speedily favorable influence of the 
waters in cases of acid dyspepsia and in anaemic states, they are of 
the alkaline -chalybeate type. The local use of the waters in some 
of the humid skin affections is often followed by good results. 

SHOCCO SPRINGS, 
Warren County. 

Post-office, Henderson. No hotel at present. Access via Raleigh 
and Gaston R. R. (Southern System). The location is fifty-seven 
miles northeast of Raleigh. 

The springs have an elevation of over 1000 feet above the sea- 
level. They were formerly well known as a resort, but since the 
destruction of the buildings by fire the place seems to be more or 
less neglected. An analysis made in 1890 by Dr. H. B. Battle 
shows a result as follows : 

SHOCCO SPRINGS. 

Sulphated-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 0.17 

Sodium sulphate 11.06 

Magnesium sulphate 1.62 

Calcium sulphate ........ 42.95 

Calcium carbonate 1.16 

Calcium chloride 3.77 

Silica . 4.21 

Organic and volatile matter and loss .... 3.12 

Total 68.06 

The waters are not sold as far as we can learn. 

SPARKLING CATAWBA SPRINGS, 
Catawba County. 

Post-office, Sparkling Catawba Springs. Hotel and cottages. 
Access via Western North Carolina R. R. to Hickory, sixty miles 
west of Saulsbnry ; thence six miles by carriage to springs. 

The location of the Sparkling Catawba Springs is within the 
shadow of the Blue Ridge Mountains, 1150 feet above the sea- 
level. This part of the State, known as the " Piedmont Section," 
has long been famous for its bracing climate, pure air, and uniform 
temperature. The springs are three in number, and gush from the 
ground in a shaded valley surrounded by a circular range of tim- 
bered hills and within one mile of the banks of the Catawba River. 
No analysis has been made, but the springs are said to be blue and 
white sulphur and chalybeate in character. The new hotel and 



NORTH CAROLINA. 381 

cottages afford comfortable accommodations for about 400 guests. 
We are informed by Dr. E. O. Elliott, of the springs, that the 
waters possess well-marked alterative and tonic properties, and gen- 
erally increase the appetite, assist the digestion, and promote the 
assimilation of food. A very complete and comfortable bathing 
establishment is at hand. 

YADKIN MINERAL SPRINGS, 
Stanley County. 

Post-office, Palmersville. Boarding-houses. Access via South- 
ern R. R. to New London, thence six miles by private conveyance 
to springs. 

This resort is charmingly located in a wild and picturesque region, 
penetrated by the Yadkin River, and covered by the Oconeechee 
Range of mountains. Like the usual North Carolina mountain 
climate, the atmospheric conditions prevailing in this section are 
eminently conducive to good health and longevity. The rainfall at 
the springs is about fifty-three inches annually, and is quite uni- 
formly distributed through the seasons. There is no hotel, but 
during the season, from May to November, accommodations may be 
obtained at a reasonable rate in a number of private boarding- 
houses. The springs are two in number, a chalybeate spring yield- 
ing 60 gallons of water per hour, and a sulphur spring flowing at 
the rate of 180 gallons per hour. No quantitative analysis is 
available. Much beautiful scenery is found in the neighborhood 
of the springs : the falls of the Yadkin River, the Narrows, and 
the " Devil's Den," a great cave in the hills, being the most 
prominent. 

Additional North Carolina spring resorts are : 

Alum Spring, near Catharine Lake, Onslow County. 

Cleveland Mineral Springs, near Shelby, Cleveland County. 
Sulphureted and chalybeate. 

Cowhead Springs, near Washington, Beaufort County. 

Criswell's Sulphur Springs, near Mooresville, Iredell County. 

Ellendale Chalybeate Springs, Ellendale, Alexander County. 

Ellerbe Spring, Ellerbe Springs, Richmond County. 

Healing Springs, Healing Springs, Davidson County. 

Jackson Springs, Jackson Springs, Moore County. 

Misenheimer's Sulphur Springs, Copal Grove, Stanly County. 

Piedmont Springs, near Danbury, Stokes County. 

Piedmont Springs, Piedmont Springs, Burke County. 

Seven Springs, Seven Springs, Wayne County. 

Sulphur Springs, Sulphur Springs, Montgomery County. 

Warren White Sulphur Springs, ten miles from Ridgeway, 
Warren County. 

The remaining springs of the State are either undeveloped or are 
of little importance. 



382 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



NORTH DAKOTA. 

This State is about 210 miles in extent from north -to south, with 
an average breadth of 360 miles. It is situated within the parallels 
of 46° and 49° north latitude, and 96° 20' 30" and 104° west lon- 
gitude. The greater portion of the State is a rolling prairie, in 
which are many streams and lakes, but no swamps or marshes. In 
the northeast the surface is slightly elevated. There are no moun- 
tains within the State, and the greater portion is well adapted to 
agricultural and pastoral pursuits. The Missouri is the chief river. 
It runs diagonally across the western half of the State, and is navi- 
gable throughout its entire length. Among its tributaries are the 
Yellowstone, Owl, Dakota or James, the Heart, and the Little Mis- 
souri Rivers. The Red River of the North forms the eastern boun- 
dary, separating the State from Minnesota. It has eight large 
affluents from the west. The State has a number of deep and beau- 
tiful lakes. The Minnicracken, or Devil's Lake, in Ramsey County ^ 
is a large body of salt water, fifty miles in length and fourteen in 
breadth, and has no outlet. Other lakes of the State are Sweetwater, 
Stump, Ellis, Dry, Long, Rosa, Bismarck, Horse, and Twin Lakes. 
Some of these lakes are beautiful sheets of water and delightful 
summer resorts. Along the water courses there is a considerable 
growth of walnut, poplar, oak, elm, maple, ash, willow, and cotton- 
wood. Wild game is fast disappearing ; the herds of buffalo that 
formerly roamed its prairies have been entirely exterminated, and 
with them to a great extent the elk, deer, antelope, wolf, and bear. 

The climate of North Dakota is dry and salubrious. The win- 
ters are clear, crisp, and sunny, as a rule, with heavy snowfalls. 
The summers have hot days and cool nights. Great extremes of 
temperature are occasionally observed in the State, ranging from 
107° P. in the summer to 49° F. below zero ; n winter. There is an 
earlier, spring than is observed in the same latitude in Eastern States. 
The average rainfall is about 18 inches. 

The mortality rate for North Dakota, according to the latest 
United States Census returns, is 9.39 per 1000 of inhabitants. 
The figures for phthisis show only 0.91 per 1000 of population. 

As far as we have been able to learn, there are no well-developed 
mineral springs in the limits of North Dakota. According to the 
United States Geological Reports the following springs are found : 

Acid Spring, at Devil's Lake, Ramsey County. 

Artesian Well, also at Devil's Lake. Sulphureted and chalybeate. 

Dunseith Mineral Spring, Dunseith, Rolette County. 

Salt Springs, near Grafton, Walsh County. 

Salt Springs, near Pembina, Pembina County. 

Sulphur Springs, Devil's Lake, Ramsey County. 

Wamduska Lake, Wamduska, Nelson County. Saline. 

Correspondence with these localities produces very little further 



OHIO. 383 

information. It is probable that as the State becomes more thickly 
inhabited some of the above springs, as well as others at this time 
unknown, will be developed. 



OHIO. 

The State of Ohio comprises an area of 39,964 square miles, and 
extends from 38° 25' to 42° north latitude, and from 80° 28' to 
84° 42' west longitude. The State has no mountains, the surface 
consisting of an undulating plain, ranging in elevation from 1550 
feet to 430 feet above the sea-level, the portions above 1400 feet or 
below 500 feet being comparatively insignificant. The chief feature 
in the topography of Ohio is the great divide forming the water- 
shed, which extends diagonally across the State from the northeast 
to southwest, and divides the surface into two unequal slopes. The 
northern, which is much the smaller, sends its waters into Lake 
Erie, 565 feet above the sea-level, while the southerly slope declines 
to the Ohio River 430 feet above tide-water. The State is well 
watered. The Ohio, the principal river, has a course of 436 miles 
along the southern boundary, flowing through a charming valley, 
with wooded hills rising from it to a height of 500 or 600 feet. The 
Muskingum, Sciota, Hocking, Mahoning, and Great and Little 
Miami Rivers flow into the Ohio. On the north are smaller 
streams flowing into Lake Erie : the Cuyahoga, Vermilion, Huron, 
Portage, Sandusky, and others. 

There are but few especially striking natural features in the State, 
though many of the valleys present scenery of tranquil loveliness. 
Ohio is rich, however, in the heritage of an ancient civilization. 
Numerous memorials of antiquity, in the shape of mounds or tumuli, 
fortifications and embankments, dot the central and western sections 
of the State, and are in many places still perfect in outline. Exten- 
sive forests of hard woods abound in the State, and vineyards and 
orchards thrive remarkably. 

The climate *of Ohio, though quite variable, is, on the whole, 
favorable to a symmetrical development and high degree of vigor 
of human life. In the south the mean annual temperature is 54° 
F. ; in the northern part of the State, 49° F. The annual range is 
not less than 100°, and sometimes 130°, the extreme summer heat 
reaching 100° in the shade, while cold waves in winter may depress 
the mercury to 30° below zero. Sudden changes of temperature are 
not uncommon. The vast body of water in Lake Erie favorably 
modifies the climate in the northern margin of the State. 

The mortality-rate in Ohio, as computed from the latest United 
States Census returns, is 13.57 per 1000 of population, phthisical 
mortality, 1.74 per 1000 of population. 



384 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

According to the State and National Geological Reports, mineral 
springs are exceedingly numerous in Ohio. A vast majority of the 
waters are calcic, and many of them also chalybeate and sulphureted. 
Few of the springs are developed as resorts, however, and a still 
smaller number are used for commercial purposes. Several of the 
old Ohio spring resorts have lapsed into neglect and disuse. The 
rocky floor of the State is entirely composed of unaltered stratified 
rocks of the Paleozoic age. Not a single trap, dyke, or volcanic rent 
intersects them, and not a trace of igneous metamorphism is shown 
in any portion of their extent. These strata are disposed in plains 
almost absolutely horizontal. ISTot only are sharp flexures wanting, 
but faults deserving the name are found in but a single corner of a 
single county. It is, therefore, not surprising that the springs of 
the State are all cold, nothing resembling a thermal water being 
reported from any locality. 

We have succeeded in obtaining direct recent information of four 
localities now in use as resorts. Accounts of several other springs 
compiled from geological reports and from the older works are 
marked thus *. 

ADAMS COUNTY MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Adams County. 

Post-office, Mineral Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access : From 
Cincinnati take the Cincinnati, Portsmouth and Virginia R. R. to 
Mineral Springs Station, thence transfer by private conveyance to 
the springs, four miles distant. 

These springs flow from the base of a high hill, and are sur- 
rounded by beautiful and picturesque scenery. They are two in 
number, and yield about 60 gallons of water hourly. A partial 
analysis of the waters by Prof. E. S. Wayne, analytical chemist, 
of Cincinnati, shows them to be highly charged with gas, and to 
contain 205.35 grains of solid matter to the United States gallon, 
composed as follows : 

Magnesium chloride. Sodium chloride. 

Calcium chloride. Iron oxide. 

Calcium sulphate. Iodine. 
Calcium carbonate. 

These springs have long been resorted to by persons suffering 
from affections involving the stomach, bowels, and liver. The water 
is evidently of the saline-calcic-chalybeate variety. The accom- 
modations for visitors are now very satisfactory, the hotel having 
recently been enlarged to more than double its former capacity. 
There are also a number of cottages suitable for families wishing to 
keep house during the season. As a resort these springs afford a 
sequestered retreat for those who seek respite from the cares of 
business or need the refreshing influences of rural scenery and air. 



OHIO. 385 

* CEDAR SPRINGS, 
Preble County. 

Post-office, New Paris. Hotel. Access : Take Pittsburg, Cin- 
cinnati and St. Louis R. R. to New Paris, thirty-five miles west 
from Dayton, thence take carriage one mile to springs. 

These springs are situated in a rolling section of country, about 
1000 feet above the sea-level. The surroundings are very pleasant 
and attractive. There are said to be not less than one hundred 
springs within an area of two square miles. Several are used for 
medicinal purposes. We present an analysis of one of them by 
Dr. A. Fennel : 

WASHINGTON SPRING (CEDAR SPRINGS). 

Light Alkaline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 2.26 

Magnesium carbonate 5.82 

Iron carbonate 1.32 

Calcium carbonate 3.96 

Calcium sulphate 1.24 

Sodium sulphate 0.18 

Calcium phosphate 2.13 

Sodium chloride 0.98 

Alumina 0.22 

Total 18.11 

The waters resemble those of the Bethesda Spring at Waukesha, 
Wisconsin, but contain more iron. It is claimed that they are 
especially valuable in catarrh of the bladder, renal diseases, and 
dyspepsia. 

CINCINNATI ARTESIAN WELL, 

Hamilton County. 

This well is located at the Cincinnati Gas-works, and is 1245 feet 
in depth. There is a continuous -flow of water. The following 
analysis is by E. S. Wayne : 

CINCINNATI ARTESIAN WELL. 

Muriated-saline. Sulphureted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium carbonate . 8.14 

Calcium carbonate 17.33 

Potassium sulphate 27.27 

Sodium chloride 519.60 

Magnesium chloride 18.14 

25 



386 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium chloride 22.26 

Potassium chloride 3.27 

Magnesium bromide ....... 0.26 

Magnesium iodide 0.19 

Iron oxide 0.37 

Silica 0.49 

Total 617.32 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Sulphureted hydrogen 7.76 

Carbonic acid 10.32 

This is a very rich saline sulphureted water, and ought to be of 
value in the treatment of diseases for which such waters are used. 

CRUM MINERAL SPRINGS, 
Mahoning County. 

Post-office, Girard. Access : Street railroad passes within one 
and a quarter miles of springs. 

These springs are located within four miles of Youngstown, 
Mahoning County, and one and a half miles from Mineral Ridge, 
Trumbull County. No hotel has yet been built, but the water has 
been used commercially for the past seven years. The surroundings 
are said to be very attractive and well adapted for a summer resort. 

The springs are four in number; only one, however, is in use. 
The following analysis was made by S. W. McKeown, analytical 
chemist : 

CRUM MINERAL SPRING. 

Alkaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 5.31 

Magnesium carbonate 1.80 

Iron carbonate 0.59 

Sodium carbonate 0.14 

Magnesium sulphate 1.17 

Sodium chloride 0.48 

Silica 0.29 

Total 9.78 

This analysis shows a combination of very useful ingredients. 
They give the water the properties of a ferruginous tonic, a mild 
diuretic, an antacid, and in large doses, a light laxative. The water 
is useful in disordered states of the stomach and in functional affec- 
tions of the liver and bowels. Its continuous use tends to overcome 
chronic constipation. 



OHIO. 387 

*ERKENBRECKER'S SALT WELL, 
Hamilton County. 

Post-office, Ludlow Grove. Access : Ludlow Grove is a station 
on the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton P. R., six miles east of 
Cincinnati. 

This salt water was unexpectedly discovered some years since in 
the course of boring for an artesian well. It was analyzed by E. 
S. Wayne, analytical chemist, with the following results. 

erkenbrecker's salt well. 

Muriated-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium carbonate 14.06 

Calcium carbonate 6.33 

Calcium sulphate 6.07 

Sodium chloride ........ 4300.10 

Calcium chloride 786.61 

Magnesium chloride 542.04 

Iron chloride 53.46 

Sodium bromide . 28.21 

Silica 1.22 

Total 5738.10 

This is a very strong brine, and possesses many valuable mineral 
ingredients. It is not adapted for internal use without considerable 
dilution. The water is used somewhat for bathing purposes by 
persons in the neighborhood. 

FOUNTAIN PARK MAGNETIC SPRINGS, 
Champaign County. 

Post-office, Fountain Park. Hotel and cottages. Access via 
Pennsylvania R. R. (P., C, C. & St. L., Indianapolis Division). 
The hotel is within five minutes' drive of the Fountain Park Sta- 
tion. The location is thirty-four miles west of Columbus and 
twelve miles east of Urbana. 

Fountain Park village was laid out in 1882, soon after the dis- 
covery of the springs. The resort came under control of the present 
management in 1894. The site of the village is one of great nat- 
ural attractiveness. The elevation is 1 200 feet above the sea-level 
and the surrounding country gently undulating. The hotel and 
cottages are located in a beautiful tract of forty-three acres, in 
which are numerous hills surmounted by groves of deciduous trees. 
New acme stone walks and drive-ways have recently been laid 
around the hotel grounds, and an artificial lake of sufficient size for 
boating constructed. The large lawn is adapted for all kinds of 



388 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

out-door sports and games. Brush Lake, one mile east of the Park, 
affords rare attractions to the piscatorially inclined visitor. 

The waters at Fountain Park proceed from five flowing wells. 
The largest is 2200 feet in depth and fills a ten-inch pipe at about 
twenty-one pounds' pressure. Following is an analysis of this 
spring, made in 1892 by Prof. E. S. Wayne, of Cincinnati : 

FOUNTAIN PARK SPRINGS. 

Muriated-saline Alkaline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 13.64 

Calcium chloride 4.22 

Magnesium chloride . . . . . . .2.12 

Potassium sulphate 2.61 

Calcium carbonate 26.24 

Magnesium carbonate .11.41 

Iron carbonate 0.16 

Silica 0.24 

Organic matter . . 0.39 

Total 61.03 

This is an excellent water of the alkaline-saline-calcic variety. 
The presence of a small quantity of carbonate of iron will prevent 
debilitating effects on continuous use. The water has been found 
valuable in acute and chronic rheumatism, gout, dyspepsia, and 
diabetes. 

Two of the remaining four wells were analyzed in 1895 by Prof. 
H. A. Weber, of the Ohio State University. They show the same 
general characteristics as Spring No. 1 (above). There is an excel- 
lent modern hotel in the Park. It contains twenty well-equipped 
bath-rooms, under the charge of an experienced physician. 



STRYKER MINERAL SPRINGS, 
Williams CoiTnty. 

Post-office, Stryker. Visitors received in private families. Access: 
The village of Stryker is located on the Air Line Division of the 
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern E. R. 

The springs are pleasantly located in the village. They have 
been allowed to languish somewhat, but we are informed that they 
have recently passed into the hands of Dr. C. F. Mignin, who 
proposes to repair and refit the bath-houses, with the intention 
of establishing a first-class sanitarium. The following analysis 
of the water was made in 1870 by S. H. Douglass, analytical 
chemist : 



OHIO. 389 



STRYKER MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Sulphated and muriated. Calcic- chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 



Calcium bicarbonate 
Iron bicarbonate 
Potassium sulphate 
Sodium chloride 
Magnesium chloride 
Silica 
Hydro-sulphuric acid 



68.30 

9.93 

185.34 

231.86 

118.96 

2.63 

4.49 



Total 621.51 

This water is exceedingly rich in valuable chemical compounds. 
It possesses an exceptionally large quantity of potassium sulphate, 
which, with chloride of magnesium, gives it efficient laxative and 
cathartic properties. The water is also a rich chalybeate, and should 
be valuable in anaemic and debilitated states, especially when 
attended by sluggishness of the liver and constipation. 

*SULPHO-SALINE SPRING, 
Hamilton County. 

Post-office, Cincinnati. Access : By Elm Street cars to Henry 
Street, thence one block west. 

This well is 2408 feet in depth and flows in an abundant and 
continuous stream at a temperature of 62° F. An analysis by Prof. 
Wayne, of Cincinnati, shows the following ingredients : 

CINCINNATI SULPHO-SALINE SPRING. 

Muriated-saline-alkaline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium carbonate 9.13 

Calcium carbonate 19.34 

Calcium sulphate . . . . . . . .29.20 

Potassium sulphate 2.30 

Sodium phosphate ........ 1.34 

Sodium chloride 534.77 

Magnesium chloride . 17.27 

Calcium chloride 22.19 

Potassium chloride 3.95 

Magnesium bromide ....... 0.39 

Magnesium iodide 0.30 

Iron oxide 0.43 

Silica 0.79 

Loss 0.76 



Total 642.16 

This analysis shows a considerable presence of valuable ingre- 
dients. The water is well adapted for the treatment of portal 



390 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

congestion, hemorrhoids, metallic poisoning, etc. In the form of 
baths it is useful in many of the chronic skin affections and in ad- 
vanced syphilis. A very elegant and elaborate bath-house has been 
fitted up and supplied with all the modern appurtenances of such an 
establishment. 

*YELLOW SPRINGS, 

Greene County. 

Hotel. Access : Yellow Springs is a station on the Little Miami 
R. R., seventy-four miles northeast of Cincinnati (Walton). 

The springs are pleasantly situated on the banks of the Little 
Miami River. The surrounding country is undulating, and attrac- 
tive drives lead in all directions. The springs yield about 660 
gallons of water per hour. An analysis by Messrs. Wayne and 
Locke resulted as follows : 

YELLOW SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-calcic, 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 19.57 

Calcium sulphate 1.35 

Sodium chloride 0.15 

Magnesium chloride 0.17 

Calcium chloride 1.54 

Iron oxide 0.39 

Total 23.17 

The water possesses mild diuretic and tonic properties. The 
springs have been allowed to decline of late years, and we are 
informed that they are not now in use as a resort. 

Among other springs of Ohio which have been more or less 
resorted to may be mentioned the following : 

Bellbrook Magnetic Spring, Bellbrook, Greene County. 

Blue Rock Spring, East Cleveland, Cuyahoga County. 

Electro-Magnetic Springs, near Woodstock, Champaign County. 

Green Mineral Spring, Green Spring, Seneca County; flows 
375,000 gallons per hour. 

Howland Springs, east of Warren, Turnbull County; sulphu- 
reted. 

Len-a-pe Magnetic Springs, Delaware, Delaware County; two in 
number; flow 700 gallons hourly; alkaline-calcic. 

Ohio Magnetic Spring, Magnetic Springs, Union County; alka- 
line-calcic. 

Tawawa Springs, Wilberforce, Greene County; chalybeate. 

Wyandot Magnetic Well, near Upper Sandusky, Wyandot 
County; sulphureted. 

The following are used commercially: 

Crystal Rock Spring, Erie County. 



OKLAHOMA.— OREGON. 391 

Devonian Mineral Spring, Lorain, Lorain County. 
Magnetic and Saline Spring, Marysville, Union County. 
Midland Mineral Springs, Midland, Midland County. 
Mustcash Spring, Erie County. 

Puritas Mineral Springs, Rockport, Cuyahoga County. 
Partlebaugh Mineral Springs, Urbana, Champaign County. 
Eex Mineral Spring, New Richmond, Clermont County. 
Sulphur Lick Springs, Anderson, Ross County. 
Wevvaka Spring, near Richard's Station, Lucas County. 



OKLAHOMA. 



There are numerous springs in this Territory, many of which are 
no doubt mineralized. As far as we have been able to learn, how- 
ever, none of them has yet been developed as a resort. Although 
rapidly filling with white settlers, the greater part of the Territory 
is still occupied by wild Indian tribes. Doubtless as civilization 
advances within its limits we shall hear more of its mineral springs, 
as well as of its other resources, which are evidently varied and 
numerous. The greater portion of the Territory is a gently rolling 
prairie, having a general slope from northwest to southeast, and 
this inclination of the surface determines the current of the chief 
streams. The climate of Oklahoma is equable and generally salu- 
brious. The summers are long and warm, while the winters are 
short and cold. The mean annual temperature is 58° F., and the 
mean rainfall 31.2 inches. 

The mortality-rate for the Territory, according to the United 
States Census of 1890, was 5.69 per 1000 of population; the 
death-rate from consumption, 0.34 per 1000 of population. These 
figures were no doubt greatly influenced by the character of the 
population occupying the Territory at that time. 



OREGON. 



The State of Oregon extends from 42° to 46° 18' north latitude, 
and from 116° 40' to 124° 25' west longitude. The State is divided 
by the Coast, Cascade, and Blue Mountains into well-marked sec- 
tions. The Cascade Mountains, varying in height from 4000 to 
11,000 feet and running from north to south, separate the State into 
two unequal parts, known as Eastern and Western Oregon. The 



392 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

highest peaks of this range are Mount Hood and Mount Mc- 
Laughlin, each 11,000 feet high. The Coast range runs parallel 
with the Cascades, and between them and the ocean the general 
altitude varies from 1000 to 4000 feet. Each of the great ranges 
throw out spurs, and the eastern division is farther broken by the 
Bine Mountains, which run northeast and southwest and have an 
average altitude of 5000 to 7000 feet. The rivers of Oregon are 
very numerous, the most important being the Columbia, Snake, 
Willamette, Rogue, and Umpqua. The valleys are deep and 
irregular, and in many places the rivers cut their way through 
canyons of great depth. There are also many lakes, most of them 
being in the southern central portion of the State. In Lake County 
are Upper Klamath Lake, Summer Lake, Albert Lake, and part 
of Goose Lake, and in the adjoining counties Silver, Harvey, Fish, 
Malheur, Diamond, Crater, Wapota, and other lakes. The State 
has a coast line of 300 miles, with several large and accessible 
harbors. Oregon takes a front rank in varied and picturesque 
scenery. In the mountain and lake regious and along the banks 
of the great rivers Dame Nature has wrought her fancies in many 
diverse moods, and the traveller cannot fail to be charmed and 
instructed by the romantic grandeur and beauty of the land- 
scapes. 

The mild climate of Western Oregon and the heavy and incessant 
rains with which it is visited are due to the warm oceanic current 
from Japan, flowing south along the coast. The southwest warm 
winds from the Pacific also aid in distributing vapors over Western 
Oregon, and over the eastern section also to a lesser extent. This 
often takes the form of heavy fogs, dews, and occasional snows. 
In the Willamette valley the average yearly rainfall is 44 to 54 
inches, which is about the same as at Philadelphia and at Daven- 
port, Iowa. In the Umpqua and Rogue River valleys it is some- 
what less, while near the coast it rises to 60 inches. Thunder 
storms seldom occur in the State, and tornadoes and cyclones are 
unknown. The mean annual temperature ranges from 44° P. 
near the Cascade Mountains to 50° F. in the vicinity of the ocean. 
The mortality-rate for Oregon, as computed from the census returns 
for 1890, was 8.21 per 1000 of population. The phthisical death- 
rate was 0.97 per 1000 of population. 

The mineral springs of Oregon are numerous, and some of them 
of great value, although but few analyses have been made. The 
so-called soda springs predominate. There are also a number of 
thermal springs. From various sources, but chiefly from direct 
correspondence and inquiry, we have gained information relating 
to ten localities. Those whose present status is undetermined are 
marked thus.* There are several valuable springs in the State 
which are not accessible as yet to the mails. It has not been 
possible to locate the ' ' Beer ? ? Springs, mentioned by Walton, and 
they have not been admitted to the list. 



OREGON. 393 

BELKNAP HOT MEDICAL SPRINGS, 
Lane County. 

Post-office, Belknap Springs. Hotel and camping grounds. 
Access via Southern Pacific Railroad to Eugene, one hundred and 
twenty five miles south of Portland; thence sixty miles east by 
stage to springs. 

The location of these springs is in the heart of the Cascade 
Mountains, 2000 feet above the sea-level. This is a very fine 
and picturesque region, and presents many attractions to the 
tourist and invalid. The climate is equable, the weather during 
the summer months being generally clear and pleasant, with cool- 
ing winds. 

The average summer temperature is 65° F., while it is stated 
that the average winter range is but 20° lower. The McKenzie 
River, nearby, is famous for its magnificent trout; and deer and 
other game abound in this region. There is only one spring, but 
it yields about 12,500 gallons per hour. The temperature of the 
water is 188° F. The following analysis was made in 1894 by 
Prof. G. W. Shaw, of the Oregon State Agricultural College, at 
Corvallis : 

BELKNAP HOT SPRING. 

Muriated-saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 13.91 

Calcium chloride 62.20 

Potassium chloride 7.68 

Magnesium chloride 2.90 

Sodium chloride . 53.93 

Manganese chloride Trace. 

Silica 4.72 

Iron and alumina 0.17 

Total 145.51 

The bathing facilities comprise medicated, steam, electric, and 
shower baths, hot or cold, with massage. A large swimming tank 
is an attractive feature. The baths are attracting considerable 
attention in the treatment of rheumatism, syphilis, and skin dis- 
eases. 

BOSWELL SPRINGS, 

Douglas County. 

Post-office, Boswell. Hotel. Access : Boswell is a flag station 
on the Southern Pacific K. K. (Shasta route), one hundred and 
sixty-three miles south of Portland. The location of the hotel is 
one hundred feet from the railroad. 

The situation is on Elk Creek, about forty-five miles from the 



394 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

coast and three hundred and fifty feet above tide-water. The 
surrounding country is made up of hills and valleys. There are 
two springs at the resort. A partial analysis of the stronger 
springs, made at the University of California, showed the presence 
of 2000 grains of solid matter to the United States gallon, made 
up chiefly of the following ingredients : 

Iron. Calcium. 

Bromine. Magnesium. 

Potassium. Sodium. 

The weaker spring was analyzed by Philip Harvey, of Portland, 
Oregon, who gave its contents as follows : 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 173.00 

Magnesium chloride 145.00 

Calcium chloride 115.00 

Iron carbonate, ) an j-v 

Calcium carboAate, j Sma11 W™^*' 

Total 433.00 

Both springs are heavily charged with carbonic acid and sulphu- 
reted hydrogen gas. The waters are evidently of the muriated- 
saline-chalybeate variety. They have been found useful in con- 
stipation, chronic malarial infection, dyspepsia, functional liver 
complaints, and other disorders. 

COLESTIN SODA SPRINGS, 
Jackson County. 

Post-office, Colestin. Hotel. Access via Southern Pacific P. P., 
which passes within one hundred yards of the hotel. Daily pas- 
senger trains in both directions. 

These springs are located on the Siskiyou Mountains, 3500 feet 
above the sea-level. They are two in number, and yield about 120 
gallons of water per hour, having an unvarying temperature, sum- 
mer and winter, of 55° P. It has not been analyzed, but is said 
to contain salts of sodium, iron, and sulphur. The water has been 
used with apparent benefit in catarrhal states of the broncho-pul- 
monary mucous membrane, in bronchial asthma, and in certain renal 
affections. 

DES CHUTES HOT SPRINGS, 
Crook County. 

These springs are located eight miles north of Warm Springs. 
They issue from the base of the cliffs along the valley of the 
Wam-Chuck Piver. Their number is quite large, and some of 
them have a copious flow. The temperature of two of them was 
respectively 143° and 145° F. The following analysis was made 
by L. M. Dornbach and E. N. Horsford : 



OREGON. 395 

DES CHUTES HOT SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline-carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 34.50 

Sodium sulphate . 9.46 

Calcium sulphate 1.82 

Sodium chloride 20.42 

Potassium chloride . 2.00 

Magnesium chloride 1.21 

Sodium silicate 8.20 

Iron Trace. 

Total 77.61 

Carbonic acid gas, 22.56 cubic inches. 

This analysis shows an exceedingly valuable combination of 
mineral ingredients. So far as we are able to learn, however, the 
springs have not been improved as a resort. 

LAKE VIEW HOT SPRINGS, 
Lake County. 

Post-office, Lake View. Hotels in the town. Access via South- 
ern Pacific P. P. to Ager, Cal., and thence by stage. 

The springs are located one and one-half miles south of Lake- 
view and four miles northeast of Goose Lake, one of the largest 
bodies of fresh water in the West (fifty miles in length, with an 
average breadth of fifteen miles). The elevation is about 5000 
feet above the sea-level, and the surrounding country of a moun- 
tainous character. The climatic conditions are very favorable. 
We are informed that the water has a temperature of 164° F., 
and flows at the rate of about 500 gallons per hour. A partial 
analysis by Dr. Parnell, post surgeon at Camp Warner, Oregon, 
in 1869, showed the presence of iron, soda, sulphur, magnesia and 
other mineral ingredients. The water is said to be beneficial in 
numerous complaints, especially rheumatism. The attractions at 
this place afford excellent inducements for the establishment of a 
first-class health resort. 

LOWER SODA SPRING, 
Linn County. 
Post-office, Lower Soda. This spring is located in a mountainous 
region on the south fork of the Santiam River, at a level of 1300 
feet above the Pacific Ocean. It discharges 20 or 30 gallons of 
water per hour, but no analysis has been made. We are informed 
by Mr. John Atkinson, the proprietor, that the people of the sur- 
rounding country are in the habit of visiting the springs and camp- 
ing out. The water has a considerable local reputation in stomach 
and kidney disorders. 



396 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

MCALLISTER'S SODA SPRINGS, 

Jackson County. 

Post-office, Lake Creek. Camping grounds. Access via South- 
ern Pacific P. P. to Central Point; thence by private conveyance 
over fair wagon road twenty-five miles east to springs. 

McCallister's Springs are located in a picturesque mountain region, 
5400 feet above the level of the sea. This region is noted for its 
pure, dry atmosphere and its freedom from miasmatic diseases. 
The springs are two in number, and flow about 120 gallons per 
hour each. The water has not yet been analyzed. We are 
informed by Mr. J. G. McCallister, the proprietor, that the waters 
have a wide reputation among the residents of the surrounding 
country in the treatment of chronic malarial poisoning. It is said 
that malaria is unknown in the neighborhood, and almost every 
person suffering from fever and ague is relieved after a few days' 
stay at the springs. We may easily believe, however, that these 
good results are at least partially due to the bracing mountain air 
of the neighborhood. The place is also much resorted to by dys- 
peptic and rheumatic patients. The water is always cold, and is 
said to possess excellent properties as a tonic and appetizant. 

*WARM SPRINGS, 

Ceook County. 
Post-office, Warm Springs. These springs are located on an 
Indian reservation of the same name, and are used by the Indians 
for bathing purposes. The water is said to be very hot and to 
contain a large percentage of borate of soda. 

*WILHOIT'S SODA SPRINGS, 
Clackamas County. 
Post-office, Wilhoit. Hotel. Access : From Salem, Marion 
County, twenty-five miles northeast by wagon road. These springs 
are seven in number, and flow about 700 gallons per hour. An an- 
alysis by J. A.Veatch, M.D., in 1869, showed the following mineral 
ingredients : 

wtlhoit's soda spkings. 

Alkaline-saline-chalybeate. 

One U. S gallon contains : 

Soli<is. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 87.57 

Magnesium carbonate 85.32 

Calcium carbonate 32.23 

Iron carbonate 6.00 

Sodium sulphate 3.40 

Magnesium sulphate 6.45 

Sodium chloride 201.00 

Iodine Trace. 

Total 421.97 

Carbonic acid gas, 22.56 cubic inches. 



OREGON. 397 

The water is said to have a temperature as it flows of 35° F. 

This is an exceedingly valuable water, combining as it does a 
number of important chemical ingredients. It is very pleasant to 
the palate, and, according to Dr. H. Carpenter, it operates on the 
second day as a laxative and diuretic. It contains a considerable 
percentage of iron, which gives it tonic and reconstructive proper- 
ties. 

WOLFER'S MINERAL 

Marion County. 

Post-office, Hubbard. Hotels. Access via Southern Pacific 
R. R. to Hubbard, thirty-one miles from Portland and twenty 
miles from Salem. The spring is within five minutes' walk of the 
depot. 

This spring is mentioned as Ci Lehman's Spring" in the Geolog- 
ical Reports for 1895. Hubbard is situated in the Willamette 
valley, in the midst of a fine fruit and garden country. The spring 
(artesian) is located on the hillside, at a level of 212 feet above the 
sea. It is surrounded by an arbor of wild willows, and forces its 
way to a height of four feet above the surface, forming a beautiful 
fountain. It yields about 6000 gallons of water per hour. There 
are beautiful grounds about the springs, well adapted for outdoor 
sports, picnics, etc. According to a partial analysis by Prof. Fisk, 
the water contains 

Calcium carbonate. Potassium chloride. 

Magnesium carbonate. Iron oxide and alumina. 

Sodium chloride. Silica. 

The water is said to possess valuable properties as a tonic and 
laxative. The resort is said to be an exceptionally fine location for 
the establishment of a sanitarium. 

The following-named springs are also used as resorts : 

Aurora Saline Springs, Aurora Mills, Marion County; two in 
number, flow 600 gallons hourly; saline-calcic. 

Cole's Soda Springs, near White Point, Jackson County. 

Foley Springs, near McKenzie Bridge, Laue County; thermal. 

Linkville Springs, near Linkville, Klamath County; thermal. 

Mineral Springs, on Blue Mountains, near John Day, Grant 
County; thermal. 

Payton or Snowden Spring, near Drain's Station, Douglas County* 

Solfataire, near Linkville, Klamath County; used for vapor 
baths. 

White Sulphur Springs, head of Clackamas River, Clackamas 
County. 

The Siskiyou Spring, at Soda Springs, Jackson County, is used 
commercially. 



398 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Pennsylvania extends from 39° 43' to 42° 15' north latitude, and 
from 74° 40' to 80° 41' west longitude. Topographically the State 
is divided into three parts, viz., a southeast district, the open coun- 
try between the South Mountains and the sea, which is at no point 
more than 600 or 700 feet above the ocean level; a middle belt of 
parallel valleys, separated by low, corresponding mountain ridges; 
and a northern and western upland, behind the escarpment of the 
Alleghany Mountains, elevated from 1000 to 2500 feet above tide- 
water. The surface of the State is greatly diversified, being level 
in the southeast, mountainous in the centre, and undulating in the 
west. The mountain ridges cross the State from northeast to south- 
west. They cover fully one-fifth of the total area, and are all mem- 
bers of the great Appalachian chain. The entire breadth of this 
mountain system is about two hundred miles. It forms numerous 
beautiful and fertile valleys, and incloses the richest bituminous 
coal fields in the United States. Much grand and picturesque 
scenery is found in this part of the State. The principal rivers of 
Pennsylvania are the Susquehanna, Delaware, Allegheny, Monon- 
gahela, Lehigh, and Schuylkill. The climate of so great a State is 
necessarily varied, and is made more variable by its situation on 
the eastern side of the continent, facing the Gulf Stream. In the 
northern and western portions the winters are cold, severe, and 
protracted. The southern middle counties enjoy genial weather 
the whole year round, interrupted by only short intervals of 
intense heat or cold. In the east the weather conditions are very 
changeable, both in summer and winter. The northwest wind is 
dry and cold in winter, the southwest wind always mild and rainy, 
and the southeast ocean wind wet and sultry in summer; but the 
severe northeasters of New England lose much of their rigor by 
the time they reach the Delaware. The mean annual temperature 
ranges from 44° in the northern counties to 52° in the southeast, 
while the average rainfall varies from 38 inches in the western 
counties to 42 inches at Philadelphia, and even more in the south- 
east triangle. 

The mortality-rate in Pennsylvania, as computed from the United 
Census of 1890, was 13.98 per 1000 of population; the death-rate 
from consumption was 1.46 per 1000 of population. 

The mineral springs of Pennsylvania are numerous, and some of 
them of great value. Like those of the neighboring States, most 
of them contain iron. A few of the Pennsylvania springs — e. g., 
the Bath Chalybeate Springs and the Perry County Warm Spring — 
have lapsed into disuse. Several others, however, have but recently 
come into prominence, two or three of which possess considerable 
importance as commercial springs. There are also several excellent 
springs in the State which have not been developed. We have 



PENNSYLVANIA. 399 

been able to gain direct information from eighteen spring localities. 
Not more than half of these have ever hitherto been described in 
any work on the subject. From the United States Geological Re- 
ports and from the older books on springs we have secured knowl- 
edge of several additional springs, the present status of which we 
have not been able to determine. They are denoted thus 5 



,* 



BEDFORD SPRINGS, 

Bedford County. 

Post-office, Bedford. Hotel. Access : The Baltimore and Ohio 
R. R. transfers passengers at Cumberland, Md., and the Pennsyl- 
vania R. R. at Huntingdon, Pa. 

The Huntingdon and Broad Top R. R. connects with Pennsyl- 
vania R. R. trains from the East and West, and runs an express 
train of parlor cars through to Bedford without stop. 

The Bedford Mineral Springs have their source in a beautiful 
valley on the eastern slope of the Alleghany Mountains, at an eleva- 
tion of 1080 feet above tide-water. The location is one mile and a 
half south of the old historic town of Bedford, the county-seat of 
Bedford County, in a region noted for its pure, invigorating air, 
salubrious climate, and beautiful and varied scenery. The medi- 
cinal virtues of the springs were known as early as the year 1804. l 
Since those early days the resort has maintained a steady popularity 
with the tourist, pleasure-seeker, and invalid, and it may to-day be 
ranked among the best of the many excellent summer watering 
places which the country affords. In addition to the numerous 
attractions of climate, scenery, etc., the visitor will find an exceed- 
ingly comfortable modern hotel, well equipped with the most recent 
improvements. A good orchestra is maintained during the season. 
The Magnesia Spring has been mainly instrumental in giving the 
place its reputation. It issues from an opening in the rock, about 
three feet in length and eighteen inches in width, and flows about 
2000 gallons of water per hour, without interruption or remission, 
the year round. A recent examination of the hitherto somewhat 
neglected Bowling Alley Spring shows it to be quite as strong in 
magnesium salts, while carrying less lime. We present analyses 
of these two springs, made in 1895 by Victor G. Bloede, analytical 
chemist, of Baltimore : 

MAGNESIA SPRING (BEDFORD SPRINGS). 

Sulphated-saline- calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 2.04 

Sodium chloride 0.72 

Magnesium sulphate 32.54 

Magnesium carbonate 6.06 

1 Gordon's Gazette of the State of Pennsylvania. 



400 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium carbonate 0.38 

Calcium sulphate 107.80 

Lithium chloride 0.22 

Silica 0.35 

Iron oxide 0.05 

Alumina 0.11 

Ammonia 0.02 

Nitrates and nitrites None. 

Total 150.29 

Free carbonic acid 1.85 

Water of crystallization and volatile matter . . . 36.41 

Total 188,55 

BOWLING-ALLEY SPRING (BEDFORD SPRINGS). 

Sulphated-saline. Alkaline- calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 9.70 

Sodium chloride 1.12 

Magnesium sulphate 32.96 

Magnesium carbonate 5.23 

Calcium sulphate 83.20 

Silica 1.10 

Iron oxide ......... 0.04 

Alumina 0.09 

Nitrates and nitrites ....... None. 

Ammonia Trace. 

Total 133.44 

Free carbonic acid 2.17 

Water of crystallization and volatile matter . . . 37.74 

Total 173.35 

These analyses show very potent waters. They are laxative in 
small doses, purgative in larger. Furthermore, they have a con- 
siderable diuretic influence, and each contains sufficient iron to 
counteract the debilitating tendencies often met with in waters of 
this character. The Magnesia Spring contains also a small amount 
of the chloride of lithium, which serves to widen the sphere of it& 
probable utility. The Bowling Alley Spring is quite freely charged 
with that ever-valuable ingredient of saline waters — the carbonate 
of sodium — which renders it very useful as an antacid and antifer- 
mentative, in addition to its cathartic properties. These waters 
may be counted upon to render good service in flatulent dyspepsia, 
functional disturbances of the liver, abdominal engorgement, and 
chronic constipation. They are also highly recommended by many 
well-known physicians for gouty and rheumatic disorders. They 
are used commercially. There are several other valuable springs 
in the neighborhood. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 401 

BEDFORD CHALYBEATE SPRING, 

This spring is located about three-qarters of a mile southwest of 
those above described, and is under a separate management. It is 
also well known and considerably used. It rises near the centre of 
a beautiful park of about fourteen acres in extent, which also 
encloses two other springs, known as the " Sweet" and the " Lime- 
stone " Springs. In connection with these springs is the Hotel 
Chalybeate — a comfortable, home-like house, having a capacity for 
one hundred and fifty guests. The chalybeate water was analyzed 
by Prof. F. A. Genth, with the following result : 

BEDFORD CHALYBEATE SPRING. 

Calcic-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 8.85 

Magnesium carbonate 1.20 

Iron carbonate 0.44 

Manganesium carbonate Trace. 

Sodium carbonate 0.39 

Potassium carbonate 0.13 

Calcium sulphate 2.74 

Calcium phosphate ........ 0.03 

Sodium chloride 0.12 

Hydrogen sulphide 1 Trace. 

Silicic acid 0.79 

Carbonic acid 1 (free) 5.60 

Total 20.29 

The physiological action of this water tends to increase the appe- 
tite, promote the digestion of food, and to improve the quality of 
the blood. The predomiuance of the calcareous salts would seem 
to give the water an astringent and constipating influence. These 
effects, however, have not been observed by those who have used it 
freely. It has, in fact, seemed to exert a mild laxative action, and 
is furthermore quite an efficient diuretic. Its action resembles that 
of the well-known Booklet Springs, near Kissingen, in Bavaria. 
The water is useful in cases of anaemia, general debility, and 
amenorrhea, and in convalescence from acute diseases. This water 
is also used commercially, as well as the evaporated, from which an 
extract and an ointment are prepared. 

BLACK BARREN MINERAL SPRING, 

Lancaster County. 

Post-office, Pleasant Grove. Hotel. Access via Pennsylvania 
R. R. to Columbia, on the Susquehanna River; thence via Columbia 

1 The gases in these analyses would be more correctly rendered in cubic inches.— Ed. 

26 



402 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

and Port Deposit R. R. to Haines' Station; thence by private con- 
veyance two and one-half miles to springs. 

The location is in the southern portion of Lancaster County, one 
mile from the Susquehanna River and about three miles from where 
it crosses the Maryland line. The springs have an elevation of 
about 600 feet above the sea-level, and are surrounded by a pictur- 
esque, undulating farming country, containing varied and pleasing 
landscapes. About a mile to the south is an extensive serpentine 
ridge, known as the " Black Barren/' from which the spring 
receives its name and doubtless its source. An analysis of the 
water by Messrs. B. H. Rand and Charles Cresson, of Philadel- 
phia, resulted as follows : 

BLACK BARREN SPRING. 

Mild Alkaline-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium sulphate 1.20 

Magnesium sulphate ........ 3.24 

Silica and suspended matter 1.30 

Total 5.74 

A re-examination is desirable, as this analysis is evidently incom- 
plete. The water is bottled and sold, and the spring is also used 
as a resort from May to October. The water is recommended in 
renal and hepatic disorders, dyspepsia, and rheumatism. 

^CARLISLE SPRINGS, 

Cumberland County. 

Post-office, Carlisle Springs. Hotel. Access : From Philadel- 
phia via Pennsylvania R. R. to Harrisburg, one hundred and six 
miles west; thence via Cumberland Valley R. R. eighteen miles 
southwest to Carlisle; thence four miles by stage. 

These springs issue from the base of the Blue Mountains. They 
are two in number, and, according to the U. S. Geological Re- 
ports are mildly sulphureted in character. No analysis seems to 
have been made. The location is very picturesque, and the springs 
have been considerably resorted to by families from the Eastern 
cities. Not far distant is Canodoquinnet Creek, furnishing fine 
opportunities for fishing. 

CLOVERDALE LITHIA SPRING, 

Cumberland County. 

Post-office, Newville. This artesian mineral water fountain is 
located two and one-half miles northwest of Newville and five 
miles south of the Doubling Gap White Sulphur Springs. It was 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



403 



discovered in 1865 by a party prospecting for oil. The opening 
bored through the solid rock to a great depth struck this water 
vein, which, being released from its subterranean confinement, 
gushed to the surface at the rate of 300 gallons per hour under 
the pressure of its own carbonic acid gas. The flow since that 
time has never diminished, being uniform at all seasons of the 
year. The water is perfectly clear and entirely free of organic 
matter, and has a temperature at the spring of 52° F. The fol- 
lowing analysis was made in 1889 by Prof. E. T. Fristoe, of the 
Columbian University, Washington, D. C. : 

CLOVERDALE LITHIA WATER. 



One U. S. gallon contains : J 

Solids. 
Potassium carbonate 
Lithium carbonate . 
Magnesium sulphate 
Magnesium chloride 
Sodium chloride 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Iron oxide and alumina 
Silica 
Phosphoric acid 



A Ikaline-saline. Chalybeate. 



Total 



Grains. 
0.20 
0.17 
1.60 
0.09 

Trace. 
0.42 
6.67 
0.75 
0.80 

Trace. 

10.70 



Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 1.070 

Oxygen 1.109 

Nitrogen 6.013 

This water is not heavily impregnated with mineral ingredients, 
yet when taken in sufficient quantities it exerts an undoubted influ- 
ence on the physical economy. It has been found to possess antacid, 
mild aperient, and tonic effects. Its clear and sparkling appear- 
ance and freedom from organic impurities qualify it for table and 
domestic purposes. It is said to have been found fresh and pala- 
table after three years' bottling. The water is used commercially. 

CRESSON SPRINGS, 

Cambria County. 

Post-office, Cresson. Hotel and cottages. Access: Cresson is a 
station on the Penuslyvania R. R., two hundred and fifty miles 
west of Philadelphia and one hundred and two miles east of Pitts- 
burg. Through sleeping-car tickets may be purchased from all 
importart points. 

On the summit of the Alleghany Mountains, 2300 feet above the 
sea-level, is located the charming and picturesque resort known as 



1 Converted from parts per 1,000,000. 



404 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



Cresson Springs. This lovely spot has been abundantly endowed 
with nature's choice attractions, and it is at once a resting place for 
the weary and a sanitarium for the weak in body. The bracing 
mountain air is in itself a speedy antidote to many of the lesser ills 
of life, and it is said that the early stages of pulmonary trouble are 
quickly arrested by a sojourn here. The Mountain House, adjoin- 
ing the springs, is a structure of imposing proportions and built 
with a special view to its fitness as a hotel. Its sanitary arrange- 
ments are excellent, and it is properly equipped with all the com- 
forts, conveniences and luxuries of the day. The building is located 
in a handsome park of magnificent forest trees. The grounds cover 
an area of four hundred acres, much of which is devoted to lawn, 
garden, and groves, xldjacent to the hotel are a number of cottages, 
which may be rented by those who prefer a more home-like seclu- 
sion than is attainable in a large hotel. The hotel and its sur- 
roundings furnish ample scope for amusement and diversion. 
Lawn-tennis, croquet, rambles through the woods and mountains, 
and driving are among its outdoor diversions. During the season 
daily observation cars are run between Cresson and Altoona, and 
several times each week between Cresson and Ebensburg, affording 
to excursionists some of the finest mountain scenery in the country. 
The romantic beauty of the famous Horseshoe Curve, the inspiring 
grandeur of the Old Portage Road, the wild charm of the Alle- 
grippus, and endless vistas formed of forest crowned peaks and 
leafy valleys excite the admiration of every lover of nature. Two 
of the springs at Cresson have been analyzed by Prof. F. A. Genth, 
of the University of Pennsylvania, with the following results : 

MAGNESIA SPRING (CRESSON SPRINGS). 



Mild Alkaline. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Calcium sulphate 
Magnesium chloride 
Calcium chloride 
Sodium chloride 
Iron bicarbonate 
Manganese bicarbonate 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Sodium bicarbonate . 
Potassium bicarbonate 
Calcium phosphate . 
Alumina . 
Silicic acid 
Nitrous acid 
Carbonic acid (free) 



Grains. 
0.11 
0.56 
1.30 
1.23 
0.02 

Trace. 
0.41 
0.02 
1.43 
0.21 

Trace. 

et 

0.91 

Trace. 

0.66 



Total 



This water is somewhat aperient in full doses, 
reconstructive and tonic properties. 



It also possesses 



PENNSYLVANIA. 405 

PURE SPRING (CRESSON SPRINGS). 

Indifferent, 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 0.04 

Calcium carbonate 0.35 

Magnesium carbonate 0.24 

Iron carbonate 0.02 

Sodium carbonate 0.12 

Potassium carbonate 0.08 

Sodium chloride 0.16 

Silica 0.25 

Phosphoric acid, } TWp* 

Manganese oxide, J iraces. 

Total 1.26 

Carbonic acid (free and partially combined), 1.40. 

This spring is entirely free from organic matter. It emerges in 
considerable volume from a group of crashed strata formed almost 
exclusively of silicious elements. It is but slightly mineralized, 
however, and may be referred to the indifferent group of waters. 

FRANKFORT MINERAL SPRINGS, 
Beaver County. 

Post-office, Frankfort Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access via 
Pittsburg, Chicago, Cincinnati and St. Louis P. P. (Pennsylvania 
system) to Burgettstown, and thence by private conveyance to the 
springs, nine miles distant. 

The location of the Frankfort Springs is 1300 feet above the sea- 
level and in one of the most picturesque sections of Pennsylvania. 
The surrounding hills are well covered with pine and oak forests. 
The atmospheric conditions during the summer months are of a 
very desirable character, the average temperature being 65° F. 
The inn has been thoroughly refurnished, and the visitor can enjoy 
the same advantages of comfort, convenience, and good service that 
characterize a well-kept city hotel. The springs are three in num- 
ber, and flow 500 or 600 gallons hourly, the water having a tem- 
perature at the springs of 58° F. Mr. E. H. Elliot, the manager, 
furnishes the following analysis of one of them by an anonymous 
chemist : 

FRANKFORT MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron sulphate 0.43 

Iron chloride 1.55 

Calcium carbonate 3.33 

Calcium chloride . . . . . . . .1.99 

Calcium sulphate 1.08 

Magnesium sulphate 0.60 



406 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

t One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium chloride 1.09 

Magnesium carbonate 1.04 

Sodium carbonate 2.07 

Sodium chloride 1.42 

Sodium sulphate 1.00 

Potassium carbonate . 0.40 

Potassium chloride 0.57 

Potassium sulphate 0.25 

Silica 0.83 

Organic matter 0.88 

Total 18.53 

Carbonic acid gas, 2.39 cubic inches. 

This water has been found beneficial in ansemia and rheumatic 
conditions. The other springs are said to be of a somewhat different 
chemical composition. 

GAYLORD AND GULICK MINERAL SPRINGS, 

(Formerly Blossburg Mineral Springs.) 
Tioga County. 

Post-office, B.lossbnrg. Hotels in village. Access via Tioga 
branch of Erie R. E. to Blossburg; also via Northern Central R. R. 
to Roaring Branch, and thence by stage line over the mountains. 

These springs are located in a picturesque mountain region 1500 
feet above the sea-level. They are surrounded by a charming tract 
of woodland containing two hundred and thirteen acres, from which 
a fine view of the valley of the Tioga may be obtained. The place 
offers many attractions as a summer resort, but is not fully devel- 
oped as yet. The springs are two in number, and flow about 1800 
gallons of water per hour. The following analysis was made by 
Prof. F. A. Genth, in 1879 : 

GAYLORD AND GULICK MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Sulphated. Acid-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium sulphate 13.10 

Calcium sulphate 23.13 

Lithium sulphate 0.12 

Sodium sulphate 0.27 

Potassium sulphate 0.24 

Sodium chloride 0.10 

Manganese sulphate 1.83 

Cobalt sulphate 0.03 

Nickel sulphate 0.36 

Aluminium sulphate . 6.58 

Iron sulphate 31.31 

Iron phosphate 0.32 

Sulphuric acid 5.64 

Silicic acid 2.15 

Total 85.18 



PENNSYL VANIA. 



407 



This analysis shows a sulphated acid chalybeate water of great 
potency. It is remarkably rich in ferruginous ingredients, and con- 
tains, a considerable proportion of the sulphate of magnesia and 
Epsom salt. The analysis also shows appreciable quantities of the 
rare ingredients manganese, nickel, and cobalt. The water pos- 
sesses excellent properties as a tonic and reconstructive, and has 
been found very useful in conditions characterized by anaemia and 
general debility. It is also used in dyspepsia and intestinal dis- 
orders. Locally it has decided astringent and stimulant effects, 
and as such is recommended as a douche, spray, gargle, or lotion. 
The water is used commercially. A mineral water of this strength 
should always be taken under the direction of a physician. 

^GETTYSBURG SPRINGS, 

Adams County. 

Post-office, Gettysburg. Hotels. Gettysburg is reached by the 
Philadelphia and Reading and by the Western Maryland Railroads 
(separate depots). The springs are easily accessible by street-car 
or omnibus. 

Two prominent springs, known as the Gettysburg "Katalysine " 
and the Gettysburg " Lithia " Springs, are reported by the Govern- 
ment Geological Survey. The following remarks refer to the former, 
as we have not been able to gain any recent information concerning 
the lithia springs. The Katalysine Springs are located in a pictur- 
esque valley a short distance west of the town. It is said that the 
great battle of Gettysburg began in the immediate vicinity (Wal- 
ton). The following analysis of the Katalysine water was made by 
Prof. Genth, of Philadelphia : 

GETTYSBURG KATALYSINE SPRINGS. 



Alkaline- calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium carbonate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Iron carbonate . 
Manganese carbonate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Sodium chloride 
Lithium chloride 
Potassium sulphate . 
Sodium sulphate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium sulphate 
Calcium phosphate . 
Calcium fluoride 
Magnesium borate . 
Silicic acid 

Organic matter with trace of nitric acid, etc. 
Impurities suspended in 

Total . 



vater, like clay, etc 



Grains. 
0.22 
0.33 
0.02 

Trace. 
5.02 
0.66 

Trace. 
0.21 
0,25 
6.78 
0.83 

Trace. 

u 

0.03 
0.20 
0.70 
1.10 

16.35 



408 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

In addition, traces of carbonate of copper, sulphate of strontia, 
alumina, carbonate of nickel, carbonate of cobalt, and sulphate of 
baryta have been found. 

This water is said to be efficient in gout and rheumatism, and 
has proved of value in gravel, catarrh of the stomach, and dyspep- 
sia. The combination of an alkali with the salts of lime, as observed 
in this spring, is a very valuable one. The water is used commer- 
cially, returns having been made to the United States Geological 
Survey as late as 1895. 

GLEN SUMMIT SPRINGS, 
Luzerne County. 

Post-office, Glen Summit. Hotel. Access via Lehigh Valley 
R. R., about one hundred and fifty miles from New York and one 
hundred and twenty-five miles from Philadelphia. 

This attractive summer resort is on the summit of the Nescopec 
Mountain, 2000 feet above tide-water. The romantic scenery of 
the surrounding country and its easy accessibility, coupled with an 
excellent modern hotel, furnished with all the recent improvements, 
have of late years served to bring the place into well-deserved prom- 
inence. The charming surroundings and pure, invigorating moun- 
tain air offer an enticing refuge from the toils and cares of city life 
during the hot weather. Numerous cases are cited of the apparent 
complete arrest of incipient lung disease after a few weeks spent 
here. The springs about Glen Summit are of the ascending variety, 
welling up along the lines of jointing in the Catskill formation from 
far down in the subterranean recesses below. The temperature of 
the water is acquired from the rocks at depths sufficient to be 
beyond the influence of surface temperatures, and is cold enough 
to cause an unpleasant chill to the hands when submerged for a 
few seconds. An examination, however, will show that these 
waters owe their value rather to their purity and palatability than 
to their chemical ingredients. The following analysis was made 
by Prof. W. H. Dean, chemist, of Wilkesbarre, in 1896 : 

GLEN SUMMIT SPEING. 

Neutral. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 0.23 

Calcium sulphate 0.20 

Calcium carbonate 0.20 

Silica ... : 0.11 

Iron oxide and alumina . 0.03 

Free ammonia, ") 

Albuminoid ammonia, I T 

Nitrogen as- nitrates, ( 

Nitrogen as nitrites, J 

Loss on ignition . . 0.33 

Total 1.10 



PENNSYLVANIA. 409 

This shows a very pure and valuable water for domestic uses. 
Among other excellent pure-water springs in the neighborhood are 
the " Great Indian " Spring, yielding over 4000 gallons hourly, 
used for the hotel; the "Twin" Springs, the "Bear" Spring, 
and the "Counterfeiter's" Spring. There are also other springs 
which have not been named. 

MINNEQUA SPRINGS, 
Bradfokd County. 

Post-office, Minnequa. Hotel. Access via Northern Central 
R. R., a connection of the Pennsylvania R. R., forty-one miles 
north of Williamsport, Pa., and thirty-seven miles south of Elmira, 
New York. 

The Minnequa Springs are located in a rich farming and dairy 
country, at an altitude of 1500 feet above the Atlantic Ocean. 
The pure mountain air, romantic scenery, delightful drives, and 
shaded walks afford abundant opportunities for the enjoyment 
of outdoor life. The location is within easy driving distance of 
Mt. Pisga, the highest point in Pennsylvania. The hotel at Min- 
nequa is a commodious structure, containing 10,000 feet of wide 
verandas, and is well fitted with steam heat, electric bells, eleva- 
tors, etc. In the building the visitor will find a post-office, tele- 
graph office, and railroad ticket office. Many well-known New 
York and Philadelphia families have their summer homes in the 
neighborhood. The mineral springs are three in number, and yield 
about 600 gallons per hour. The waters have been examined by 
several chemists, the following most recent analysis having been 
made by Charles M. Cresson, M.D., of Philadelphia : 

MINNEQUA SPRINGS. 

Light Alkaline-carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium 0.99 

Magnesium 0.20 

Sodium 0.72 

Lithium Trace. 

Aluminium 0.12 

Iron Trace. 

Manganese 0.23 

Chlorine 0.14 

Silica 0.70 

Zinc 0.03 

Carbonic acid 2.05 

Boric acid 2.13 

Oxygen (with silicates) 0.14 

Loss 0.15 

Total 7.60 



410 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

It will be observed that the terras of this analysis are expressed id 
the radicals found. The combinations would be made up of carbon- 
ates and chlorides. An analysis of one of the springs by Dr. Gregg 
some years ago showed the presence of sulphate of potassium and 
hydrogen sulphide. The waters of these springs have been used 
for medicinal purposes since the early settlement of this region. 
They are mildly antacid, tonic, and diuretic in their action. Owing 
to the presence of zinc and manganese they have been recommended 
by some physicians in the treatment of certain nervous affections, 
including epilepsy and chorea. 

MOUNTAIN SPRINGS, 
Lancaster County. 

Post-office, Ephrata. Hotel. Access via Reading R. R. Trains 
leave Reading Terminal, at Twelfth and Market Streets, Philadel- 
phia, daily, except Sundays, at 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., arriving at 
springs at 12.44 and 6.45 p.m. 

This pleasant resort is located on the western slope of the Ephrata 
Mountain, one of the highest points of land in Lancaster County. 
Many charming features of climate and scenery are united here. 
The visitor will find pure air, a comfortable and well-kept hotel, 
excellent fishing, and delightful surroundings at this summer rest- 
ing-place. The water of the Mountain Springs is celebrated for its 
purity and sparkle. It has not been analyzed, but we are credibly 
informed that it contains iron and carbonic acid gas. The springs 
discharge about 3000 gallons per hour. 

PARKER MINERAL SPRING, 

McKean County. 

Post-office, Gardeau. Hotel and sanitarium. Access : Gardeau 
is a station on the Western New York and Pennsylvania R. R., 
four passenger trains daily stopping at this point. 

This resort is located in the Alleghany Mountains, on the head- 
waters of a branch of the Susquehanna River. The elevation here 
is about 2000 feet above the sea-level. The country in this part of 
Pennsylvania is still wild and sparsely settled. Dense forests of 
hemlocks are frequent, and bear and deer may yet be found to 
reward the hunter's pursuit. Mountain trout streams abound, and 
if the disciple of Izaak Walton chooses to follow their wanderings 
into the dark recesses of the woods he need not return with an 
empty basket. It need not be said that the climate in this wild 
and rugged region is bracing and salutary. In 1865 the present 
mineral well was drilled on the site of an oil spring. At 650 feet 
a vein of water was struck that flows from the top of the well in an 
unvarying current about 70 gallons per hour. After some delay 
a bath-house, sanitarium, and hotel were built, and the place has 



PENNSYLVANIA. 411 

developed into a very comfortable and attractive resort. An anal- 
ysis of the water by Henry Trimble, analytical chemist, of Phila- 
delphia, resulted as follows : 

PARKER MINERAL SPRING. 

JIuriated-saline. Calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium chloride 109.84 

Calcium carbonate 11.95 

Calcium chloride 221.92 

Sodium chloride 282.55 

Potassium chloride Traces. 

Silica 1,33 

Total 627.59 

Temperature of water at spring, 50° F. 

This is a richly impregnated saline water of the magnesic-sodic- 
calcic variety. When used under proper medical supervision it 
ought to exert a very beneficial influence in a variety of disordered 
states of the physical economy. It should always be commenced 
in small quantities. The water has been found to possess active 
cathartic and diuretic properties. It is also a stimulant to the 
gastric mucous membrane, promoting the flow of gastric juice and 
aiding the process of digestion. The best effects of the water will 
be observed in atonic dyspepsia, torpor of the liver, abdominal 
venosity, constipation, in nephritis with scanty, high-colored urine, 
and in irritable states of the bladder. At the resort it is also used 
in the form of baths in a variety of conditions. The water is bot- 
tled and shipped to any desired point. 

PAVILION SPRING, 
Berks County. 

Post-office, Wernersville. Sanitarium. Access via Bound Brook 
route, Central R. R. of Xew Jersey, Lebanon Valley R. R., or 
Philadelphia and Reading R. R. to Wernersville; thence one and 
three-quarter miles by private conveyance to spring. 

The Pavilion Spring is not itself a resort, but its waters are used 
commercially, and locally it is used to supply the Grand View Sani- 
tarium. It is located on the grounds of the sanitarium, near Wer- 
nersville, and nine miles from the city of Reading. The situation 
of the sanitarium is on the South Mountains, about 1000 feet above 
tide-water, in the midst of charming and picturesque surroundings. 
This institution is an old and well-known health resort, having been 
established in 1847. The buildings have been greatly enlarged and 
improved recently, and the resort is now fitted up with all kinds 
of appliances and conveniences for combating morbid conditions, 



412 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



being supplied with all varieties of baths, the various means of 
employing electricty, the Swedish movement, massage, etc. 

The Pavilion Spring was analyized in 1885 by Prof. Otto Luthy, 
analytical chemist, of Philadelphia : 



PAVILION SPRING. 



Neutral. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 
Solids. 



Potassium sulphate . 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium carbonate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Magnesium carbonate 
Iron oxide and alumina 
Silica 
Organic and volatile matter 



Grains. 
0.18 
0.02 
0.06 
0.33 
0.23 
0.12 
Trace. 
0.94 
0.10 



Total 1.98 

This water is very lightly mineralized, containing, indeed, fewer 
solid ingredients than that supplied to many of our larger cities 
It is remarkably pure, however, and well adapted for bar and table 
purposes. The water contains a considerable amount of carbonic 
acid gas and atmospheric air. 

PONCE DE LEON SPRINGS, 

Crawford County. 

Post-office, Meadville. Access via Erie P. P., or by Pittsburg, 
Shenango and Lake Erie R. P. to Meadville (separate depots); 
thence about two miles to springs. 

The Ponce de Leon Springs may be said to be in a process of 
development. An electric line of railway from Meadville is under 
process of construction, and a modern first-class hotel will soon be 
built. The location is very favorable for a pleasant summer resort, 
being 1200 feet above the sea-level and surrounded by picturesque 
hills. There are six mineral springs, only one of which has been 
submitted to a quantitative examination. An analysis by Prof. 
Henry Leffmann, of Philadelphia, resulted as follows : 

PONCE DE LEON SPRINGS. 

A Ikaline-carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 5 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium sulphate 0.17 

Sodium chloride 0.90 

Calcium bicarbonate ....... 1.89 

Magnesium bicarbonate 0.47 

Sodium bicarbonate 16.73 

Silica 0.70 



Total 



20.86 



Reduced from grains per imperial gallon. 



PENNSYLVANIA. 413 

A second analysis by J. Tingley, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry 
in the Western Pennsylvania Medical College, of Pittsburg, resulted 
substantially as above. The following gases were also found : 

Gases. Cubic ins. per gallon. 

Carbonic acid 1.33 

Oxygen and nitrogen . . . . . . .7.23 

Hydrogen sulphide Abundant traces. 

The water is a bland antacid and diuretic. It will be found of 
value in certain stages of Bright' s disease, especially when the urine 
is scanty, high-colored, and irritating. It is also useful in assisting 
the diminution of uric acid in gout and gravel, and calcareous de- 
posits. The water will speedily relieve acidity of the stomach and 
heartburn. It is used commercially, and also for the manufacture 
of a number of temperance beverages. 

ROSSCOMMON SPRING, 

Monroe County. 

Post-office, Wind Gap. Hotel. Access : From Philadelphia via 
Reading R. R ; from New York via Central R. R. of New Jersey. 
The Rosscommon Depot is only a few hundred feet from the hotel. 

The summer resort kuown as Rosscommon is situated in the Wind 
Gap of the Blue Ridge Mountains, on the north incline of the range, 
1000 feet above tide-water. The location is fifteen miles west of 
the Delaware Water Gap, twelve miles from Stroudsburg aud fifteen 
miles from Easton. The hotel, known as the Rosscommon Inn, is 
situated on a handsome plateau, half a mile square, and surrounded 
by forests. The neighborhood is entirely free from malaria and 
mosquitoes, and a fine breeze prevails almost constantly — hence the 
name Wind Gap. The accommodations at the inn are plain and 
unpretentious, but very comfortable and home-like. The spring, 
discovered a few years ago, adds considerable to the attractions of 
the place. The water flows from a fissure in the rock at the bottom 
of the spring, and constantly discharges a large volume of carbonic 
acid gas. It was analyzed in 1887 by Prof. William H. Chandler, 
of the Lehigh University, with the following result : 

ROSSCOMMON SPRING. 

Neutral (Lightly Carbonated). 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 0.08 

Sodium sulphate 0.09 

Potassium sulphate 0.05 

Magnesium sulphate 0.02 

Calcium carbonate 0.39 

Magnesium carbonate 0.10 

Iron carbonate Trace. 

Silica 0.47 

Total 1.20 

Carbonic acid gas (free and partially free), 1.42 cubic inches. 



414 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

This analysis does not present a mineral water in the strict 
acceptation of the term, It is probable that very few common 
potable waters would show so light a mineralization; yet it is ex- 
ceedingly pure, and has sufficient gas to give it a bright sparkle 
and to render it very palatable. It is an excellent drinking water 
and well adapted for club and domestic purposes, beiug entirely free 
from organic impurities. It is also valuable for general use in the 
sick room, and is said to exert a favorable influence in certain kidney, 
bladder, and stomach disorders. This beneficial effect, however, is 
probably due more to the wholesomeness and purity of the water 
itself than to its mineral ingredients. The water is bottled and sold. 

SAEGERSTOWN MINERAL SPRINGS, 

(Formerly Eureka Springs.) 
Crawford County. 

Post-office, Saegerstown. Hotel and sanitarium. Access via 
main line of the Erie R. R. to Saegerstown, six miles east of 
Meadville. 

Saegerstown is situated on the historic Venango River, now called 
French Creek, in a beautiful and healthful valley, 1200 feet above 
the ocean level. The scenery here is of a charming rural character, 
and the surroundings offer excellent opportunities for fishing, row- 
ing, hunting, driving, bicycling, etc. The sanitarium is a large 
and commodious building, having all the modern conveniences of 
a hotel combined with facilities for the care and treatment of in- 
valids. The grounds are tastefully laid out, and include spaces for 
croquet, lawn-tennis, and other games. A billiard-room and bowl- 
ing alley have been fitted up for the guests of the house, and during 
the busy season an orchestra will furnish music in the evening hours. 
The hotel is open the entire year. There are two mineral springs 
at Saergerstown, issuing from a bed of rock about 300 feet deep. 
An analysis made in 1896 by W. H. Dean, analytical chemist, of 
Wilkesbarre, showed the following chemical ingredients of one of 
the springs : 

SAEGERSTOWN MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 7.46 

Sodium sulphate 0.62 

Potassium sulphate . . - . 0.22 

Calcium sulphate 4.33 

Calcium carbonate ........ 3.26 

Magnesium carbonate 2.85 

Iron oxide and alumina 0.15 

Total 18.89 

Loss on ignition 4.17 



PENNSYLVANIA. 415 

The water is free from nitrates and nitrites or other organic 
impurities, and will keep indefinitely without undergoing impair- 
ment of mineral properties. The water is bottled and shipped to 
all points. It will be found useful in the diseases benefited by this 
class of waters. Elaborate bathing facilities are supplied to visitors 
at the springs. 

THREE SPRINGS, 

Huntingdon County. 

Post-office, Three Springs. Hotels and sanitarium. Access : 
Take the Pennsylvania P. P. (main line) to Mount Union, Pa.; 
thence take East Broad Top P. P. to springs. 

The village of Three Springs is located in a valley formed by 
Jack's Mountain, 2220 feet high, and Cave Hill, 2210 feet in 
altitude. The place takes its name from the presence of three 
mineral springs, situated about one hundred feet apart, and forming 
the corners of an equilateral triangle. The springs are known as 
" JN T o. 1," " No. 2," and " No. 3." They have been known and 
used for many years, but it was not until 1891 that they came 
under the control of the present proprietor, who has brought them 
to an advanced state of development as a resort. Spring No. 1, 
the most important of the group, flows about 1000 gallons of water 
per hour, having a temperature of 55° F. It is used commercially 
under the uame of the Hygeia Natural Mineral Water, and is 
shipped in five-gallon demijohns. The following analysis was made 
in 1895 by Prof. G. G. Pond, of the Pennsylvania State College : 

SPRING NO. 1 (THREE SPRINGS). 

Sulphated-saline. Calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium bicarbonate 34.00 

Calcium sulphate 53.63 

Magnesium sulphate ....... 33.54 

Sodium sulphate 5.91 

Sodium chloride 0.35 

Lithium sulphate . 0.02 

Potassium sulphate Trace. 

Silica 1.15 

Total 128.60 



Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 5.47 

Oxygen 1.72 

Nitrogen 3.85 

The water is bright, sparkling, and palatable, and entirely free 
from organic imparities. It is an efficient laxative and mild diuretic, 



416 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

and has been found beneficial in cases where activity of the emunc- 
tories is desirable. The water has been used with success in cases 
of obesity and in uraemia and general anasarca, as well as in local 
dropsies. In habitual constipation a systematic course of the water 
is often curative. It is also beneficial in other disorders requiring 
a sulphated saline water. The sanitarium at Three Springs is kept 
open all the year. 

TUSCARORA LITHIA SPRING, 

Juniata County. 

Post-office, McCoy sville. We are informed by Mr. W. A. Mid- 
dleton, mineralogist, of Harrisburg, that this valuable lithia water 
was discovered by prospectors, a few years since, while boring for 
oil. The spring flows about 400 gallons per hour, and is heavily 
charged with carbonic acid gas. It contains the following solids : 

Potassium bicarbonate. Magnesium sulphate. 

Calcium bicarbonate. Sodium sulphate. 

Lithium bicarbonate. Silica. 

Magnesium bicarbonate. Alumina. 

The water is of the alkaline class, and is free from nitrates and 
nitrites. As far as can be learned, the spring is not yet fully devel- 
oped as a resort, but the water is sold. 

WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Bedford County. 

Post-office, Mann's Choice. Hotel and annex. Access via Penn- 
sylvania R. R. to Sulphur Springs Station; thence one and one-half 
miles to springs. 

This lovely retreat among the pine-clad mountains is situated in 
Milligan's Cove, ten miles southwest of Bedford. The location is 
1500 feet above the sea-level, and the climate and scenery very 
similar to that at Bedford Springs. The springs are two in num- 
ber, and situated about fifteen feet apart. The large spring yields 
about 200 gallons and the smaller 90 gallons per hour. The water 
has an unvarying summer and winter temperature of 48° F. This, 
analysis was made in 1882 by Prof. F. A. Genth : 

WHITE SULPHUIt SPRINGS. 

Sulphated-saline. A Ikaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 5.58 

Magnesium carbonate .1.29 

Iron carbonate 0.43 



PENNSYLVANIA. 417 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 0.54 

Calcium sulphate . 0.35 

Magnesium sulphate 0.98 

Sodium sulphate 1.00 

Potassium sulphate 0.22 

Calcium phosphate Trace, 

Sodium chloride 0.19 

Lithium chloride Trace. 

Silicic acid 1.81 

Carbonic acid 1.29 

Hydrosulphuric acid 0.06 

Total 13.74 

The hotel is a spacious structure, surrounded by broad verandas 
and neatly and comfortably furnished. The popularity of the resort 
is said to be steadily increasing, and visitors now come from all 
parts of the country during the season 

*YORK SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Adams County. 

Post-office, York Sulphur Springs. Hotels. Access via Penn- 
sylvania R. P. (Hanover branch) to Oxford Station, ten miles east 
of Gettysburg; thence nine miles by stage to springs. 

This is one of the old Pennsylvania spring resorts. It has been 
popular with citizens of Baltimore since the discovery of the springs 
in 1790. The waters were analyzed many years ago, but the anal- 
ysis is inaccurate. The springs are two in number. 

The following Pennsylvania springs are also used as resorts to 
some extent : 

Doubling Gap White Sulphur Springs, near Newville, Cumber- 
land County; five in number; sulphureted and chalybeate. 

McElroy's Spring, Westmoreland County; chalybeate. 

Wild wood Springs, Loretto, Cambria County; three in number: 
chalybeate. 

Wolford's White Sulphur Springs, Wolford's Gap, Bedford 
County. 

Yellow Springs, Adams County. 

The following additional springs report sales of water : 

Aquetong Mineral Spring, Aquetong, Bucks County. 

Gray Spring, Cambridgeborough, Crawford County. 

Pulaski Natural Mineral Springs, Pulaski, Lawrence County. 

Susquehanna County Mineral Springs, Push, Susquehanna 
County. 

There are also a number of minor local spring resorts in the 
State as well as several undeveloped springs. 

27 



418 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



RHODE ISLAND. 

The State of Rhode Island is located between the parallels of 
41° 18' and 42° 5' north latitude, and 71° 8' and 71° 53' west lon- 
gitude. It is shut in on the east and north by Massachusetts and 
on the west by Connecticut, while its southern shores are washed 
by the Atlantic Ocean. Including JSarragansett Bay, the State 
has a water frontage of 350 miles. The surface of the State is 
broken and hilly, without being mountainous. The principal 
rivers are the Pawtucket, an affluent of the Providence, noted for 
its falls and great water-power; the Pawtuxet, a beautiful stream 
rising in the northern part of the State and entering Karragansett 
Bay; and the Pawcatuck, a small stream that forms the western 
boundary for about ten miles. The climate of the State, though 
variable, differs from that of the exposed coast of Massachusetts 
Bay in the absence of harassing east winds, while the proximity 
of the southern parts of the State to the Gulf Stream results in an 
atmosphere of unusual warmth and moisture and comparative 
equability. The mean annual temperature at Providence is 47.91° 
P., and at [Newport 49.39° F., and the mean annual rainfall varies 
from 40 inches in the eastern part to 44 in the west. The State 
includes within its limits many beautiful and attractive summer 
resorts, prominent among which are Newport, the " Queen of 
American watering-places;" Narragansett Pier, and Block Island, 
some distance off the coast. 

According to the last national census returns, the mortality-rate 
in Rhode Island was 21.88 per 1000 of population. The death- 
rate from consumption was 2.67 per 1000 of population. 

Rhode Island is not credited with mineral springs in any of the 
previous works on the subject. There are, however, several springs 
in the State, although none of them has come into much prominence 
so far. Complete analyses would probably show that most of them 
are chalybeate, as the magnetic oxide of iron is an important element 
in the geological formations of the State. 

DARLING'S MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Peovidence County. 

Post-office, Pawtucket. The following entertaining account of 
these springs was sent to us by the L. B. Darling Fertilizer Com- 
pany, of Pawtucket : 

" Strangers in Pawtucket, and probably many of the residents, 
have very likely wondered why a certain street is named ' Mineral 
Spring Avenue,' and why a certain cemetery bears the name of 
' Mineral Spring Cemetery.' Mineral Spring Avenue runs from 
Main Street, near Collyer Park, through the localities known as 
"Woodlawn and Lorraine, to the Xorth Providence line and beyond 
Mineral Spring Cemetery. Mineral Spring Cemetery lies to the 



RHODE ISLAND. 419 

north of Mineral Spring Avenue, and no doubt takes its name from 
the avenue, while the avenue in turn takes its name from a mineral 
spring a short distance south of the avenue, out beyond the Lor- 
raine Mills. This spring has tried hard to become famous and to 
create a famous locality, but did. not succeed. In 1820 or there- 
about one Comstock owned the property, and built a house at and 
partially over the spring, with the intention of making it a resort 
for invalids who might desire to drink the water, and for some 
time it was used for that purpose, but it did not flourish in that 
character. Id June, 1827, George Robinson, Jr., notified the public 
that he had lately taken charge of the Mineral Springs in North 
Providence (as Pawtucket was then called); that the place had 
undergone thorough repair, etc., and that he was prepared to 
accommodate parties with every variety of refreshments, and 
was making ample arrangements for the Fourth of July, when 
a clam-bake would be served. The waters of the spring were 
declared to be extremely healthful, and had been found very effi- 
cacious in a variety of diseases, and contained chalybeate inter- 
mingled with particles of sulphur. The romantic situation of the 
springs and their proximity to Pawtucket, it was believed, would 
make them a popular place of resort. It appears that Mr. Robin- 
son's enterprise did not meet with the success that he had hoped 
for, as in September, 1830, the place was advertised to be let, and 
the furniture of the establishment, new and in good order, was 
advertised to be sold. In May, 1831, Iram Hey wood announced 
that he had taken the Mineral Springs Hotel and was ' prepared to 
entertain company at the well-known stand. 7 A shower-bath was 
about to be erected, and other additions were to be made. It was 
stated that two superior bowling alleys were attached to the estab- 
lishment. But this was never much of a success as a public house. 
Nearly or quite half a century ago the property came into the hands 
of Lucius B. Darling, who started what are now known as the ' fer- 
tilizer works/ back of and a little distance from the house. For 
some time the spring was neglected, although many were in the 
habit of going there to drink the water and even to carry it away 
for drinking purposes. The wood around it rotted away, and things 
went to pieces generally, so that it was difficult to get at the water. 
In 1866 a resident of Pawtucket, who had drunk of the water for 
forty years and believed that he was deriving much benefit from 
its use, asked permission of Mr. Darling to repair the surroundings 
of the springs. This called Mr. Darling's attention to the matter, 
and he promptly put the spring into convenient shape. New 
stairs leading to the spring were constructed; it was surrounded 
by stone walks laid in cement, and a headless barrel was set up, 
into which the water boiled continuously. At that time a great 
many people went there for the water, which was believed to be as 
good as any of the waters of Saratoga, while it tasted better. The 
headless barrel still stands there, and the water boils up out of the 



420 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

ground as freely to-day as it did thirty, forty, fifty, or more years 
ago, and to-day the spring is visited by many people who go there 
for the water, who drink it there, and who carry it away in bottles, 
jugs, and demijohns, believing that the water has medicinal prop- 
erties. Besides this, many people go there daily, and especially on 
Sunday, to drink of the water — not because of any chemical virtue 
it may have, but because it is good, cool water, and pleasant to 
drink. Day in and day out the water boils up in that headless 
barrel, and runs away steadily in an inch and a quarter stream 
into a place made in the stone surroundings, and thence into the 
Moshassuck River. The stones upon which the water falls as it 
comes from the barrel have an iron-rust appearance, but aside from 
this there are no indications of iron around the spring. 
There has been an analysis of the water in years gone by, but it 
has been lost, or at least its whereabouts are unknown to any who 
are at present interested in the spring." 

Thus runs the pathetic story of this ancient fountain, which has 
many counterparts in the older sections of our country. There are 
other springs in the neighborhood, but the one above described seems 
to be the only one ever suspected of possessing mineral qualifications. 

GLADSTONE SPRING, 

Washington County. 

This spring is located at JSTarragansett Pier. A sanitary analysis 
sent us by Mr. W. A. Nye, the proprietor, shows a very pure and 
wholesome potable water, but it is evidently very lightly mineral- 
ized. It is recommended for table and club uses, but not, so far 
as we can learn, for medicinal purposes. The water is bottled and 
sold. 

HOLLY SPRING, 

Providence County. 

Post-office, Woon socket. This spring is located two miles east of 
Woonsocket. It was analyzed in 1883 by Edwin E. Calder, with the 
following results : 

HOLLY SPRING. 

Neutral. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 0.44 

Magnesium carbonate ....... 0.25 

Calcium sulphate . . . . . . . 0.37 

Sodium chloride 0.34 

Potassium chloride . Trace. 

Silica 0.60 

Iron oxide and alumina 0.03 

Organic and volatile matter ' . . . . . . 0.47 

Loss Trace. 

Total 2.50 

This water is used commercially for domestic and club purposes. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 421 

OCHEE SPRINGS, 

Peoyidence County. 

Post-office, Johnston. The Ochee Springs are not properly a 
health resort, although there are many visitors in pleasant weather. 
There are a number of springs in the neighborhood, but only one 
is improved at the present time. The following analysis was made 
by Prof. John H. Appleton, of Brown University: 

OCHEE SPEINGS. 

Light Alkaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 
Magnesium carbonate . . . . . . .1.13 

Calcium carbonate ........ 3.20 

Calcium sulphate 0.44 

Potassium sulphate 0.88 

Sodium sulphate . . 0.41 

Sodium chloride ........ 0.57 

Iron oxide and alumina 0.75 

Insoluble mineral matter 0.58 

Organic and volatile matter ...... 0.87 

Undetermined 0.15 

Total 8.98 

This water is pure and wholesome, and is said to act as a mild 
cathartic and diuretic when used continuously. It was accorded 
a considerable reputation as an auxiliary in the treatment of kid- 
ney, liver, and stomach troubles. The water is used commercially. 

Other springs in Rhode Island are as follows : 

Cranston Mineral Spring, Cranston Township, Providence 
County; said to be unimproved. 

Cumberland Spring, Cumberland Hill, Providence County. 

Warwick Neck Mineral Springs, Warwick ISTeck, Kent County; 
chalybeate; unimproved. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 

South Carolina extends from 32° to 35° north latitude, and from 
78° 35' to 83° 30' west longitude. The State is level and marshy 
along the coast, while the interior and western sections are undu- 
lating. The Blue Pidge Mountains extend through the north- 
western part. The chief elevations are King's Mountain, 1692 
feet; Paris Mountain, 2054 feet; Table Rock, 3000 feet, and 
Mount Pinnacle, 3436 feet. The mountain region abounds in 
beautiful and picturesque scenery, rendering it very attractive to 



422 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

tourists. The climate of South Carolina is mild and genial. The 
sea islands generally, as well as the pine barrens, are healthy, fur- 
nishing the planter with a summer home and safe retreat from the 
malaria of the rice lands. These latter regions are quite unhealthy 
to the whites in summer. The midlands are salubrious, except here 
and there along the creeks, while the climate of the mountain region 
is unexceptionable. The State is noted for its many fruit orchards 
and for its great variety of valuable wood trees. It is said that 
the long-leaf yellow pine, confined chiefly to the low country, covers 
1,000,000 acres. The mean annual temperature ranges from 60° 
in the north to 67° in the south. The average annual rainfall is 
about 45 inches. The death-rate for the State, according to the 
last census returns, was 13.46 per 1000 of population. The mor- 
tality from phthisis was at the rate of 1.83 per«1000 of population. 
Mineral springs are abundant in South Carolina, and some of 
them are quite valuable. They are generally of the alkaline-saline 
or chalybeate type. Some of the older resorts, well known before 
the war, have been permitted to languish. With a single excep- 
tion — the Charleston Artesian Wells — we have secured information 
of all the localities described in the following account by corre- 
spondence with physicians and spring owners in the State and by a 
personal visit to the State. 

AMBLER SPRINGS, 

(Formerly Griffin's Springs.) 
Pickens County. 

Post-office, Pickens Court-house. Hotel. These springs are two 
in number, and are located seven miles from Pickens Court-house, 
at a level of 2000 feet above the sea. They are used to some extent 
as a resort, and the water is also used commercially. The Ambler 
House is one mile from the springs. It is kept open for the recep- 
tion of guests during the summer months. The following analysis 
of the water was made in 1895 by M. B. Hardin, chief chemist of 
the Clemson Agricultural College : 

AMBER MINERAL SPRING. 

Light Alkaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 0.80 

Calcium carbonate 2.15 

Magnesium carbonate 0.65 

Potassium sulphate 0.51 

Sodium sulphate 0.18 

Sodium chloride 0.37 

Iron sesquioxide and alumina 0.02 

Silica 1.78 

Total 6.46 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 423 

It is said that this water is used with advantage in dyspepsia and 
skin disorders of the eczematous variety. 

CHARLESTON ARTESIAN WELLS, 

Charleston County. 

Post-office, Charleston. Several artesian wells in the city of 
Charleston have been found to be impregnated with mineral ingre- 
dients. Those mentioned in the Geological Reports are the " Old 
Artesian Well/' the "Citadel Green Well/' the "Commercial 
Cotton Press Well," and " Chisholm's Mill Well." We introduce 
the following analysis of the first of these, made in 1868 by Dr. 
C. U. Shepherd, Jr.: 

OLD ARTESIAN WELL. 

Alkaline. Muriated-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 
Sodium bicarbonate . . . . . . .71.06 

Calcium bicarbonate 0.12 

Magnesium bicarbonate 0.02 

Sodium chloride 63.38 

Silica Trace. 

Organic matter Traces. 

Iron oxide . . . Trace. 

Aluminium oxide 0.79 

Carbonic acid Trace. 

Total 135.37 

This water has a temperature of 87° P., and is therefore a ther- 
mal. The well is 1250 feet deep, and the flow of water is estimated 
at 1200 gallons per hour. The Commercial Cotton Press Well 
contains a considerable proportion of sulphate of magnesium. 

CHICK'S SPRINGS, 

Greenville County. 

Post-office, Greenville. Hotel and cottages. Access via Atlanta 
and Charlotte Air-line (Southern Railway system), to Taylor's Sta- 
tion, ten miles from Greenville; thence one mile to springs. 

Chick's Springs are located in a broken, rugged country, about 
1200 feet above the sea-level. Paris Mountain, a spur of the Blue 
Ridge, is only three or four miles distant. The climate of this 
region is very salubrious and well adapted for pulmonary cases 
during the winter months. The air is dry, and clear weather with 
invigorating breezes the rule. The resort has had a wide reputa- 
tion in the South for many years, but owing to the destruction of 
the hotel by fire it has not been open to the public until two or 
three years since, when the present owner built a small hotel and 
several cottages. A large, new hotel is projected, which, with other 



424 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

improvements, will bring the place np to its old standard of excel- 
lence. The springs are two in number, known as the u Iron " and 
the " Sulphur " Springs, and are about one hundred and fifty feet 
apart. The following analysis by Dr. Charles U. Shepherd, of 
Charleston, was sent to us by Mr. Julius C. Smith, of Greenville : 

chick's springs. 
Calcic-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 32.57 

Magnesium, sulphate 0.63 

Sodium sulphate 2.37 

Sodium silicate 3.69 

Potassium silicate 0.31 

Silica 0.50 

Iron oxide 0.41 

Total 40.48 

Carbonic acid gas, present in appreciable quantities. 

These waters have been found of great advantage in cases of 
atonic dyspepsia accompanied by hepatic congestion. It is also a 
useful auxiliary in Bright' s disease of the kidneys. 

GLENN SPRINGS, 

Spartanburg County. 

Post-office, Glenn Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access from 
Spartanburg, a distance of twelve miles, by the Glenn Springs R. R., 
double daily service. 

These springs are located in a charming section of the country, 
broken by granite and sandstone hills. The elevation is about 1000 
feet above the sea-level. Many improvements have recently been 
added, the hotel having been greatly enlarged and comfortable cot- 
tages built. Many additional improvements are under way, and 
when completed Glenn Springs will bid fair to compete with the 
leading spas of the country. The following analysis of the Glenn 
Springs water was made in 1880 by C. U. Shepherd, Jr.: 

GLENN SPRING. 

A Ikaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium carbonate 3.32 

Calcium sulphate 91.50 

Sodium chloride 2.21 

Potassium chloride 0.52 

Total 97.55 

This analysis is probably incomplete. We are informed that a 
more recent partial examination of the water showed the presence 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 425 

of lithia in considerable quantities. The water has been in use 
many years. Numerous well-known physicians of South Carolina 
attest to its virtues, especially in disorders of the alimentary tract, 
dyspepsia, diarrhoea, dysentery, hemorrhoids, etc. It is said to be 
very useful in functional uterine affections, dysmenorrhea, amenor- 
rhea, leucorrhoea, etc., as well as in torpidity of the liver and 
biliousness. 

HARRIS LITHIA SPRINGS, 

Laurens County. 

Post-office, Harris Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access via 
Georgia, Carolina, and Northern R. R. (Seaboard Air-line) to 
Cross Hill; thence two and one-half miles to springs. Or via 
Port Royal and Western Carolina R. R. to Waterloo, and thence 
two miles to springs. 

These springs are located in a hilly country, and are open for the 
reception of visitors during June, July, August, and September. 
They are two in number, known respectively as the " Lithia ?? and 
the "Sulphur" Springs. They flow about 60 gallons per hour 
each. The following analysis was made by Prof. R. Ogden Dore- 
mus, of New York, in 1891: 

HARRIS LITHIA WATER. 

Alkaline-calcic. Lithic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 83.38 

Potassium sulphate 0.51 

Sodium sulphate 0.58 

Sodium chloride 0.76 

Sodium bicarbonate 2.42 

Lithium bicarbonate 2.32 

Magnesium bicarbonate 3.04 

Iron bicarbonate 0.32 

Silica 2.51 

Phosphoric acid Trace. 

Loss on ignition 15.84 

111.68 

Total dried residue at 2.66° F 98.57 

Carbonic acid in bicarbonates 3.35 

Total solids per U. S. gallon .... 101.92 

The combination of mineral ingredients shown in this analysis 
would suggest a very useful water. It is highly effervescent and 
agreeable to the taste. It is therefore useful for the table, and 
mixes well with wines. It is a speedy corrector of acidity of the 
stomach. It is said that the water causes a notable reduction of 
sugar in the urine in diabetes mellitus. It also overcomes consti- 
pation, and is useful in rheumatism, uric acid gravel, calculi, etc. 
The water has an extensive sale. 



426 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



REEDY CREEK SPRINGS, 

Marion County. 

Post-office, Latta. Hotel and cottages. This resort is located 
about three-quarters of a mile from the Atlantic Coast Line R. R. 
The surrounding country is level and covered by the long-leafed 
pine. The springs are three in number, and have had a local repu- 
tation for more than thirty years. The water has a constant tem- 
perature of 45° F., and its flow is very large. Mr. John L. Dew, 
of the springs, sends us the following list of ingredients resulting 
from a partial analysis by former State Chemist Chizzell : 



Iron carbonate. 
Magnesium. 



Calcium. 
Sulphur. 



The water is used more particularly for stomach, liver, and kid- 
ney disorders and debilitated states of the system. 

WEST SPRINGS, 

Union County. 

Post-office, West Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access from 
Spartanburg via Glenn Springs R. R., twelve miles southeast, to 
Glenn Springs; thence four miles southeast to West Springs. 

West Springs are located about 2000 feet above the sea-level, 
and are surrounded by picturesque hills covered by extensive forests 
of spruce, pine, cottonwood, beech, oak, and other trees. The soil 
is exceedingly fertile, and many varieties of fruits and vegetables 
grow in great profusion. Several gold mines are in operation among 
the nearby hills. There are several springs in the neighborhood, 
but only one is in use. It yields about 400 gallons of water per 
hour, having a temperature of 62° F. According to an analysis 
made in 1893 by M. B. Hardin, analytical chemist, it contains the 
following chemical ingredients : 



WEST SPRINGS. 




Alkaline-saline-calcic. 




One U. S. gallon contains : 




Solids. 


Grains. 


Calcium sulphate 


. 16.26 


Potassium sulphate 


. 1.33 


Sodium sulphate ...... 


. 2.75 


Calcium carbonate 


. 6.35 


Magnesium carbonate 


. 1.17 


Sodium chloride 


. 0.21 


Iron sesqui oxide, j 
Alumina, } 


. 0.03 


Silica 


. 2.78 


Organic matter 


. Trace. 


Total 


. 30.88 



SO UTH DAKOTA. 427 

The water is used considerably by South Carolina physicians in 
diarrhoea and dyspeptic troubles. It is said to possess excellent 
virtues in chronic catarrhal conditions of the genito-urinary tract — 
i. e., gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhoea, etc. 

The following additional South Carolina springs are also used to 
some extent as resorts : 

Cherokee Springs, eight miles north of Spartanburg, Spartanburg 
County; chalybeate. 

Garrett Spring, one-half mile from Spartanburg, Spartanburg 
County; calcic, sulphureted. 

Some of the old-time resorts of the State have been abandoned, 
while a number of promising springs have not yet been developed. 



SOUTH DAKOTA. 

South Dakota extends from 43° to 46° north latitude, and from 
96° 22' 30" to 104° west longitude. The surface of the State is a 
rolling prairie serried by numerous watercourses. The Black Hills, 
situated in the southwestern portion and extending into Wyoming, 
have a considerable elevation, though none of the peaks exceed 
7000 feet in height. In this region are large tracts of pine and 
other valuable timber, and some of the richest gold and silver mines 
in the world. A large district between the Big Cheyenne and White 
Rivers, known as the " Bad Lands," is entirely barren and its sur- 
face is fantastically cut up and distorted by the action of wind and 
water on the blue clay formation. The Upper Missouri divides the 
State into two nearly equal parts, and forms one hundred miles of 
its southern boundary. In its circuitous course it receives the 
waters of the Big Knife, Grand, Moreau, Big Earth, Vermilion, 
Big Sioux, and other rivers, with their tributaries, none of which 
are navigable. The State is thickly studded with many beautiful 
bodies of water, the principal lakes being the Big Stone, Traverse, 
Long, and Wood. West of the Missouri are many scattered, 
isolated "buttes," from 500 to 1500 feet high. The Indian 
reservations take up a considerable portion of the land in this 
section. The climate of South Dakota, though subject to great 
extremes, varying from 34° F. in winter to 103° F. in summer, is 
nevertheless invigorating and healthful. The spring seasons open 
much earlier than in the Eastern States in the same latitude, and 
the humidity, as a rule, is much less than along the Atlantic sea- 
board. Owing to the dryness and the clearness of the atmosphere 
and the elevation of the surface, malarial diseases are almost 
unknown, while pulmonary complaints are comparatively rare. 
The average rainfall is about 27 inches. The mortality-rate in 
South Dakota, according to the United State census returns of 



428 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

1890, was 8.22 per 1000 of population. The death-rate from 
consumption was 0.63 per 1000 of population. There are doubt- 
less a considerable number of mineral springs in South Dakota, 
but like most of our far Western States they have not yet come 
into use as resorts. Newton and Jenney, in their report on the 
geology of the Black Hills, say: "Springs issuing from the black clay 
shales of the Cretaceous period on Beaver Creek were found to be 
strongly acid and astringent to the taste, turning blue litmus red, 
and probably containing alum and free sulphuric acid. Similar 
springs were reported to be found near Buffalo Gate, on the south- 
eastern side of Black Hills. ? ' Springs in the carboniferous rocks 
of this region are naturally hard, but are not properly classed 
with mineral springs. By diligent inquiry we have succeeded in 
obtaining information of one well-developed spring resort in the 
limits of the State. The following account of the Hot Springs is 
derived from information supplied by persons living at the resort 
and from a neat brochure written by W. B. Leffingwell : ! 

SOUTH DAKOTA HOT SPRINGS, 
Fall Kiver County. 

Post-office, Hot Springs. Numerous hotels and cottages. Access 
via Fremont, Elkhorn, and Missouri Valley R. R. (branch of the 
Chicago and Northwestern system), or via the Chicago, Burlington 
and Quincy R. R. (Burlington route) direct to Hot Springs, arriving 
at the same depot by either route. 

This magnificent new spa is located in the heart of the Black 
Hills, at an elevation of 3400 feet above the sea-level. The trans- 
formation of this grand and romantic region from the abode of 
savagery to the familiar aspects of fin de siecle civilization has been 
almost startling in its suddenness. Where hardly more than yes- 
terday the wild beasts roamed at will and fierce aborigines held 
undisputed sway, we are to-day encountered by the puffing railroad 
train, the telegraph and telephone office, and schools, churches, and 
hotels, many of which our long-settled Eastern cities might be proud 
to claim. The advantages of Hot Springs as a health resort are 
numerous. 

First, as to topographical features. 

The scenery in and adjacent to the place is varied and delightful. 
The lofty, pine-clad hills, grand canyons, rippling streams, and 
beautiful falls of the Minnekahta and Cheyenne, make up a group of 
attractions difficult to excel. From the smiling brook to the lofty 
summit of Battle Mountain the scenery changes at every point, and is 
a constant source of delight and admiration. The following are a few 
of the numerous points of interest within easy distance of the springs: 
Battle Mountain, Panorama Peak, Poet's Point, Minnekahta Falls, 
Hot Brook, Cold Brook, the Great Wind Cave, and Echo Canyon. 

1 "The Vale of Minnekahta." 



SOUTH DAKOTA. 429 

Second, as to climate. 

By reason of certain peculiar circumstances of location this resort 
is favored by very mild, equable atmospheric conditions. Sum- 
mer days are followed by evenings of delicious coolness, while the 
autumns are unusually pleasant. During the winter months the 
temperature has observed an average of 42° F. above zero for the 
last four years. Situated in the Minnekahta Valley and sheltered 
on all sides by heavily timbered hills, cold winds and sudden 
changes of temperature are practically unknown. The winter 
temperature in the valley is from 20° to 25° higher than in locali- 
ties only a dozen miles distant. It is said that the protection 
afforded by the hills is supplemented iu no small degree by the 
millions of gallons of hot water flowing through the valley. Dur- 
ing the winter of 1892-1893 Dr. C. W. Hargens, of Hot Springs, 
kept a record of the temperature for the five months beginning 
with December 1st and ending with April 1st. This was the 
coldest winter this country has had for many years. We make 
the following extracts from his notes : 

December, 1892. Snowed once; fall of snow, three-quarters 
of an inch. Five cloudy days. 

January, 1893. Three cloudy days. No snow during the 
month; average temperature for month, 40° F. For the last 
two weeks of the month, 50.2° F. 

February, 1893. One and one-half days cloudy. Snowed four 
times, with total precipitation nine-sixteenths of an inch. 

March, 1893. Two and one-half cloudy days. Snowed twice. 
Total precipitation, two-fifths of an inch. Average daily tempera- 
ture, 50.3° F. 

April, 1893. No snow. No storms of any kind. Mild, pleasant 
weather throughout the month. 

The visitor will find the accommodation prepared for his enter- 
tainment on a par with the charming scenery and genial climate. 
The largest hotel, the Evaus, is constructed and equipped throughout 
in accordance with the latest and most approved methods. It is 
fully up to the standard of the best hostelries of the day. Other 
excellent hotels are the Gillespie, the Hot Springs, the Catholicon, the 
Davis, and the Parrott House. Cottages are also at hand for those 
who desire them. The hills afford attractive spots for camping out. 

Adjoining the Evans House, and in full keeping, Avith elegant 
and elaborate appointments, is the Evans Sanitarium, containing 
sixty bath-rooms and embracing all varieties of baths. The Stew- 
art Sanitarium, recently completed, also affords facilities for all 
kinds of bathing, including au excellent plunge bath. The Cath- 
olicon Sanitarium, now under construction, will add another to the 
attractive retreats of the Hot Springs. This structure, with the 
bath-house, will have a measurement of 100 by 75 feet, and will 
contain over one hundred bath-rooms. The plunge bath is one of 
the prominent features of Hot Springs. It is constructed of stone, 



430 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

wood, iron, and glass, and has one hundred dressing-rooms. The 
building is seventy-five feet wide and two hundred and fifty feet 
long, heated by steam and lighted by electricty. The water is at 
a natural temperature of 96° F. the year round. It increases in 
depth from three feet at one end to eight feet at the other. The 
springs at this resort are eight in number. The " Minuekahta " is 
the name given to a great Indian spring, the word being a synonym 
for health, pleasure, and recreation. It is said that the waters of 
this spring were in use by the Sioux and other tribes long before 
the approach of civilization. The natural temperature of this 
spring is 98° F. It furnishes the drinking fountain of the Evans 
House, the Evans bath-house, and the Minnekahta bath-house. 
An analysis by Prof. Charles B. Gibson, of Chicago, resulted as 
follows : 

MINNEKAHTA SPRING. 



Saline-calcic. Thermal. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Magnesium sulphate 
Sodium sulphate, 
Potassium sulphate, 
Iron peroxide . 
Sodium chloride, 
Potassium chloride, 
Calcium sulphate 
Silica 

Total 



Grains. 

4.32 

25.62 

Trace. 

13.79 

16.32 
2.46 

62.51 



The waters are perfectly clear, have a decidedly alkaline reaction, 
and contain no organic matter. Following are analyses of two of 
the other springs : 



MAMMOTH MINERAL SPRING. 

Sulphated (sodic). Saline-calcic. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium sulphate . 
Calium sulphate 
Calcium chloride 
Ammonium chloride 
Magnesium chloride 
Magnesium nitrate . 
Magnesium phosphate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Iron sesquioxide 
Alumina . 
Silica 
Organic and volatile matter 



Grains. 

23.26 
5.63 

36.11 
5.59 
0.02 
4.11 
0.30 
0.10 
3.51 
0.15 
0.27 
1.55 

12.11 



Total 



92.71 



SOUTH DAKOTA. 431 

LAKATAH SPRING. 

Suljihated-saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium sulphate 8.82 

Potassium sulphate . . . , . ' . . . 3.33 

Calcium sulphate 16.29 

Calcium chloride 8.50 

Ammonium chlorine ....'... 0.05 

Magnesium chloride 3.14 

Calcium phosphate 0.31 

Magnesium nitrate 0.15 

Magnesium carbonate 3.04 

Iron sesquioxide 0.26 

Alumina 0.02 

Silica 1.83 

Organic and volatile matter ,. 8.05 

Total 53.79 

According to the report of the National Association of Railway 
Surgeons, which visited this resort in 1893, " treatment by the 
Hot Springs water may be said to stimulate all the secretions and 
organic functions; to promote digestion and assimilation, and to 
favor tissue metamorphosis and excretion, thereby relieving internal 
congestions, stimulating bloodmaking, increasing the appetite, and 
favoring new and healthy tissues at the expense of the old and 
inactive." This treatment may, therefore, be confidently recom- 
mended in "gout and rheumatism after the inflammatory stage. 
Neuralgia, especially when depending upon gout; metallic or 
malarial poisoning, paralysis not of organic origin, neurasthenia; 
the early stages (only) of Bright 7 s disease; syphilis; functional dis- 
eases of the liver; dyspepsia, not of organic origin; catarrhal affec- 
tions of the respiratory tract . . . and chronic skin diseases, 
especially of the squamous variety.'' 

Hot Springs is the county-seat of Fall River County, and is 
located about seventy miles south of Dead wood. The town has 
a permanent population of about 1500, and a summer population 
of 3000. Its proximity to extensive pine forests, in addition to 
the favorable features of location above mentioned, assists in pre- 
serving a mild and agreeable climate, and has brought the resort 
into much favor with persons afflicted with hay-fever, asthma, and 
incipient phthisis. 

The following-named springs of South Dakota are mentioned in 
the United States Geological Reports : 

Acid Springs, on Beaver Creek, Custer County. 

Acid Springs, near Buffalo Gate, Custer County. 

Artesian Well, at Clarke Centre, Clarke County. 

Artesian Well, at St. Lawrence, Hand County. 

Mineral Springs, in Ban Homme County; chalybeate. 



432 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Mineral Springs, in Fall River County; chalybeate. 

Mineral Springs, near Ree Heights, Hand County. 

Mineral Springs, thirty miles east of Pierre, Hughes County. 

Mineral Springs, at Pierre, Hughes County. 

Wessington Springs, Wessington Springs, Jerauld County; 
chalybeate aud sulphureted; used as a resort. 

So far as we can learn, only a single spring (one of those at Hot 
Springs) of South Dakota is used commercially. 



TENNESSEE. 



The State of Tennessee extends from 35° to 36° 41' north lati- 
tude, and from 81° 45' to 90° west longitude. In general terms 
the territory embraced in the State may be described as a great 
mountain chain on the east, from the foot of which extends a gently 
inclined plane, intercepted by an elevation, the Cumberland or Car- 
boniferous plateau, and a depression, the central valley. The Appa- 
lachian chain, called at this point the Unaka Mountains, separates 
the State from Xorth Carolina. The highest peaks attain an eleva- 
tion of about 6000 feet above the sea-level. West of these moun- 
tains is the beautiful valley of East Tennessee, and further west 
yet, rising in a steep elevation to a height of from 800 to 1200 feet 
above the valley, is the Cumberland plateau. The Mississippi River 
forms the western boundary, and with the Tennessee and Cumber- 
land and their affluents drain the greater portion of the State. Ten- 
nessee is remarkable throughout its limits for its extensive forests 
and great variety of timber, including almost all of the valuable 
woods. There is an abundance of beautiful scenery, especially in 
the mountain districts. The climate of no State in the Union is 
more salubrious or considered more healthful than that of Ten- 
nessee. The heat of the summer is seldom extreme, while the 
winters are mild, with little snow and ice. The eastern elevation 
is noted in particular for the purity of the mountain air, while the 
breezes from the uplands continually moderate the summer heat of 
the level plains to the west. The mean temperature, as observed 
at Xashville, is 58.32° F.; that of the summer being 76.32° F. 
and of the winter 39.67° F. The average annual rainfall is about 
45 inches. The mortality-rate for Tennessee, according to the 
United States census of 1890, was 13.49 per 1000 of population. 
The death-rate from consumption was 2.06 per 1000 of populat : on. 

The mineral springs of Tennessee are numerous, and many of 
them of considerable importance. Chalybeate and sulphureted 
waters predominate, although there are several magnesic springs 
in the State. The following account of the Tennessee springs, 
which is believed to be the most complete ever published, is 



TENNESSEE. 433 

derived chiefly from information obtained by personal inquiry 
and correspondence. We are also indebted to some extent to 
Killebrew and Safford's Resources of Tennessee, to Peale's Reports, 
to the United States Geological Survey, and to Walton's work on 
mineral springs, in which Tennessee is credited with three localities. 

AUSTIN'S SPRING, 

Washington County. 

This spring is located on the banks of the Watauga River, five 
miles from Johnson City. It is not at present open to the public. 
The following analysis by Dr. Alpheus Dove, analytical chemist, 
shows its mineral ingredients : 

Austin's springs. 
Sulphated-saline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium sulphate 11.20 

Calcium sulphate 4.80 

Sodium sulphate . . . . . . . 2.40 

Iron sulphate . . . 6.40 

Iron oxide 11.20 

Calcium carbonate 3.20 

Sodium chloride 0.80 

Aluminium 2.00 

Iodine Trace. 

Loss 4.00 

Total 46.00 

The analysis shows a very strong chalybeate water, with laxative 
and cathartic properties. 

AVOCA SPRINGS, 

Sullivan County. 

Post-office, Bristol. Small hotel. Access from Bristol via Bris- 
tol, Elizabeth and North Carolina E.. R. ; also by turnpike. 

These springs are located six miles from Bristol, from which 
point they receive many visitors daily during the season. The 
aspect of the surrounding country is mountainous, the location 
being 1650 feet above the sea-level. The springs are three in 
number, and are known as the " White Sulphur/ 7 flowing 30 
gallons an hour; the " Chalybeate," flowing 10 gallons hourly; 
and the "Limestone" Spring, flowing 2000 gallons hourly. No 
analyses have been made. The chalybeate Avater is said to be a 
fine tonic, while the sulphur spring has a considerable reputation 
as an adjunct in the treatment of renal diseases. No special reme- 
dial value is claimed 'for the limestone spring. 

28 



434 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

BEERSHEBA SPRINGS, 

Grundy County. 

Post-office, Beersheba. Hotel. Access via Nashville, Chatta- 
nooga and St. Louis R. R. to Tullahoma; thence thirty-four miles 
northeast by the Sparta branch line to McMinnville; thence about 
twelve miles by stage. 

These springs are located in a wild and romantic region near the 
summit of a spur of the Camberland Mountains. The climate is 
very salubrious in this section, and the scenery exceedingly attrac- 
tive. The water has never been analyzed, but is said to be a fine 
chalybeate. Temperature of water, 58° F. 

CROCKER SPRINGS, 

(Formerly White Creek Springs.) 
Davidson County. 

Post-office, Cole Building, Nashville, care of A. G. Goodlet. 
Hotel destroyed by fire, but accommodations for a few visitors. 

This resort is situated twelve miles west of Nashville, at the foot 
of a high pleateau running north from the Cumberland River to 
the Kentucky line. The altitude is about 600 feet above the sea- 
level. The surrounding country is broken, the springs being situ- 
ated between high hills. The large hotel was destroyed by fire 
some years since, so that the present accommodations are not what 
may usually be expected at first-class watering-places. There are, 
however, several comfortable buildings for the reception of guests. 
Adjoining the springs is a tract of two hundred acres, containing 
fine orchards of apple, pear, and peach trees, etc. The prevailing 
meteorological conditions are clear weather and sunny days, with 
an atmosphere free from malarial or miasmatic influences. Two 
springs are in use, one known as the " Black Sulphur/' tempera- 
ture 58° F., and the other as the " Red Sulphur," temperature 
56° P. The following analysis was made many years ago (1841) 
by Dr. Troost, analytical chemist : 

CROCKER SPRINGS. 

Sulphated-saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 35.42 

Sodium sulphate 13.20 

Calcium sulphate 19.64 

Magnesium sulphate ....... 19.32 

Sodium hyposulphate 6.50 

Total 94.08 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 37.99 

Sulphureted hydrogen 40.25 



TENNESSEE. 435 

These waters have been well known in Tennessee for their bene- 
ficial effects in hepatic congestion, indigestion, Bright' s disease, and 
the uric-acid diathesis. 

Within two hundred or three hundred yards of the building is a 
cold limestone spring which flows from a cave having a remark- 
ably low temperature. The cave is utilized as a natural cold- 
storage house. 

DIXIE SPRINGS, 

Knox County. 

Post-office, Knoxville. Hotels in Knoxville. The .Dixie Min- 
eral Spring is an artesian well one hundred and eighty-five feet 
deep, located just across the Tennessee River, now in the city limits 
of Knoxville. The location is on the northern slope of the foot- 
hills and about 1000 feet above the sea-level. The situation of 
the spring is a charming one, and commands a magnificant view 
for miles up and down the beautiful Tennessee valley. The water 
was struck after boring one hundred and eighty-five feet through 
solid rock. It has a temperature of about 58° F. the year round. 
The following analysis was made by J. W. Slocum, analytical 
chemist : 

DIXIE MINERAL WATER. 

Alkaline-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 14.90 

Sodium chloride 110.35 

Sodium sulphate 9.70 

Sodium bicarbonate 146.91 

Potassium nitrate 0.60 

Lithium chloride . Trace. 

Magnesium carbonate 23.30 

Magnesium chloride 0.54 

Magnesium sulphate 6.18 

Iron carbonate 0.60 

Alumina 0.30 

Silica 36 

Total 313.74 

This analysis shows an exceedingly valuable water of the alka- 
line-saline-muriated variety. It resembles the Yichy and Seltzer 
Springs of Saratoga, but contains less lime than those celebrated 
waters. This water has been found very useful in dyspepsia, 
biliousness, and constipation. The water has diuretic, laxative, 
antacid, and also mild tonic effects. It has an extensive sale in 
Tennessee and the adjoining States. 



436 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

DIXON SPRINGS, 
Decatur County. 

Post-office, Perryville. Access via Paducah, Tennessee, and 
Alabama R. K. to Perryville; thence three miles to springs. 

These springs are located in the Tennessee valley, well beyond 
the line of overflow. There are many attractive features of climate 
and scenery in this region to attract the tourist or invalid. The 
springs, however, have been allowed to languish, and there are at 
this time no accommodations for permanent gnests, yet many per- 
sons make short visits to the springs during the summer months to 
avail themselves of the medicinal properties of the water. The 
principal spring yields about 600 gallons per minute. No com- 
plete analysis has been made, but we are informed by Mr. Wallace 
Dixon, the proprietor, that magnesia is the predominating element. 
There are three other springs within a radius of twenty or thirty 
yards, which are said to be respectively limestone, freestone, and 
chalybeate in character. It is stated that rheumatism and nervous 
disorders are benefited by the waters here. 

FERNVALE SPRINGS, 
Williamson County. 

Post-office, Fernvale Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access via 
Louisville and Nashville R. R. to Franklin; thence thirteen miles 
west to springs. Or via Nashville, Chattanooga, and St. Louis 
R. R. to Bellview; thence twelve miles southwest to springs. The 
location is twenty-five miles southwest of Nashville. 

This pleasant summer resort has been long and favorably known 
to the citizens of Nashville and the surrounding country. It has 
recently been thoroughly renovated, and it is said that guests from 
as far away as Texas are beginning to find their way to Fernvale. 
Many attractions are afforded to the visitor in the picturesque hilly 
and wooded districts surrounding the springs. 

The situation of the resort is about 1400 feet above the sea-level. 

The springs here are six in number, only three of which are 
mineralized. An analysis was made in 1836 by G. Troost, 
analytical chemist, and in 1879 by Prof. N. T. Lupton, of the 
Yanderbilt University. The former analysis is antiquated and 
incomplete. We present Lupton' s analysis : 

FERNVALE SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline. Sulphureted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 1.14 

Sodium sulphate 13.76 

Sodium sulphide 8.30 



TENNESSEE. 437 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 8.85 

Lithium carbonate Trace. 

Calcium sulphate 27.63 

Calcium carbonate . . . . . . . . 7.04 

Magnesium carbonate 6.52 

Iron oxide and alumina ....... 0.55 

Silica 0.05 

Total 73.84 

Sulphureted hydrogen gas, 14.21 cubic inches. 

This water is very clear and not unpleasant to the taste. It has 
been very efficacious in skin affections of the squamous variety and 
in disorders of the alimentary tract and kidneys. It is also used 
locally in the treatment of sore eyes, chafing of the skin, superficial 
ulcerations, etc. 

GALBRAITH SPRINGS, 
Hawkins County. 

Post-office, Galbraith Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access via 
Southern R. R. (formerly East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia) 
to Russellville, Hamblen County; thence nine miles north by 
private conveyance to springs. 

For the last half century these springs have been known and 
resorted to by the inhabitants of the surrounding districts. In 
antebellum days they were frequented by hundreds, who made 
their temporary abodes in pole cabins around the springs. The 
location is in a broken, mountainous country, 1400 feet above the 
sea-level. The immediate surroundings of the springs are uniquely 
charming in their wealth of vale and wood, brooks, rivulets, and 
waterfalls, and other features to please the fancy. The situation 
of the springs is one mile distant from the Holston River, in a 
romantic glen, 330 feet above the base of Short Mountain. A 
path leads to the United States Signal Station on the top of Short 
Mountain, which is 1302 feet above the springs and 2702 feet 
above the sea-level. From this point one of the most extended 
and charming views to be found among the mountains of East 
Tennessee is revealed to the eye. The hotel is a very comfortable 
establishment, where the visitor will soon learn that all the needful 
arrangements for his comfort and diversion are at hand. Among 
the amusements at Galbraith Springs may be mentioned bowling, 
dancing, and music. Hunting and fishing may also be indulged 
in. The springs are four in number. An analysis was made in 
1884 by Prof. W. A. Noyes, of the University of Tennessee, with 
the following results : 



438 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



GALBRAITH SPRINGS. 

Light Calcic-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate . 3.84 

Calcium sulphate . . . . . . . 0.92 

Calcium nitrate Trace. 

Calcium phosphate ........" 

Magnesium carbonate 0.47 

Lithium carbonate ........ Trace. 

Sodium sulphate 0.26 

Sodium chloride 0.07 

Potassium sulphate 0.16 

Iron carbonate 0.41 

Alumina 0.03 

Silica 0.68 

Total 6.84 

Temperature of water, 55° F. 

This analysis shows a very light mineralization, yet the water 
seems to possess considerable merit as a ferruginous tonic, and can 
be taken in large quantities. It is also an excellent table water. 

GLEN-ALPINE SPRINGS, 
Sevier County. 

Post-office, Newport, Cocke County. Hotel. Access via Southern 
R. R. to Newport, Cocke County; thence by stage twelve miles 
west to springs. 

These springs are located in a mountainous region, 3000 feet 
above the sea-level. The usual charming scenery and exhila- 
rating climate of the East Tennessee mountain district will be 
found here. The springs are four in number, and yield about 60 
gallons each per hour. No analysis has been made, but the water 
is said to be chalybeate and very serviceable in debilitated and 
anaemic states, especially those arising from disorders of digestion 
and assimilation. Hay-fever patients are said to improve rapidly 
by a sojourn at these springs. The improvements at the resort are 
by no means elaborate at present, but the location offers many 
attractions during the summer months to persons not afraid to 
grow strong by roughing it. 

GLENN SPRING, 

Tipton County. 

Post-office, Atoka. Cottages. Access via Chesapeake, Ohio, 
and Southwestern R. R. (Mississippi Valley route) to Atoka; 
thence seven miles to springs. 

This spring is situated under the shadow of the Chickasaw Hills. 



TENNESSEE. 439 

It has quite an ancient reputation in Western Tennessee in the treat- 
ment of liver, kidney, and digestive disturbances. 

The spring is surrounded by a magnificent grove of trees, which 
lends a romantic charm to the neighborhood. It yields about 90 
gallons of water per hour. The following analysis was made in 
1880 by W. T. Lupton, analytical chemist : 

GLENN SPRING. 

Alkaline-carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 1.58 

Calcium carbonate ........ 9.64 

Magnesium carbonate . 7.10 

Potassium carbonate 0.05 

Iron carbonate 0.54 

Potassium sulphate 0.27 

Calcium phosphate 0.01 

Sodium chloride 0.16 

Silica 1.38 

Total 20.73 

Carbonic acid gas, 14.64 cubic inches. 

This is a very good antacid and mild diuretic water, with ferru- 
ginous properties. 

HINSON'S SPRINGS, 

Henderson County. 

Post-office, Hinson Springs. Hotel and cottages. These springs 
are located twenty-four miles east of Jackson, on the line of the 
Tennessee Midland P. P. 

The location is in a picturesque, hilly region, quite elevated. A 
large and beautiful park surrounds the springs. The hotel build- 
ings are all new, and are furnished with the latest appliances and 
conveniences. The springs are five in number — two chalybeate, 
two sulphur, and a freestone or pure spring. Mr. J. H. Long, the 
proprietor, informs us that no analysis has been made so far. The 
waters are said to have excellent table qualities, and they have also 
been recommended in anaemic states, phthisis, dyspepsia, and rheu- 
matism. 

HORN'S SPRINGS, 

Wilson County. 

Post-office, Lebanon. Hotel. Access via Nashville, Chatta- 
nooga, and St. Louis, or Nashville and Knoxville P. P., to Leb- 
anon, thirty miles northeast of Nashville; thence five miles west to 
springs. Conveyances meet all trains. 

The location of Horn's Springs is somewhat elevated and char- 



440 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

acterized during the summer mouths by refreshing breezes. A 
comfortable new hotel has recently been built, and is kept open all 
the year round. The springs are eight in number. According to 
an analysis made by Profs. Safford and Summers, of Vanderbilt 
University, one of the springs contains the following chemical 
ingredients: 

Calcium carbonate. Sodium chloride. 

Magnesium carbonate. Phosphoric acid. 

Iron carbonate. Silicic acid. 

Potassium carbonate. Carbonic acid. 

Sodium sulphate. Sulphureted hydrogen. 

Magnesium sulphate. Organic matter (trace). 
Calcium sulphate. 

This may be taken as a type of all the springs, which, we are 
informed, contain much iron and have decidedly purgative effects, 
resembling to some extent the water of the Crab Orchard Springs 
of Kentucky. The waters of Horn's Springs have an extensive 
reputation in Tennessee, and the contents show that they may be 
useful in conditions of the system requiring an alkaline regimen, 
a ferruginous tonic, or a mildly stimulating cathartic. 

HOWARD SPRINGS, 

Cumberland County. 

Post-office, Crossville. Boarding-house. These springs are 
located on a moderately rolling plateau, three and one-third miles 
west of Crossville. The elevation is 1900 feet above the sea-level, 
and many fine views are to be had in the neighborhood. There is 
one large spring, and three small ones, the latter being unimportant. 
The large spring flows about 600 gallons per hour. No complete 
analysis has been made, but we learn that the water is strongly 
chalybeate and also contains sulphur and magnesia. It is effica- 
cious in anaemic states, and in liver, stomach, and renal disorders. 
The water is said to be a great appetizer. 

LINE SPRING, 

Sevier County. 

Post-office, Line Spring. Cottages. This resort is located in a 
mountainous region thirty miles east of Knoxville, at an elevation 
of 2600 feet above tide-water. The usual fine scenery and delight- 
ful climate of the East Tennessee Mountains will be found here. 
It is said that the proportion of pleasant days to disagreeable ones 
is as 10 to 1. Owing to the existence of a constant breeze at 
night, it is stated that dews are unknown. The waters of the 
spring are chalybeate in character, and useful in conditions where 
iron is indicated. 



TENNESSEE. 441 

MELROSE SPRING, 
Blount County. 

Post-office, Maryville. Hotel (seventy-five guests). Access from 
Knoxville via Southern R. R. (Knoxville and Augusta branch) to 
Maryville; thence eight miles by stage to springs. 

This resort is located among the picturesque mountains, at an 
elevation of 1500 feet above the sea-level. It is kept open from 
May 15th to the end of October. The springs are four in number, 
No. 1 being known as the " Chalybeate/' and No. 2 as the " Yel- 
low Sulphur," while the last two are freestone springs, with no 
special medicinal properties. No analysis has been made, but the 
chalybeate water is said to be one of the best and strongest in the 
State. In addition to its internal use, it is used locally for its 
astringent effects. 

MINERAL HILL SPRINGS, 

Grainger County. 

Post-office, Bean's Station. Hotel and sanitarium. These springs 
are located in the Bean's Station Valley, near the foot of Clinch 
Mountain, ten miles from Morristown. The peculiar arrangements 
of the valleys, hills, and mountains gives rise to a cool, refreshing 
air-current, always passing from north to south in the morning, 
and from south to north in the afternoon. We are informed by 
Dr. W. J. Heacker, of Bean's Station, that as many as twelve 
varieties of mineral water are found near the hotel, among which 
are mentioned reel, white, and black sulphur, chalybeate, Epsom 
and alum waters. No analyses appear to have been made. The 
accommodations of this resort appear to have been largely extended 
and improved. It is stated that many varieties of ills are bene- 
fited by the genial climate and a free use of the waters. 

MONTVALE SPRINGS, 
Blount County. 

Post-office, Montvale. Hotel and cottages. Access from Knox- 
ville via Knoxville and Augusta R. R. to Maryville, the present 
terminus of the line; thence by stage line to springs. The springs 
are twenty-five miles south of Knoxville. 

This resort is located at the foot of the Chilhowee Mountains, 
1300 feet above the sea-level. The springs have been celebrated 
in East Tennessee for a period of fifty years or more, and long 
before the Civil War the location was a fashionable summer resort, 
where people of this and other States found health and pleasure 
during the heated term. From year to year extensive improve- 
ments have been made, and now we find among the picturesque 
mountains a -watering-place supplying about everything which goes 
to make up a healthful and agreeable refuge from the summer heat 



442 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

of the semi-tropical Southern States. The big hotel building, with 
its seven gables, is located in a romantic spot, and around it cluster 
forty neat cottages, giving the place the appearance of a charming 
little village built among the forest trees. Walks, fountains, beau- 
tiful brooks, and flowers are found on every side, and with the 
evergreen mountains for a background, form a picture of great 
loveliness. Fronting the hotel is a large park, with broad, smooth 
drives and walks, and grassy lawns, affording ample scope for out- 
door diversions. Fountains, swings, hammocks, and rustic retreats 
are scattered here and there. The hotel is supplied by a system of 
water-works from the " Sweet William " Spring. The medicinal 
springs are the u Great Chalybeate " Spring, nearest the hotel, and 
the "Black Sulphur" Spring, on the road near Montvale. The 
following analysis of the Chalybeate Spring was made by Prof. S. 
B. Mitchell : 

MONTVALE SPRINGS. 

Sulphated-saline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 13.26 

Iron carbonate ........ 2.40 

Sodium sulphate 4.51 

Calcium sulphate ' 74.21 

Magnesium sulphate 12.00 

Sodium chloride . 1.96 

Aluminium oxide 0.50 

Total 108.84 

In addition to its ferruginous tonic effects this water also acts as 
a saline aperient. It has long been recommended as a safe and 
reliable remedy for many of the protean ills included uuder the 
name of dyspepsia. It is also valuable in uric-acid states, espe- 
cially in those characterized by genitourinary manifestations. The 
Black Sulphur Spring contains 109.30 grains of solids to the United 
States gallon, of which the sulphate of magnesia (grains 17.07), and 
the oxide of iron (grains 1.19) are the most important. 

OLIVER SPRINGS, 
Anderson County. 

Post-office, Oliver Springs. Hotel. Access from Knoxville via 
Southern E. R. (formerly East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia 
R.R.), thirty-five miles northwest to springs. 

The Oliver Springs and the small village of the same name are 
situated on the southern slope of the Cumberland range of moun- 
tains, where the counties of Anderson, Roane, and Morgan join 
their boundary lines. The surroundings of the resort are very 
pleasing, and the climate of a genial, attractive character. The 



TENNESSEE. 443 

average summer temperature at the springs is 72° F., and of the 
winter 38° F., showing an unusually low variation. It is said 
that malaria has never been known to exist in the vicinity. There 
are nine mineral springs within the ten acres occupied by the hotel 
grounds. They have not been fully analyzed, but are said to con- 
tain iron, manganese, lithia, magnesia, and sulphur. They are 
used considerably for medicinal purposes, and, joined with the 
beautiful scenery, the pleasant climate, and a comfortable, new 
hotel, they serve to render this location a very attractive one for 
the health or recreation seeker. 

RED BOILING SPRINGS, 
Macon County. 

Post-office, Red Boiling Springs. Hotel. Access via Louisville 
and Nashville R. R. to Gallatin; thence by private conveyance to 
the springs. 

This resort is located in the foothills of the Cumberland Moun- 
tains, sixty-five miles northeast of Nashville and seven miles from 
the Kentucky line. It has an elevation of about 1200 feet above 
the sea-level. The visitor will at this resort find a cool and pleas- 
ant retreat for the summer months. All the customary diversions 
for beguiling vacation hours are supplied by the management. The 
hotel is said to be well kept and comfortable, and the cuisine of an 
excellent character. There are three springs in the group — two 
red sulphur springs and one black sulphur spring:. Those most 
generally used are the " Little Red" and the " Black Sulphur" 
Springs. The former was analyzed by Lucius Pitkin, analytical 
and consulting chemist, of New York City, in 1890, with the fol- 
lowing results : 

LITTLE RED SPRING. 

Alkaline- saline. Sulphureted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 5.57 

Sodium sulphate 0.94 

Calcium sulphate 8.18 

Potassium sulphate 0.41 

Calcium bicarbonate 3.20 

Magnesium bicarbonate 4.55 

Iron bicarbonate 0.15 

Silica 0.80 

Total 23.80 

Sulphureted hydrogen gas, large quantities. 

The following analysis of Red Spring No. 2 was made by James 
T. Anderson, of the Alabama State Agricultural and Mechanical 
College at Auburn : 



444 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 
RED SPRING NO. 2. 

Saline-calcic. Sulphureted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 10.73 

Sodium carbonate .1.03 

Calcium carbonate 9.64 

Calcium sulphate 15.36 

Magnesium sulphate ....... 7.97 

Alumina .......... 0.12 

Iron oxide 0.08 

Silica 0.58 

Organic and volatile matter 2.31 

Total 47.82 

Sulphureted hydrogen gas, 0.27. 

The temperatures of the waters are 54° and 52° F., respectively, 
and do not vary during the year. They are said to be actively 
diuretic and to exert a general tonic and alterative effect upon the 
system. Hot and cold sulphur baths may also be had at all hours. 
A competent physician is always at hand to explain the proper use 
of the waters. 

ROBINSON SPRING, 

Van Buren County. 

Post-office, Chalybeate. Cottages. Access via Nashville, Chat- 
tanooga and St. Louis R. R. to McMinnville; thence sixteen miles 
by private conveyance to springs. We are informed that a railroad 
route has recently been surveyed, passing within a distance of one 
and one-half miles of the springs. 

This resort seems to possess a number of attractive features, but 
it is at the present time somewhat cramped for proper accommo- 
dations for the increasing number of visitors. It is believed that 
the new railroad will give a great impetus to the development of 
the place. The water was analyzed by Dr. Black, of McMinn- 
ville, several years ago, but no copy of the results obtained have 
been preserved. It is recommended for constipation, dyspepsia, 
anaemia, dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, and general debility. The 
resort has an elevation of 1750 feet above the sea-level. 

SOUTH SARATOGA SPRINGS, 

Bledsoe County. 

Post-office, Pikeville. Hotel and cottages. This resort is located 
on a plateau of the Cumberland Mountains, ten miles west of Pike- 
ville, the present terminus of the Sequachee Valley R. R. It is 
reached from Pikeville by stage or horseback. The roads are good 
and the wayside scenery very fine. The springs are delightfully 
situated in a grove of maple and oaks. The high elevation — 1800 



TENNESSEE. 445 

feet above the sea-level — insures cool and breezy summers, with 
freedom from insects and malaria. The springs are two in number. 
The waters have not been analyzed, but they are said to be chalyb- 
eate and freestone. Liver and kidney disorders are benefited by 
their use. 

TATE SPRING, 

Grainger County. 

Post-office, Tate Spring. Hotels and cottages. Access via Mor- 
ristown and Cumberland Gap R. R. to Morristown; thence ten miles 
by carriage to springs. 

This resort is 1400 feet above the sea-level, and is located in a 
charming valley environed by mountains 3000 feet in height. It 
may be regarded as one of the strictly first-class summering places 
of the Tennessee Mountains. The beautiful and picturesque 
scenery and genial climate are supplemented by the addition of 
two excellent modern hotels and numerous cottages. There is but 
one spring, which yields 120 gallons per hour. The following 
analysis was made in 1872 by T. S. Antisell, Professor of Chem- 
istry in the National Medical College and chemist to the United 
States Department of Agriculture : 

TATE SPRING. 

Saline-calcic. Chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate . 160.66 

Magnesium sulphate 32.91 

Sodium sulphate 8.50 

Potassium sulphate 1.54 

Sodium chloride 40.27 

Iron chloride 2.99 

Magnesium chloride 0.62 

Sodium iodide Traces. 

Calcium phosphate 1.14 

Calcium carbonate 21.56 

Silica 2.70 

Nitric acid 0.02 

Total 272.91 

The analysis shows a saline purgative water, with tonic and 
alterative properties. It has been found beneficial in functional 
disorders of the nervous system induced by overwork and mental 
worry, in cases of hypochondria and insomnia, and in chronic 
metallic poisoning. Some forms of dyspepsia and liver disorders 
are also improved by its use. 

The water is now used commercially, and shipped by the bottle, 
case, or barrel to any desired point. 



446 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

UNAKA SPRINGS, 
Unicoi County. 

Post-office, Unaka Springs. Hotel. Access via Southern R. R. 
to Johnson City; thence via Ohio River and Charleston R. R.(Ten- 
nessee division), twenty -three miles to Unaka Springs. The loca- 
tion is seventeen miles from Jonesboro. 

This resort is pleasantly located in a small cove, containing eight 
or ten acres, at the foot of the Unaka Mountains. The location is 
about 2000 feet above the sea-level, and is entirely surrounded by 
higher elevations. The springs are four in number, and flow about 
9000 gallons per hour. No analysis has been made. The waters 
are said to contain iron and sulphate of magnesia. They are recom- 
mended for indigestion, chronic dysentery, and other diseases. 

UPPER RED BOILING SPRINGS, 1 
Macon County. 

Post-office, Red Boiling Springs. Hotel. Access via Nashville 
and Chattanooga R. R. to Carthage; thence twenty-five miles by 
stage to springs. Or via Louisville and Nashville R. R. to Gallatin; 
thence forty-five miles by stage. Or via Middle and East Tennessee 
Central R. R. to Harts ville; thence twenty-eight miles by stage. 

This resort was formerly known as Whitley Springs, and for 
many years its waters have had a wide reputation in this section. 
They are located on the highland rim in the eastern part of Macon 
County — a region well known for its fine climate and beautiful 
scenery. The Red Spring throws up a large amount of gas, which 
gives it the appearance of boiling. It deposits a brilliant red sedi- 
ment, which covers the sides and bottom of its basin and imparts a 
reddish tinge to the water. The Black Spring also possesses this 
peculiar boiling characteristic. 

The Red Spring was analyzed by Messrs. J. M. Safford and J. C. 
Wharton in 1893, with the following results : 

UPPER RED BOILING SPRING. 

Muriated- calcic. Su/phureted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 31.16 

Calcium carbonate 7.03 

Magnesium carbonate 5.75 

Sodium chloride 43.87 

Potassium chloride 0.44 

Aluminium sulphate 0.15 

Iron carbonate 0.10 

Silica 0.47 

Organic matter and loss 2.42 

Total 91.39 

1 No connection with Red Boiling Springs, p. 443. 



TENNESSEE. 447 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Sulphureted hydrogen j q q^ 

Carbonic acid j 

The waters of the Red Spring are highly recommended in renal 
and bladder affections, especially those arising from the uric acid or 
lithsemic tendency. They are believed to possess a powerful solvent 
action on renal calculi and gravel stones. These waters are also 
said to be of great value in cases of chronic uterine inflammations, 
leucorrhoea, etc. The Black Spring water has an excellent reputa- 
tion in the treatment of rheumatism. The waters of both springs 
possess tonic and appetizing qualities. A comfortable hotel, with 
modern conveniences and abundant bathing facilities, was built in 
1890. There are also a number of private boarding-houses in the 
vicinity. 

WRIGHT'S EPSOM LITHIA WELL, 
Haavkins County. 

This well is located near Mooresburg, five miles from Gal- 
braith Springs. It contains 157.47 grains of sulphate of magnesia 
per United States gallon, and is prized as a quick, safe, and pleasant 
laxative. The water is kept on draught at Galbraith Springs for 
the free use of vistiors. 

There are a considerable number of mineral springs and artesian 
wells in Tennessee, reported in the geological works, whose present 
status we have not been able to ascertain. Among them are the 
following, which, it is said, are, or have been, used as resorts: 

Alleghany Springs, fourteen miles south of Maryville, Blount 
County; chalybeate and sulphureted. 

Beaver Dam Springs, in the southern part of Hickman County; 
sulphureted. 

Bon Aqua Springs, seven miles south of Burns, Hickman County; 
calcic, sulphureted. 

Canwood's Springs, near Daudridge, Jefferson County; chalyb- 
eate, sulphureted. 

Cascade Springs, near Tullahoma, Franklin County; alkaline and 
sulphureted. 

Draper's Springs, Bloomington, Putnam County; chalybeate and 
sulphureted. 

Eldorado Springs, Chancy, Robertson County; sulphureted. 

Elkmont Springs, Elkton, Giles County; chalybeate. 

Estill Springs, Estill Springs, Franklin County; alkaline, chalyb- 
eate, and sulphureted. 

Gibson Wells, nine miles southwest of Trenton, Gibson County. 

Glover's Springs, near Union Depot, Sullivan County; chalyb- 
eate. 

Graham's Springs, near Rebecca, Franklin County; calcic, alka- 
line, and sulphureted. 



448 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Hurricane Springs, near Tullahoma, Franklin County; alkaline 
and sulphnreted. 

Idaho Springs, Saint Bethlehem, near Clarksville, Montgomery 
County. 

Kingston Springs, Kingston Springs, Cheatham County; sul- 
phureted and chalybeate. 

McE wen's Springs, Franklin, Williamson County. 

Mooresburg Springs, near Mooresburg, Hawkins County; chalyb- 
eate. 

Nashville Sulphur Spring (artesian), Nashville, Davidson County; 
saline, sulphureted. 

Patterson's Springs, near Birds ville, Cocke County. 

Pickwick White and Red Sulphur Springs, near Walnut Grove, 
Hardin County. 

Rhea Springs, Rhea Springs, Rhea County; alkaline, saline, 
chalybeate. 

Wayland's Springs, Way land's Springs, Lawrence County; saline, 
chalybeate. 

Wood's Springs, near Miles Cross-roads, Clay County. 



TEXAS. 

Texas extends from 25° 51/ to 36° 30' north latitude, and from 
93° 31' to 10° 43' west longitude. The surface features of the 
State are exceedingly varied, the prevailing elements being steppes 
or treeless plains in the northwest, mountains west of the Pecos 
River, forests in the east, marshes adjacent to the coast, low prairies 
in the southeast, and a combination of prairies and broken hills, 
interspersed with forest growth and thickets of tall shrubs (chap- 
arral), in the centre. Some of the mountain peaks between the 
Pecos and Rio Grande reach a height of from 4000 to 9000 
feet. The chief rivers of the State are the Sabine and the Neches, 
flowing into Sabine Lake; the Trinity, Brazos, Guadaloupe, Nue- 
ces, Pecos, Colorado, and Rio Grande del Norte. The seacoast 
of the State is about three hundred and fifty miles in length, and 
indented with several bays, besides the mouths of the rivers. The 
State presents many varieties of climate and temperature. In the 
winter snow falls and ice is formed in the northern part, while in 
the south frosts are unknown and the climate is almost tropical. A. 
prominent climatological feature of the State is the occurrence dur- 
ing the autumn and winter months of high winds from the north 
or northwest, hence called " northers," which sweep the State and 
pass far out into the Gulf of Mexico, offering a considerable menace 
to navigation. These winds are accompanied by a remarkable fall 
in the temperature. The climate of the State on the whole, how- 



TEXAS. 449 

ever, is exceedingly salubrious and highly conducive to a vigorous 
animal and vegetable life. The mean annual temperature of Texas 
is 56° F. in the far north, 66.72° F. at Austin, and 75° F. in the 
extreme south. The average annual rainfall is 41 inches. The 
rate of mortality, as computed from the United States census for 
1890, was 11.84 per 1000 of population. The phthisical death- 
rate was 0.92 per 1000 of population. 

Previous works on mineral springs credit Texas with but few 
localities. Pepper's list mentions five and Walton's book three. 
The National Geological Reports, however, give the names and 
locations of about one hundred different mineral spring localities. 
These may be divided into undeveloped springs, which constitute 
the large majority ; abandoned springs, of which there are several 
in the State; mineral spring resorts, about twenty in number, and 
commercial springs, of which ten reported sales of water in 1895. 
The State stood No. 5 in the amount of mineral spring water sold 
in the markets during that year. 1 Sulphureted springs predomi- 
nate, although there are many chalybeate and a few alum and acid 
springs. But few analyses have been made. 

BURDETT MINERAL WELLS, 

Caldwell County. 

Post-office, Luling. Hotel. Access via San Antonio and Aran- 
sas Pass R. P. to Burdett Switch, where carriages meet trains for 
the springs during the summer season. The location is seven miles 
north of Luling, on the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio 
R. R. 

Only one well is in use. The water has been employed for medi- 
cinal purposes for thirty years. According to a qualitative analysis 
made in 1877 by H. W. Johnson, of Boston, Mass., it coutains the 
following acids and bases : 

Acids. Bases. 

Sulphuric acid. Calcium. 

Carbonic acid. Magnesium. 

Silicic acid. Aluminium. 

Hydrochloric acid. Manganese. 

Boric acid. Strontium. 

Phosphoric acid. Iron. 

Potassium . 

Sodium. 

CAPP'S MINERAL WELLS, 

Gregg County. 

Post-office, Longview. Hotels and boarding-houses. Access via 
International and Great Northern or Texas and Pacific R. R. to 
Longview. 

1 United States Geological Report for 1895-1896. 
29 



450 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

These wells, two in number, are situated in Longview, being on 
a slight eminence about 75 feet above the general level of the city. 
The country about Longview is somewhat undulating in character. 
The weather is very warm during the summer months, but is tem- 
pered by cooling breezes. The climate, on the whole, is quite 
healthful. The town is abundantly supplied with hotels and 
boarding-houses. A partial analysis of the water of Capp's Wells, 
made in 1886 by Edgar Richards, assistant chemist of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, showed the 
presence of 264.76 grains of solid matter to the United States gallon 
of 231 cubic inches. The water evidently belongs to the sulphu- 
reted group, and contains large amounts of the sulphate of iron and 
magnesium, chlorides of calcium and magnesium, besides much 
sodium and potassium salts. There is sufficient sulphate of mag- 
nesium present to make the water a strong purgative. It is used 
commercially, and shipped in five- and ten-gallon kegs to any 
desired point. It has been found useful in a number of diseased 
conditions and will preserve its purity after months of standing. 
These are combined chiefly in the form of sulphates, chlorides, and 
carbonates. The water is said to possess the virtues of the German 
bitter waters and to be useful in the class of cases to which those 
waters are applicable. 

GIBSON WELLS, 
Palo Pinto County. 

Post-office, Mineral Wells. Hotels and boarding-houses. Ac- 
cess: From Weathersford on the Texas, Pacific and Santa Fe R. R. 
via the Weathersford, Mineral Wells and Northwestern R. R. 

The location of this resort is in a valley about 1500 feet above 
the sea-level. It is surrounded on two sides by rocky hills rising 
to the height of 250 feet. There are about fifty or sixty wells in 
the vicinity, from 120 to 200 feet in depth and yielding from 60 
to 600 gallons of water each per day. The temperature of the 
water is about 72° F., some of the wells being a trifle warmer. 
The following analysis of the Gibson Well was made by E. 1\ 
Dunn, State Geologist : 

GIBSON MINERAL WELL. 

Alkaline-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 20.08 

Sodium sulphate 256.60 

Sodium carbonate 29.06 

Calcium carbonate 15.66 

Magnesium carbonate 6.19 

Iron and alumina 0.87 

Silica 1.19 

Total 329.65 

Carbonic acid gas, 4.62 cubic inches. 



TEXAS. 451 

The water is used commercially, and various preparations are 
also manufactured from the evaporated residue and sold. The 
Gibson Well condensed water, each gallon representing the strength 
of 40 gallons as it comes from the well, is said to be an excellent 
saline cathartic, its operation being unattended by griping or dis- 
comfort. 

INDIAN MINERAL SPRINGS, 
Kendall County. 

Post-office, Boerne. Boarding-houses. The town of Boerne is 
located about thirty miles northwest of the city of San Antonio, on 
the line of the San Antonio and Aransas Pass R. R. The country 
has a general elevation of about 1670 feet above the sea. The 
general aspect of the country is very pleasing, being quite hilly, 
even rugged in places. There are many beautiful drives and fine 
views. The town of Boerne has a population of about 800. 

It contains a telegraph and express office, very good hotels and 
boarding-houses. Four trains daily reach the place. From data 
furnished by the National Climatologial Reports it is found that 
the average number of sunny days in each year is 277, and that 
invalids can enjoy more or less outdoor life 350 days yearly. The 
average summer temperature of the place is 85° F. ; winter tem- 
perature 62° F. It is said that a cooling southeast breeze from 
the gulf prevails all the year and greatly tempers the heat of the 
summer sun, making the evenings and nights cool and pleasant. 
The location is beginning to attract the attention of Northern vis- 
itors, who visit the place in constantly increasing numbers during 
the winter months. The Indian Mineral Spring is located three 
miles from Boerne, from which it is reached by stage and private 
conveyances. The water is said to be efficacious in a variety of 
debilitated states, besides being a valuable table water. A partial 
examination was made by Prof. Charles F. Chandler, of New 
York. It showed the presence of 138.38 grains of solids per 
United States gallon, consisting principally of calcium, magnesium, 
and sulphuric acid in the form of sulphates. A more detailed anal- 
ysis will be required to classify the water properly. 

OVERALL MINERAL WELLS, 

Robertson County. 

Post-office, Franklin. Hotels. Access via International and 
Great Northern R. R. 

Franklin, the county-seat of Robertson County, is pleasantly 
situated in a fertile, somewhat undulating farming country, twenty 
miles east of the Brazos River and 600 feet above the level of the 
sea. It is a busy and growing town, with several good churches 
and excellent public free schools. The climate here is mild and 
salubrious, the heat of summer being tempered by the breezes 



452 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

which flow in from the gulf. The winters are mild and agreeable. 
The place is well supplied with hotels and boarding-houses. The 
mineral wells of Franklin are two in number. Analysis by Prof. 
Edgar Everhart, of the University of Texas, shows the following 
result : 

OVERALL MINERAL WELLS. 

Sulphated-saline. Aluminous and Chalybeate. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 


Well No. l. 


Well No. 2 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Sodium chloride .... 


9.72 


9.05 


Sodium sulphate .... 


7.11 


14.12 


Potassium sulphate 


0.75 


2.56 


Aluminium sulphate 


81.71 


4.99 


Iron sulphate (sulphate of protoxide ir 


L 




No. 1) 


75.95 


144.90 


Calcium sulphate .... 


20.96 


37.09 


Magnesium sulphate 


13.06 


20.03 


Ammonium sulphate 


Trace. 




Silica ...... 


2.04 


2.24 


Organic and volatile matter . 


2.45 





Total 213.75 234.98 

These are exceedingly strong chalybeate waters. They probably 
contain some free acid, as they show an acid reaction. No. 1 is 
very rich in alum. Both waters are quite strongly astringent. 
They are used commercially, and to save expense of shipment are 
condensed. The waters have a valuable influence, when taken 
internally, in cases of diarrhoea and dysentery, which are frequent 
in the South. They are also valuable in catarrhal affections of the 
liver and in debilitated conditions. Locally they are used in the 
form of a lotion, gargle, spray, or douche, as the occasion and the 
part affected may require. 

RED SPRINGS, 

Bowie County. 

Post office, Park. These springs are located ten miles Avest of 
Texarkana and two miles south of the line of the Transcontinental 
R. K. Passengers get on or off trains at a flag station. 

Although classed as a resort by the Geological Reports, we are 
informed by Mr. David Jarrett, the son of the proprietor, that no 
improvements have ever been made. There are two red and one 
yellow spring. The ingredients of the water are unknown, but it 
is said to be actively diuretic. It is said that their medicinal 
qualities have been known for more than fifty years. The location 
offers many advantages, and it is believed that a fine summer resort 
will ultimately be established here. 



TEXAS. 453 

SPRINGS OF SAN SABA COUNTY. 

We are informed by Dr. N. Ketchum, of San Saba, that mineral 
springs of undoubted remedial value are very abundant in San Saba 
County. No analyses have yet been made, but many of the springs 
contain iron and sulphur. This region is blessed by a very genial 
and salutary climate. The aspect of the country is hilly, with rich 
prairie valleys intervening. Heavy forests of valuable timber 
abound. The country is new and undeveloped, but the mineral 
waters are beginning to attract much attention. 

SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Hopkins County. 

Post-office, Sulphur Springs. Hotels and boarding-houses. 
Access via Missouri, Kansas and Texas, or via the Cotton Belt 
R. R., direct to springs. 

This resort is located in Sulphur Springs, a town of 4500 inhab- 
itants. The location is about 400 feet above the level of the 
Mexican Gulf and about three hundred miles from the coast. The 
springs may be visited all the year round, as the winters are mild 
and the summers are tempered by cooling breezes. The waters 
have not been analyzed, but they are believed by the local physi- 
cians to contain calcium, sulphur, iron, aluminium, a trace of iodine, 
and nitric and sulphuric acids. The springs yield an abundance of 
water for all desired purposes. It has a pleasing, somewhat acidu- 
lous taste, and is said to be very efficacious in the treatment of 
dyspepsia and indigestion. An ointment prepared from the evap- 
orated residue has a great local reputation in the treatment of 
hemorrhoids, indolent ulcers, eczema, etc. 

SUTHERLAND SPRINGS, 
Wilson County. 

Post-office, Sutherland Springs. Hotel and boarding-houses. 
Access : From San Antonio via the San Antonio and Gulf R. R., 
thirty miles distant. 

This resort is pleasantly located on the Rio Cibolo, at an eleva- 
tion of about 400 feet above the sea-level. The surrounding coun- 
try is of a gently undulating character, and presents much pleasing 
scenery of a mild and tranquil character. This part of the State is 
celebrated for its genial climate and its freedom from malarial and 
miasmatic disorders. At the date of our correspondent's letter, 
December 27th, the flowers were in full bloom out of doors and 
the gardens were as green as in summer. There is no ice at any 
time, and the frosts are seldom sufficiently severe as to cause the 
trees to shed their leaves. Many persons who begin the baths 
during the summer continue them during the winter months, as it 
is seldom cold enough to interfere with this pastime. ]STo analysis 



454 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

of the water has been made, but the numerous springs are said to 
offer a number of therapeutic properties — tonic, alterative, astrin- 
gent, laxative, diuretic, etc. This combination of valuable spring 
waters with a mild, dry, equable climate makes the location a very 
attractive one for a large class of sufferers from various ailments. 
It is said that a fine modern hotel will soon be built. 

TEXAS SOUR SPRINGS, 

(Known also as Caldwell Springs.) 
Caldwell County. 

Post-office, Luling. Hotel. Access via Galveston, Harrisburg 
and San Antonio R. R. to Luling; thence six miles north to springs. 
The location may also be reached by way of the Burdett Mineral 
Wells, which are not far distant (q. v.). 

This is quite a new resort, although the existence of the springs 
has been known since the early settlement of the country. Tradi- 
tion has it that the aborigines employed the waters for medicinal 
purposes, and that Colonel Davy Crockett bathed his wounds in 
their cool and limpid flow after his famous single-handed fight with 
the Mexican lions in this vicinity. The springs are located in a 
rolling country, at an elevation of 700 feet above the sea. The air 
here is dry and balmy, the winters being mild and the summers 
breezy and pleasant. It is stated that malaria never develops in 
the neighborhood. The springs are five in number, and afford 
about 60 gallons of water per hour. They differ but little in their 
chemical constitution. The following analysis was made by Prof. 
H. H. Dinwiddie, of the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical Col- 
lege. 

TEXAS SOUR SPRINGS. 

Sulphated-saline. Acid-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Aluminium and potassium sulphate .... 100.08 

Ferrous sulphate 7.58 

Magnesium sulphate 16.17 

Sodium chloride 42.74 

Calcium sulphate 125.01 

Magnesium chloride 132.84 

Lithium chloride Traces. 

Free sulphuric acid 7.26 

Soluble silicates 12.18 

Organic matter and loss ....... 5.12 

Total . 448.98 

This analysis shows a rich and potent mineral water. It is a 
well-marked example of the acid-saline-chalybeate class, and exerts 
a marked influence when taken internally. It possesses cathartic, 
alterative, diuretic, and tonic properties. Locally it is astringent, 



TEXAS. 455 

and is beneficial as a lotion in conjunctivitis, a gargle in pharyn- 
gitis, a douche in leucorrhoea, etc. The water is used commer- 
cially, and an extract prepared from the dried residue is also found 
in the markets under the name of the u Texas Sour Mass." It is 
said to possess all the virtues of the water. 

WOOTAN WELLS, 

Kobertson County. 

Post-office, Wootan Wells. Hotel and cottages. Access via 
Houston and Texas Central R. R. to Wootan Junction ; thence 
two miles to springs. Street-cars meet all trains, day and night, 
from about April 1st to November 1st. During the winter months 
only day trains. The location is one hundred and forty-five miles 
north of Houston and one hundred and twenty-five miles south of 
Dallas. 

These wells are located on a picturesque eminence about 500 feet 
above the level of the gulf. The first well was dug in 1877 by Mr. 
F. M. Wootan, an immigrant from Alabama. The water was found 
to be unfit for cooking or washing purposes, so Mr. Wootan rented 
the farm on which the well was situated to a neighbor, whose health 
was bad and who also had a puny wife and children. They found 
it necessary to use the " bad" water for drinking purposes, and the 
sickly family all got well and remained well. This was the begin- 
ning of a health resort which has now become widely and favorably 
known. Persons with means became interested. More wells were 
dug, and at this time about all the attractions of any first-class 
interior watering-place will be found here. These include a large, 
well-arranged brick hotel, with abundant bathing facilities; an 
opera house, archery court, croquet grounds, beautiful groves, 
camp grounds, etc. The place is naturally well adapted for good 
drainage, and no pains are spared by the management to keep the 
surroundings in a sanitary condition. The resort is open the year 
round. Analyses of the different wells show very little difference 
in their chemical ingredients. Following are specimen analyses 
of two of the wells, the first by Prof. Charles F. Chandler, of New 
York, and the second by Dr. W. M. Mew, chemist of the United 
States Naval Department, Washington, D. C. : 

well no. 1. 

8 alpha ted- saline. Chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Chlorine in chlorides 23.34 

Magnesium 13,11 

Calcium 25.21 

Iron protoxide 1.20 

Iron sesquioxide 0.69 

Aluminium sesquioxide 1.22 



456 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Manganese oxide . 0.54 

Sulphuric acid in sulphates 59.67 

Silica 3.28 

Organic and volatile matter 9.62 

Total 137.88 

WELL NO. 4. 

Salphated-saline. Chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Chlorine in chlorides 36.36 

Magnesium 22.75 

Calcium 28.18 

Iron sesquioxide 13.06 

Aluminium sesquioxide 3.45 

Manganese oxide 0.57 

Sulphuric acid in sulphates 86.41 

Sodium 18.10 

Silica 4.69 

Total 213.57 

These waters show about the same general chacteristics, No. 4 
being somewhat richer in mineral ingredients, especially in iron, 
than No. 1. It will be observed that the chemists have not worked 
out in full the combinations of the various elements present. There 
can be no doubt, however, that the most important compounds con- 
tained in the waters are the sulphates of magnesia and soda, and 
probably the sulphate of iron. These ingredients should impart in 
the proportions here probably present mild cathartic properties, 
and, in No. 4 especially, the effects of a strong ferruginous tonic 
and blood restorer. The waters are highly prized by Texas physi- 
cians in the treatment of the various forms of nephritis and in 
diabetes and rheumatism. They are of undoubted efficacy in some 
cases of dyspepsia and in catarrhal jaundice and other disorders of 
the liver and alimentary tract. 

The water is used commercially, and is shipped to various parts 
of the United States. 

The following springs are also used to some extent as resorts : 

Bell's Mineral Wells, Blossom Prairie, Lamar County. 

Chalybeate Springs, near Winnsborough, Wood County. 

Coleman Springs, near Annona, Red River County. 

Dalby Springs, Dalby Springs, Bowie County. 

DufEau's Sulphur Wells, DufTau's Wells, Erath County. 

Gunpowder Springs, near Gilmer, Upshur County. 

Hughes Springs, Hughes Springs, Cass County. 

Sulphur Springs, at Millican, Brazos County. 

Thorp's Springs, Thorp's Spring, Hood County. 

The following are commercial springs : 



UTAH. 457 

Hynson's Natural Iron Spring, Marshall, Harrison County. 

Kosborough Springs, Marshall, Harrison County. 

Slack's Wells, Fayette County, near Waelder, Gonzales County. 

Tioga Mineral Wells, Grayson County. 

Walton's work credits Texas with three localities, as follows : 

Fairview Springs, near Kosse, Limestone County; light alkaline- 
saline. 

Piedmont Springs, near Millican, Brazos County. 

White Sulphur Springs, Cass County, twelve miles from Belden. 

We are informed that the last-named locality is used to some 
extent as a resort. 



UTAH. 

The State of Utah extends from 37° to 42° north latitude, and 
from 109° to 114° west longitude. The surface is greatly diversi- 
fied, containing high mountains, broad, arid valleys, and desert 
plateaux. The mean elevation of the State is 6100 feet. The 
lowest portion, near the southern border, is less than 3000 feet 
above the sea; but, on the other hand, many mountain summits 
exceed 13,000 feet in height. Of the principal peaks may be men- 
tioned Mount Nebo, in the Wahsatch range (11,680 feet), and Gil- 
bert's peak, in the Uintah range (13,987 feet). The principal 
stream of Eastern Utah is the Colorado of the West, formed by the 
junction of the Green and the Grand Rivers. These rivers receive 
numerous branches from the Uintah and Wahsatch ranges. In 
Western Utah the country is very arid, and there are few living 
streams. The Great Basin, of which this region forms a part, con- 
sists of a large number of smaller basins differing greatly in mag- 
nitude. In each of these the waters from the surrounding moun- 
tains sink or collect in a lake, which, having no outlet, rises or 
falls with the excess of supply or evaporation. The largest of 
these is the Great Salt Lake, which stretches along the western 
base of the Wahsatch mountains. Into this lake are drained the 
rivers from the western slope, the chief being the Weber, Bear, 
and Ogden. In former geologic times the Great Salt Lake had an 
area vastly greater than at present, the well-marked shore-lines 
upon the surrounding mountains having an altitude nearly 1000 
feet higher than the present level of the lakes. Its present dimen- 
sions are : Length, ninety miles; breadth, twenty to twenty-five 
miles. The only other bodies of water of considerable magnitude 
are the Bear and Utah Lakes, both fresh and both tributary to 
Great Salt Lake. As in other portions of the Western United 
States, there is a gradation of the climate with respect to aridity, 
in accordance with the altitude above the sea. Upon the higher 
mountains there is a sufficient rainfall for vegetation, but in the 



458 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

low country the precipitation is very slight. The annual rainfall 
at Salt Lake City, which is very favorably situated in this respect, 
is about 30 inches. In all other habitable parts of the State it is 
less, being not greater than 10 inches in the southern and western 
portions. The temperature also has a wide range in different sec- 
tions. At Salt Lake the mean annual temperature is about 45° F., 
being 73.59° F. for the summer and 30.38° F. for the winter 
months. The climate is liable to very abrupt changes, although 
in many parts of the State it is exceedingly salubrious. The mor- 
tality-rate, according to the United States census of 1890, was 10.19 
per 1000 of population. The death-rate from consumption was 
0.30 per 1000 of population — a remarkably low percentage. 

Utah does not occupy a prominent position as a mineral spring 
State in previous works. Walton mentions but one locality — the 
Salt Lake Hot Springs. Peale's list in the United States Geolog- 
ical Reports gives the names of about fifty localities, of which it is 
stated that only six are used as resorts. By dint of a very careful 
recent inquiry we have obtained information of eight groups of 
springs which are resorted to more or less for medicinal purposes. 
Most of these are thermal in character, and their high temperature, 
great volume, and favorable location will doubtless bring some of 
them into considerable prominence in the near future. There are 
numerous mineral springs in unfrequented parts of the State which 
have never yet received names. 

BECK'S HOT SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Salt Lake County. 

Post-office, Salt Lake City. Hotel. This is a well-known 
pleasure and health resort of Salt Lake City. It is fitted with a 
sanitarium, bath-houses, swimming-pool, hotel, restaurant, etc. 
The water has a natural temperature of 128° F. The following 
analysis was made by Prof. Hirsching, of the Salt Lake Mining 
Academy : 

beck's hot springs. 

Muriated and Sulphated Saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : l 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 14.63 

Sodium sulphate . 140.96 

Magnesium sulphate 26.87 

Potassium sulphate . 10.61 

Sodium chloride 598.33 

Potassium chloride . 8.45 

Magnesium chloride . . . . . . . 7.28 

Calcium chloride 6.52 

Calcium carbonate 23.61 

Magnesium carbonate 5.88 

1 Converted from grammes per cubic centimetre. 



UTAH. 459 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron carbonate 0.46 

Sodium borate ' 0.23 

Calcium borate 0.12 

Silica 1.23 

Undetermined ........ 3.67 

Total 848.85 

Sulphureted hydrogen gas, large quantities. 
Carbonic acid gas, large quantities. 

Although heavily mineralized, this water is perfectly clear, and 
when taken cold is entirely palatable. It has a diuretic and cath- 
artic influence when used internally. The baths here are said to 
be highly efficacious in chronic metallic poisoning, tertiary syphilis, 
obstinate rheumatism, gout, and skin affections. 

MIDWAY WARM SPRINGS, 
Wahsatch County. 

Post-office, Midway. Accommodations for fifty visitors. Access 
from Salt Lake City via Utah Central R. R. to Park City, and 
thence by stage to springs. The location of these springs is in a 
valley about eight miles square, surrounded by high mountains. 
The altitude of the resort is about 5500 feet above the sea-level. 
The temperature of the region varies from 85° F. in summer to 
25° F. during the winter months. We are informed by Mr. 
Thomas Monks, who owns one of the largest springs, that the 
water deposits a large proportion of its solid contents as it flows. 
The constant accumulation of this deposit, which is calcic in char- 
acter, has led to the formation of natural basins around the springs, 
known as "pots" among the settlers. Some of these pots or 
basins have attained a great height, the one owned by Mr. Monks 
having an altitude of 90 feet and a diameter of 200 feet across the 
top. Some of these natural reservoirs have become entirely dry, 
while others have standing water in them, with no apparent outlet. 
The pots are about thirty in number. The flowing springs yield 
from 300 to 1200 gallons per hour. The water ranges in tempera- 
ture in the different springs from 85° F. to 112° F. An analysis 
of one of the springs by Dr. A. Meachatn, of Salt Lake City, 
showed the following mineral ingredients : 

MIDWAY WARM SPRINGS. 

A IkaUne-saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 19.81 

Sodium carbonate 1.54 

Calcium carbonate ........ 58.18 

Magnesium carbonate 5.32 



460 MINERAL SPBINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron carbonate 1.05 

Magnesium sulphate 3.57 

Calcium sulphate . . . . . . . . 6.83 

Sodium sulphate . . 3.15 

Aluminium sulphate 0.56 

Silica 2.73 

Potassium compounds Traces. 

Nitrogen 

Total 102.74 

Carbonic acid gas, considerable quantities. 

This analysis shows a fairly strong alkaline-saline water. It 
should possess the properties of a mild saline cathartic and diuretic 
when taken internally. It also contains sufficient iron to give it 
some tonic influence. The springs are resorted to by the settlers 
to some extent, but no studies of their therapeutical action seem to 
have been made. 

SALT LAKE HOT SPRINGS, 

Salt Lake County. 

Post-office, Salt Lake City. Hotel and sanitarium. The springs 
are located in the northern outskirts of Salt Lake City. The water 
is conducted from thence to a sanitarium and bathing establishment 
in the heart of the city. This fine, commodious structure has a floor 
space of about 50,000 square feet. The water, at a temperature of 
112° F., is drawn from the springs through an eight-inch pipe, 
with a flow of about 400 gallons per minute, and enters the estab- 
lishment at a temperature of 110° F. Besides large separate swim- 
ming pools for men and women there are twelve private pools and 
a number of elegant private bath-rooms. A hotel and gymnasium 
are also connected with the enterprise in the same building. Accord- 
ing to an analysis by H. Hirsching, analytical chemist, in 1893, the 
water contains rather more than 300 grains per United States gallon 
of solid ingredients. This is largely composed of chloride of sodium 
(about 200 grains), but the water also contains appreciable quanti- 
ties of the chlorides of calcium and magnesium, the sulphates of 
sodium, calcium and magnesium, the carbonate of sodium, and 
small amounts of several other compounds. It is also charged with 
sulphureted hydrogen in small quantities, as well as a considerable 
percentage of carbonic acid gas. The water is useful in the various 
ailments for which hot saline sulphur baths are prescribed. 

UTAH HOT SPRINGS, 

Box Elder County. 

Post-office, Utah Hot Springs. Hotel. Access via Southern 
Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads. The Utah Hot Springs Com- 



UTAH. 



461 



pany's Steam Motor Line runs in connection with the Ogden City 
Street Electric Line. 

These springs flow from the western base of the Wahsatch Moun- 
tains into the Salt Lake valley, about nine miles north of the city 
of Ogden. They are located at an elevation of 4246 feet above the 
sea-level. The mountains here are very rugged and picturesque, 
and attain an elevation of more than 5000 feet above the location of 
the springs. As shown by the reports of the United States Signal 
Service, the climate of the Salt Lake valley is exceedingly mild in 
winter and free from oppressive heat during the summer months. 
The atmosphere is very invigorating and beneficial to almost all 
classes of invalids. There are three large springs in the group, 
and when discovered they resembled three immense wells, twenty 
to thirty feet in diameter and eighty to one hundred feet deep. 
Each of these furnishes a large stream of clear, hot, sparkling 
water, their combined outflow being about 160,000 gallons in 
twenty-four hours. The temperature varies from 131° F. to 
144° F. An analysis by Prof. Spencer F. Baird, Smithsonian 
Institution, Washington, D. C, resulted as follows : 



UTAH HOT SPRINGS. 

Muriated-saline. Carbonated. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Calcium sulphate . 
Calcium chloride . 
Potassium chloride 
Sodium chloride . 
Magnesium chloride 
Magnesium carbonate 
Silica 
Alumina 



Total . 
Carbonic acid gas, 37 



18 cubic inches. 



Grains. 

18.07 

170.49 

97.74 

1052.47 

1.07 

11.77 

2.69 

0.25 



1354.55 



The Hot Springs Hotel is a frame structure, about three hundred 
feet long, the north end of which is used for baths. The resort is 
exceedingly well supplied with bathing facilities, containing, besides 
many private rooms, a large plunge bath for ladies and another for 
gentlemen, and an immense swimming pool. The water is quite 
a strong muriated saline. It contains, in addition to the mineral 
ingredients, a large amount of organic matter in the form of vege- 
table growths or algae. It forms rapidly in reservoirs containing 
the water, and is said to impart a soft, unctuous, or oleaginous effect 
to the water, which is very pleasing to the skin, and believed to be 
soothing to the nervous system. The baths are much resorted to 
by persons suffering from rheumatism, gout, syphilis, chronic bron- 
chial catarrh, obstructive jaundice, disorders of menstruation, etc. 



462 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

OTHER HOT SPRINGS OF BOX ELDER COUNTY. 

A magnificent group of hot springs is located in the northern part 
of Box Elder County, seven miles from Collinston Station, on the 
Utah Northern branch of the Union Pacific R. R. These springs 
are on the property of the Corinne Mill Canal and Stock Company, 
at the northern extremity of the Bear River valley. They have an 
elevation of about 4200 feet above the sea-level. The Wahsatch 
Mountains are close by, but the surface immediately around the 
springs is dotted with thriving farms. The springs are entirely 
without improvement so far, but are resorted to by residents of the 
neighborhood for the treatment of rheumatism. They are about 
thirty in number, and some of them of immense size. We are 
informed by Mr. T. D. Cliff, of the Corinne Company, that the 
largest is four hundred by two hundred feet across, while its depth 
in the centre has never been ascertained. The springs yield an 
immense amount of water — according to Mr. Cliff, u a current large 
enough to form a pretty fair mill stream." They range in tem- 
perature from 96° F. to 132° F. A fine resort will no doubt be 
established here in the near future. The meteorological conditions 
are about the same as those prevailing at Salt Lake City. 

VIRGIN HOT SPRINGS, 

Washington County. 

Post-office, Washington. Visitors accommodated in ranches near- 
by. These springs are located on the Rio Virgin, four miles south 
of Toguerville. The nearest railroad station is at Milford, Beaver 
County, eighty miles distant, by private conveyance. The eleva- 
tion here is 3200 feet above the sea-level. The surrounding country 
is of a rugged, mountainous character. According to Mr. Thomas 
Judd, of St. George, Washington County, the rainfall does not 
exceed 3| inches annually. The air is mild, sweet, and balmy, 
even during the winter months. On February 27, 1896, the date 
of Mr. Judd's letter, almond and apricot trees were in full bloom 
in the open air. The springs are six in number, and supply a 
stream large enough to run a grist mill. The temperature of 
the water is 132° F. No analysis has yet been made. The 
springs have not been much improved as yet, but are resorted to 
by the settlers for rheumatism, skin diseases, and other affections. 
It is the intention of the present owners to put the springs into 
proper shape as a health resort as soon as the railroad has been 
completed to within a reasonably accessible distance. 

WARM SPRINGS, 
Salt Lake County. 

Post-office, Salt Lake City. These springs are situated at the 
base of the heights of Ensign Peak, on West Second Street, Salt 



UTAH. 463 

Lake City. The location is about 4060 feet above the sea-level, or 
20 feet above the general level of the Salt Lake valley and 40 feet 
above the lake itself. The springs are the property of the city, 
and are leased by the present managers for a period of ten years. 
An excellent bath-house, easily accessible from all parts of the city 
by electric cars, is maintained at the springs. The water has a 
temperature of 112° F. as it flows. It was analyzed by Dr. Charles 
T. Jackson, of Boston, with the following results : 

WARM SPRINGS OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

Ifuriated-sa/ine. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium and magnesium carbonate .... 10.22 

Iron peroxide 1 .70 

Calcium 23.21 

Chlorine 147.14 

Sodium 125.66 

Magnesium 15.86 

Sulphuric acid 29.94 

Total 353.73 

WASATKA MINERAL SPRINGS, 1 

Salt Lake County. 

These springs are located in the northern outskirts of Salt Lake 
City. " Wasatka," or the " Milk Spring," derives its name from 
the peculiar soft and milk-like flavor of the water. During the 
past three or four years this water has come into extensive use, and 
it is said to give ample evidence of remedial value, besides furn- 
ishing an excellent table beverage. The following is a recent anal- 
ysis by Walter S. Haines, Professor of Chemistry at the Rush 
Medical College of Chicago : 

WASATKA MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Muriated-saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids, Grains. 

Sodium chloride 230.88 

Potassium chloride 3.06 

Magnesium chloride 21.24 

Calcium chloride 11.92 

Lithium chloride 0.12 

Ammonium chloride 0.25 

Calcium sulphate 59.50 

Calcium carbonate 4.75 

Sodium borate Traces. 

Magnesium bromide . . . . . . . " 

Silica 0.75 

Iron and aluminium oxide 0.03 

Total 332.50 

1 From " Resources and Attractions of Utah," 1893. 



464 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The water possesses alterative, aperient, and diuretic properties, 
and is recommended by Utah physicians in functional diseases of 
the digestive organs, liver and kidneys. It is bottled and shipped 
to many points in Utah and the adjoining States. 



VERMONT. 

This little State is situated between the parallels of 42° and 45° 
north latitude, and 71° 25' and 73° 26' west longitude. The sur- 
face is greatly diversified, so that the scenery is everywhere attrac- 
tive and often grand. The Green Mountains follow a southwesterly 
trend, and divide the State into two nearly square portions. Near 
Canada there are two ranges, the western being the larger; but 
close to the 44th parallel they unite and continue through Western 
New England as a single range. The highest peak is Mount 
Mansfield, 4430 feet, and there are several others over 4000 feet 
in elevation. Except upon the loftiest summits, the entire range 
is covered with forests of spruce (Abies Nigra), pine, fir, and hem- 
lock, mingled with which are other evergreen and deciduous trees 
(hence the old French name, Yerd Mont). The State has numerous 
small streams, most of which flow into Lake Champlain, Lake 
Memphramagog, and the Connecticut River. The surface is dotted 
with many small lakes and ponds. The climate of Vermont, like that 
of New England generally, is subject to great variations and sudden 
changes. In summer the temperature varies from 65° F. to 75° 
F., sometimes rising to 90° F., while in winter it ranges from 18° F. 
to 15° F., occasionally falling to — 10° F. or even — 20° F. At 
Burlington the mean annual temperature is 45° F. The average 
rainfall is about 36 inches. The air is clear and pure, and the 
people, as a rule, robust and vigorous. The charming lake and 
mountain scenery of the State has brought it into great prominence 
as a summer resort for tourists and pleasure seekers, and many 
wealthy and aristocratic families from the Eastern cities now main- 
tain their summer homes on the borders of Champlain or in the 
leafy recesses of the Creen Mountains. The mortality-rate, as 
computed from the United States census of 1890, was 16.32; 
phthisical mortality-rate 1.99 per 1000 of population. 

For so small a State Vermont is very liberally supplied with 
mineral springs. None of them has attained a national celebrity, 
but several are quite important and furnish valuable waters. 
Almost all varieties of springs (except thermal) are found in the 
State. As a rule, they are more highly mineralized than those of 
the other New England States. The following account of the Ver- 
mont springs is derived chiefly from a personal investigation in the 
State. Those whose present status we have been unable to verify 
are denoted thus *. 



VERMONT. 465 

*ALBURGH SPRINGS, 

Grand Isle County. 

Post-office, Alburgh Springs. Hotels. Access via Vermont 
Central R. R. to Alburgh Springs Station; thence one mile to 
springs. 

This is an old-time New England spring resort, having been in 
use since the year 1816. The springs are located on the shores of 
Missisquoi Bay, surrounded by picturesque lake and mountain 
scenery. They are about eighty rods from the water's edge and 
30 feet above the level of Lake Champlain. There are two 
springs, the northern one being somewhat ferruginous. The other 
spring was analyzed by Dr. C. T. Jackson in 1868, with the fol- 
lowing results : 

ALBURGH SPRINGS. 

Saline-sulphureted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium sulphate 7.11 

Potassium sulphate with potassium sulphide . . . 9.50 

Sodium chloride 8.76 

Magnesium chloride 5.02 

Calcium chloride with calcium carbonate . . . 4.81 

Insoluble matter 0.80 

Organic soil, acid, and loss 2,00 

Total 38.00 

The water gives off a large quantity of sulphureted hydrogen, 
and is distinctly alkaline from excess of sulphide of potassium. A 
quantitative analysis by Prof. Chandler, of New York, is said to 
have shown also the presence of the bicarbonates of lithia and 
strontia. 

CLARENDON SPRINGS, 

Rutland County. 

Post-office, Clarendon Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access via 
Delaware and Hudson R. R. to West Rutland Station; thence four 
miles to springs. This point is seven hours by rail from New 
York, five hours from Boston, three hours from Troy and Albany, 
and two hours from Saratoga. 

The springs are four in number, and are located in a beautiful 
valley among the green hills at a level of 1000 feet above the sea. 
This is doubtless one of the oldest resorts in the country, the medic- 
inal character of the water having been discovered by one Asa 
Smith, it is said, in the year 1776. From 1500 to 2500 persons 
visit the springs annually in pursuit of health and pleasure. Amid 
the beautiful scenery, pleasant drives, and rare opportunities for 
trout fishing the visitor may while away the summer days in a 

30 



466 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

delightful manner. The hotels are said to be* of an excellent char- 
acter. The following analysis was made by Prof. Hayes, State 
assayer of Massachusetts : 

CLARENDON SPRINGS. 

Light Saline- carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 3.02 

Calcium chloride, J 

Sodium sulphate, V . . . . . 2.74 

Magnesium sulphate, J 

Total 5.76 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid .46.16 

Nitrogen 9.36 

This analysis is evidently incomplete, and a re-examination is 
desirable. The water is a very pure and wholesome beverage in 
addition to its medicinal qualities. It is used commercially. 

DEARBORN SPRING, 

{Formerly known as the " Old Sanderson Spring.") 

Windsor County. 

Post-office, Woodstock. This spring is located in Woodstock, 
about three miles from the famous Woodstock Inn. A fine, level 
road leads to within three-quarters of a mile of the spring, a good 
hill road covering the remainder of the distance. The spring was 
discovered about 1830, and soon gained a considerable reputation 
among the neighboring farmers for its good effects in dyspepsia 
and skin diseases. The water was analyzed about 1850 by one of 
the professors in the Woodstock Medical School. The analysis 
has been lost, but it is said that, among other ingredients, magnesia, 
iron, and sulphur were found. It is said to resemble the Poland 
Springs water of Maine. In 1890 the spring passed into new 
hands, and the owner had it excavated to the bed-rock, thoroughly 
cleaned, and stoned up to within four feet of the surface, and then 
tiled and carefully protected from surface water. The tiling was 
extended upward through a tight floor and a building erected over 
the spring, with easy facilities for raising the water. The location 
is now enclosed in a. beautiful park, with avenues leading to the 
spring. Its elevation is 900 feet above Woodstock Park and about 
1600 feet above the sea-level. The atmosphere is pure and invig- 
orating, and a number of fine views may be had from the park 
surrounding the spring. The water of the spring maintains an 
even temperature throughout the year, which fact would indicate 
that it proceeds from a great depth. It is icy cold when the tem- 
perature of the surrounding air stands at 90° F. in the shade. 



VERMONT. 467 

ELGIN SPRING, 

Addison County. 

Post-office, Vergennes. Boarding-houses. Access via Vermont 
Central R. R. to Vergennes; thence three miles south by stage. 

This resort is pleasantly located in the Champlain Valley, sur- 
rounded by beautiful scenery and delightful drives. The summer 
temperature generally ranges from about 50° F. to 70° F., and the 
weather is usually clear and bracing. The following analysis of 
the spring was made in 1889 by Henry M. Sully, of Middlebury 
College: , L*y 

ELGIN SPRING. 

A Ikalin e-scdine. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silica 1.19 

Calcium 24.61 

Magnesium 25.10 

Sodium 11.30 

Chlorine 0.34 

Sulphuric acid 87.65 

Carbonic acid 1.08 

Iron Traces. 

Total 151.27 

Temperature when drawn, 45° F. 

The compounds formed by these acids and bases have not been 
designated by the chemist, but it can readily be seen that they would 
consist largely of sulphates, with an admixture of carbonates and 
chlorides. The water contains a considerable proportion of sulphate 
of magnesium and some sulphate of sodium, which gives it a cath- 
artic -effect. It resembles the waters of Seidlitz and Pullna', in 
Bohemia, and is valuable in chronic constipation and in blood 
disorders. The water is slightly opalescent when fresh, faintly 
alkaline to test-paper, and odorless. It becomes perfectly clear 
after standing. 

EQUINOX SPRING, 

Bennington County. 

Post-office, Manchester. Equinox and other hotels in Man- 
chester. Access via Bennington and Rutland R. R. — a link in 
the Central Vermont Hue between Montreal and New York. The 
location is two hundred miles north of New York and fifty miles 
northeast of Saratoga. Manchester-in-the-Mountains, a charming 
village in the southwestern part of Vermont, is situated on a plateau 
about 200 feet above the Battenkill River and 1000 feet above 
tide-water, in a valley between the Green and Taconic Ranges. 
For nearly half a century it has been one of the principal resorts 



468 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

of New England, famed alike for its beautiful scenery, fine drives, 
healthful, invigorating air, pure water, and numerous brooks alive 
with trout. The place has been properly termed a model village, 
the main street being bordered by wide lawns, overarched by cen- 
tury-old elms and maples. Shaded by these trees are marble side- 
walks, and back of them the cottages, in their setting of emerald, 
the entire absence of fences on the street giving the effect of a park. 
The village contains a beautiful new library building, charming 
drives in all directions, a strictly first-class hotel (the Equinox), 
and other desirable features too numerous to mention here. In 
the immediate vicinity is an unending variety of natural attrac- 
tions. Away off on Mount Equinox, 1500 feet above the village 
and 2500 feet above the level of the sea, and far from any habita- 
tion, is located the spring which supplies the Equinox mineral 
water. An analysis of this water in 1892 by Messrs. Chandler 
and Pel lew, of New York, showed the following ingredients : 

EQUINOX SPRING. 

Light Alkaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium bicarbonate 0.55 

Sodium chloride 0.48 

Potassium sulphate 0.08 

Calcium sulphate 0.15 

Calcium bicarbonate 1.98 

Magnesium bicarbonate 0.73 

Iron oxide and alumina 0.01 

Silica 0.18 

Organic and volatile matter Traces. 

Total 4.16 

This water has become well known for its purity and softness. 
It is widely used in the hotels, clubs, and private residences of 
many of our large cities as a drinking water. It is very lightly 
mineralized, as shown by the analysis; yet it is recommended by 
numerous medical men as being useful in the treatment of gout, 
rheumatism, dyspepsia, and diseased conditions generally which 
are traceable to the uric-acid diathesis. 

*HIGHGATE SPRING, 

Franklin County. 

Post-office, Highgate. Hotels. Access : High gate is three and 
one-half miles from S wanton, a station on the Vermont Central 
R. R. and twelve miles north of St. Albans. 

A sulpho-saline spring at Highgate is mentioned in Bulletin 32 
of the United States Geological Survey. It is also described in 
Walton's work on mineral springs. In response to inquiries we 
have received circulars descriptive of the hotels and cottages in the 



VERMONT. 469 

vicinity, but no mention is made of the spring. It is probably of 
an unimportant character. Highgate is pleasantly located on Lake 
Champlain, and the neighborhood abounds in charming and pictur- 
esque scenery. It is a favorite point for summer tourists. 

MIDDLETOWN MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Rutland County. 

Post-office, Middletown Springs. Hotel. Access via Delaware 
and Hudson R. R. to Poultney; thence a short drive by stage to 
springs. The location is fourteen miles from Rutland (where 
tally-ho stage also meets trains during the season) and seventy- 
five miles north of Troy, New York. 

This charming resort is located 3000 feet above tide-water, on 
the westerly slope of the Green Mountains. Both nature and art 
have done much to render it a delightful summer resting-place. 
The high elevation is a guarantee of pure, wholesome air and 
absence from many of the common insect pests. The Hotel Mont- 
vert is said to be the largest building of this kind in the State, 
having accommodations for three hundred and fifty guests. The 
appointments are of a high order of excellence. Large and airy 
rooms, breezy halls, and broad piazzas contribute to the comfort of 
the guests. There is also a handsome billiard-room and bowling 
alley. From the piazza a fine view can be had of many of the 
well-known Green Mountain peaks. Connected with the hotel is 
a beautiful park of fifty acres, artistically laid out in lawns and 
walks, with enticing shady nooks on every hand. Ample provision 
is made for the wants of children, young people, and lovers of 
croquet, tennis, and other outdoor games. The surface of the 
ground in the neighborhood is formed of hard limestone rock 
natural to the country, which gives the roads a macadamized 
smoothness. This fact renders the neighborhood very attractive 
to bicyclists. The roads are lined with shade trees, and wayside 
springs are found at frequent intervals. There are also ample 
resources for fishermen and the lovers of horseflesh and amateur 
photography. 

The springs are situated on the hotel grounds, near the north 
bank of the Poultney River. Around the springs is a beautiful 
grove of shade trees, with pleasant walks, garden chairs, and 
settees. The springs have been used by white men since 1811, 
and, according to tradition, for an untold prior period by the abo- 
rigines. An analysis was made some years ago by Peter Collier, 
at that time analytical chemist of the University of Vermont : 



470 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 
MIDDLETOWN SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 0.12 

Calcium carbonate . 2.80 

Magnesium carbonate 1.05 

Iron carbonate 1.11 

Manganesium 0.98 

Aluminium ......... 0.07 

Potassium chloride ........ 1.08 

Sodium chloride 0.18 

Sodium carbonate 2.68 

Total 10.07 

This water is highly recommended in cases of gout, rheumatism, 
anaemia, dyspepsia, and general debility. The water of the " Mont- 
vert" Spring supplied to the guests of the hotel is not, strictly 
speaking, a mineral water. An analysis by Prof. Doremus, of 
New York, showed the presence of a trace of iron. It is slightly 
acidulous and very palatable, and possesses the qualities of an 
excellent table water. It is bottled and sold by druggists and 
grocers. 

MONTEBELLO SPRINGS, 

(Formerly Newbury Springs) 
Orange County. 

Post-office, Newbury. Hotels. Access via Boston and Maine 
E. P., Passumpsic division. 

These springs are located in the midst of pleasing and picturesque 
scenery in the northern Connecticut valley. From no other point 
does the White Mountain range present more majestic and impres- 
sive views than from " Montebello," or Beautiful Mountain, and 
from no other point on the river are more varied, extensive, and 
charming valley and meadow landscapes visible to the eye. Two 
springs are mentioned in the Geological Keports, but it appears 
that only one is developed. The water was analyzed by Prof. Hall 
about 1866 with the following result : 

MONTEBELLO SPRING. 

Alkaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 0.40 

Magnesium carbonate 0.24 

Calcium carbonate 17.60 

Potassium nitrate 0.40 

Sodium sulphate . 0.24 

Iron phosphate . . 0.40 

Sodium chloride . ' 0.32 



VERMONT. 471 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium sulphide 0.32 

Iron oxide Trace. 

Insoluble silica 8.80 

Organic matter and ammonia 0.24 

Loss 8.64 

Total 37.60 

This analysis presents a mild alkaline-calcic water. It ought to 
possess diuretic and light antacid properties, besides being some- 
what tonic. It has long been resorted to, especially for the treat- 
ment of rheumatism and cutaneous diseases. Excellent bathing 
facilities are provided for guests. 

*SHELDON SPRINGS, 
Franklin County. 

Post-office, Sheldon. Hotels. Access wa Vermont Central R. R. 
to St. Albans; thence via Missisquoi Valley R. R. to Sheldon. 
Persons going to Sheldon Spring, one of the group, should buy 
tickets for Congress Hall Station, eight miles east of St. Albans. 

These springs are charmingly situated along the banks of the Mis- 
sisquoi River, at an elevation of about 2000 feet above the sea-level. 
Within sight are Mount Mansfield and others of the Green Moun- 
tains. Delightful breezes prevail during the summer season, while 
many nearby points of interest attract the seeker after outdoor 
recreation and amusement. The springs are four in number — the 
u Central," within the village; the " Vermont," half a mile from 
the village; the " Missisquoi," one and a half miles northward, 
and the "Sheldon," two miles from the village. The waters of 
the latter spring were analyzed in 1867 by Prof. S. Dana Hayes, 
and found to contain the following mineral ingredients : 

SHELDON SPEING. 

Alka line-saline- silicious. 

One IT. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium 4.01 

Potassium . . . - 0.09 

Magnesium 0.17 

Calcium 1.08 

Ammonium . . Trace. 

Iron oxide 0.01 

Sodium 0.15 

Chlorine 0.16 

Sulphuric acid . 0.51 

Carbonic acid 2.11 

Silicic acid 4.59 

Organic matter and crenic acid 2.87 

Total 15.75 



472 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

This water has been found to possess a very useful action in uric 
acid gravel, gout, and catarrhal states of the bladder. Some years 
ago it was supposed to have a potent influence in the treatment of 
cancer, and attracted wide attention as a remedy in this disease. A 
study of the mineral contents of the water, however, will show no 
reason to explain any special action which this water might possess 
in that disease. Whatever benefit has been observed from its use 
was doubtless due to the good influence of the water in promoting 
general nutrition by aiding the digestion, stimulating the appetite, 
etc. A new analysis in accordance with more recent methods is 
desirable. As far as we can learn, the other springs have never 
been analyzed. The waters of the Missisquoi Spring are found on 
the market. 

VERMONT MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Windham County. 

Post-office, Newfane. Numerous summer hotels in vicinity. 
Access via Brattleboro and Whitehall R. R. to Newfane; thence 
two and one-half miles northeast to springs 

These springs are located in the town of Brookline, fifteen miles 
north of Brattleboro. The situation is on Putney Heights, half a 
mile east of the West River and 700 feet above the surface. The 
scenery in the vicinity is very pleasing. The situation of the 
springs commands a view of parts of three States, and includes 
many points of great beauty and attractiveness. The carriage 
drives are numerous and very pleasant. Visitors will find excel- 
lent accommodations in several summer hotels in the vicinity. 
The springs are two in number, but only one of them has been 
improved. This spring issues from a small crevice in an enormous 
ledge of rock. The water is always cold, but never freezes as it 
flows from the spring. The discharge is about 32 gallons per 
hour. The company controlling the spring own a large tract of 
land surrounding it, and are thus able to protect the water very 
thoroughly from surface pollution. It has been recently analyzed 
by Prof. S. P. Sharpies, State Assayer of Massachusetts, with the 
following results : 

VERMONT MINERAL SPRING. 

Light Saline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron sulphate 1.01 

Calcium sulphate 0.64 

Magnesium sulphate 0.41 

Sodium sulphate . . . . . . . . 0.93 

Sodium chloride 0.05 

Silica 0.76 

Total 3.80 



VIRGINIA. 473 

This cannot be termed a powerful mineral water, yet it contains 
iron in sufficient amount to give it useful properties as a ferrugin- 
ous tonic. Abundant clinical experience goes to show that it has 
valuable reconstructive properties. It has been found useful in 
cases of anaemia and debility, enfeebled digestion, anorexia, and in 
functional disorders of the kidneys. Locally it is recommended 
for insect bites, erysipelas, conjunctivitis, etc. The water is 
shipped in pint- and quart-bottle cases. 

*WILDEN SPRING-, 
Feanklin County. 

Post-office, St. Albans. Hotels in St. Albans. Access : St. 
Albans is a prominent railroad station on the Vermont Central 
E. R., in the extreme north corner of the State. 

St. Albans is a delightful town, overlooking Lake Champlain, 
two miles west. The spring is situated on Edwards Street, south 
of Lake Street, about ten minutes' walk west of the depot. The 
water was analyzed by A. A. Hayes, M.D., of Boston, who found 
the following chemical constituents : 

Sodium carbonate. Calcium sulphate. 

Magnesium carbonate. Magnesium iodide. 

Calcium carbonate. Iron crenate. 

Sodium chloride. Sodium silicate. 

Potassium sulphate. 
Solid constituents per U. S. gallon about 24 grains. 

The water has been considerably resorted to in the past, but as 
far as we can learn it is not now employed for medicinal purposes. 

Additional Vermont springs : 

Barre Mineral Springs, Barre, Washington County; sulphureted. 

Brunswick White Sulphur Springs, Brunswick, Essex County; 
chalybeate and sulphureted. 

Haynes Mineral Springs, Hardwick, Caledonia County. 

Lunenburgh Chalybeate Spring, Lunenburgh, Essex County. 

Sulphur Springs, in western part of Sudbury, Windham County. 

We have the names of a number of other springs in the State, 
but our information goes to show that they are not at this time 
in use. 



VIRGINIA. 



Virginia extends from 36° 30' to 39° 27' north latitude and from 
75° 10' to 83° 30' west longitude. Speaking broadly, the State may 
be divided into a lowland and a highland country. Its southeast- 
ern portion, over 23,000 square miles, or more than half of the 
whole, has the aspect of a broadly undulating plain that, with but 



474 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

few marked variations of relief, rises from the sea-level to from 400 
to 800 feet above it. The northwestern portion is composed of 
approximately parallel mountain ranges, running entirely across the 
State from northeast to southwest, separated by nearly parallel val- 
leys, the whole presenting all the varieties of relief peculiar to the 
Appalachian country between the levels of 800 and 5700 feet. 
The shore line of the State is divided by the Chesapeake Bay and 
the great estuaries of the Potomac, the Rappahannock, the York, and 
the James into five large peninsulas, which are further subdivided 
by arms of the bay and tidal branches of the rivers into hundreds 
of smaller peninsulas, thus giving to the State a great wealth of 
tidal shore outline — fully 2000 miles. 

Within the limits of the State all varieties of scenery and climate 
will be found. The great plateau-valley of Virginia, embracing an 
area of 7500 square miles, forms one of the most desirable regions 
in the United States. It is impossible in the brief space of this 
sketch to dwell upon the many charming features of this favored 
region. In treating of the individual spring resorts they will occa- 
sionally be adverted to. The position and physical conformation 
of the surface give the State a great variety of climate, — that of 
the great tidewater and midland plains is a warm temperate; that of 
the Piedmont and Great Valley is a typically mild temperate ; and 
that of the Blue Ridge plateau and of the high valleys and table- 
lands of the Appalachian is a more uniformly cool temperate climate 
than in much higher latitudes. The State is generally noted for 
the clearness of its skies, the purity of its air, and its freedom from 
great storms. The mean annual temperature, as observed at Rich- 
mond, is 57.53° F., and the annual rainfall is about 40 inches. 
The United States Census returns for 1890 showed a mortality- 
rate of 14.03 per 1000 of population. The phthisical death-rate 
was 1.84 per 1000 of population. 

Virginia has long been noted for the number and value of its 
mineral springs, and even to the present time it stands well toward 
the head of the list in this respect, being exceeded numerically only 
by California. The famous spring section of Virginia is located in 
the mountainous region of the Appalachian chain, but springs are 
also quite numerous in the more level country that stretches from 
the foot of the Blue Ridge toward the coast. All varieties of min- 
eral waters are shown in the Virginia list, chalybeate and sulphu- 
reted springs being most numerous. The thermal springs are limited 
to the mountain region. The following account was obtained to 
some extent from standard publications, but chiefly through visits 
to the State and personal communications and correspondence. 
Those springs not reporting during the past three years are denoted 
thus *. 



VIRGINIA. 



475 



ALLEGHANY SPRINGS, 

Montgomery County. 

Post-office, Alleghany Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access 
via Norfolk and Western E. R. to Shawsville Station, thence by 
carriage or omnibus three and one-half miles to the springs. 

The Alleghany Springs are situated on the headwaters of the 
Roanoke River, on the eastern slope of the Alleghany Mountains. 
The hotel and principal range of cottages occupy smooth and undu- 
lating hills, gently sloping to a broad grass-covered lawn of forty 
acres, extending to the banks of the river. The accommodations 
here are first-class, affording every convenience and comfort to the 
pleasure-seeker, as well as to the invalid. The hotel is large and 
spacious and supplied with all requisite improvements. Contiguous 
to the hotel are over one hundred and fifty double cabins, arranged 
with a view to the comfort and good health of the guests. The 
scenery in the vicinity is not excelled for picturesque loveliness and 
variety at any watering place in the Old Dominion. Only one 
spring is in use at the present time; it yields about 30 gallons per 
hour. The water is limpid and has a temperature of 56° F. The 
following analysis was made some years ago by Dr. F. A. Genth, 
of Philadelphia : 

ALLEGHANY SPRINGS. 



Sulphated-(magnesic)-saline. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 
Solids. 

Calcium carbonate . 
Magnesium carbonate 
Lithium carbonate . 
Strontium carbonate 
Barium carbonate . 
Magnesium carbonate 
Iron carbonate 
Cobalt carbonate . 
Zinc carbonate 
Copper carbonate . 
Lead carbonate 
Sodium sulphate 
Calcium sulphate . 
Magnesium sulphate 
Potassium sulphate 
Magnesium nitrate . 
Aluminium nitrate 
Aluminium phosphate 
Aluminium silicate 
Sodium chloride 
Calcium fluoride 
Antimonium oxide 
Silica 

Crenic acid 
Apocrenic acid 
Organic matter 

Total . 



Grains. 
3.61 
0.36 

Trace. 
0.06 

, 0.02 
0.06 
0.16 

Trace. 



1.72 

115.29 

50.88 

3.70 

3.22 

0.56 

0.03 

0.21 

0.28 

0.02 

Trace. 

0.88 

Trace. 

it 

2.00 
183.06 



476 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 0.56 

Sulphureted hydrogen Trace. 

This water is distinguished by the great variety of its mineral 
constituents. The most important of these is the sulphate of mag- 
nesia; but it is undoubtedly true that some of the other ingredi- 
ents, though present in small proportion, modify the physiological 
effects of the water to a considerable extent. When taken in large 
quantities it is actively diuretic and cathartic, operating with special 
activity on the mucous membrane of the lower intestines. In 
smaller doses its action may be described as tonic, alterative, and 
detergent. The water has been found of particular benefit in the 
treatment of dyspepsia, for which it has a wide reputation. Excel- 
lent effects are also observed in nervous affections and in diseases of 
the liver and kidneys. It is recommended in small doses by many 
physicians in the treatment of anaemia and chlorosis, general debil- 
ity, and other conditions where tonic and reconstructive effects are 
sought. The water is bottled and shipped to all parts of the country. 

ANTIDYSPEPTIC AND TONIC SPRINGS, 

Nottoway County. 

Post-office, Burke ville. Small hotel and boarding-houses. Access 
via Norfolk and Western R. R. and Southern R. R. to Burkeville, 
thence one-half mile to springs. 

These springs are two in number and are located in a healthy 
section of country about 530 feet above the sea-level. The flow 
from the main spring, No. 1, is about 240 gallons per hour. The 
water was analyzed in 1890 by Prof. E. T. Fristoe, of the Colum- 
bian University, with the following results: 

HARRIS' ANTIDYSPEPTIC AND TONIC SPRINGS. 

Light Sulphated-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium hydrate (?) 0.51 

Sodium chloride ........ 0.28 

Magnesium chloride 0.20 

Magnesium carbonate 0.94 

Magnesium sulphate 1.30 

Calcium sulphate 0.46 

Iron oxide Traces. 

Aluminium 0.16 

Lithium Traces. 

Calcium carbonate 1.65 

Nitric acid ' Traces. 

Organic matter " 

Sulphuric acid " 

Phosphoric acid 0.78 

Silica 1.89 

Total ......... 8.17 

Free carbonic acid gas, large amount, 



VIRGINIA. 



477 



It is probable that the acids expressed in the table of analysis are 
in combination. The water has an extensive reputation in the treat- 
ment of dyspepsia and intestinal disorders. It is also believed to 
possess marked tonic properties. 

The water of spring No. 2 is a valuable chalybeate. It contains 
about ten grains of solid matter per United States gallon, consist- 
ing of the salts of sodium, calcium, iron, silica, aluminum, magne- 
sium, and phosphoric acid. It is recommended as a ferruginous 
tonic. These waters are used commercially and are shipped on 
order to any desired point. 



BATH ALUM SPRINGS, 
Bath County. 

Post-office, Bath Alum. Hotel and cottages. This resort is 
located midway between Millboro on the Main Line and Hot 
Springs on the Valley Branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio Rail- 
road, being ten miles from either point. The springs are situated 
at the base of Warm Springs Mountain, and are surrounded by a 
rugged country. The weather during the season, from May to 
November, is characteristically clear, bracing, and delightful, with 
few disagreeable days. The springs are five in number. The fol- 
lowing analysis of three of them is taken from the United States 
Geological Reports: 

BATH ALUM SPEINGS. 

Acid-chalybeate. Aluminous. 



One U. S. gallon 


Spring No. 1. 


Spring No. 2. 


Spring No. 3 


contains : 


A.. A. Hayes. 


W. H. Taylor. 


A. A. Hayes 


Solids. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Grains. 


Sodium sulphate 




' 1.13 




Calcium sulphate 


3.80 


1.71 


. • . 


Lithium sulphate 




Trace. 


. . . 


Magnesium sulphate 


2.82 


0.46 


. . . 


Potassium sulphate . 




0.34 


0.26 


Aluminium sulphate 


. 


29.99 




Ammonium sulphate 




Trace. 


. . . 


Manganese sulphate . 




0.03 




Iron persulphate 




26.78 




Aluminium phosphate 






3.15 


Ammonium crenate . 


i.85 




1.77 


Sodium silicate 


2.02 






Sodium chloride 


0.17 


o.ii 




Magnesia . 






1.28 


Iron oxide 


14.52 




21.77 


Alumina . 


10.29 




12.29 


Silica 




1.95 




Sulphuric acid . 


5.81 


2.88 


7.88 


Carbonic acid . 


4.14 




3.85 


Apocrenic acid . 






2.54 


Oxygen with sodium 


6.02 







Total . . . 45.44 65.38 

Carbonic acid gas (Spring No. 1), 4.65 cubic inches. 



54.79 



478 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

These waters will be seen to be strongly aluminous and chalybe- 
ate, with a fair proportion of free acid. They are astringent and 
tonic in their effects. Thus they have been found useful in chronic 
diarrhoea and relaxed conditions of the mucous membranes, in skin 
diseases, and in general debilty. 

BEDFORD ALUM, IRON, AND LITHIA SPRINGS, 

Campbell County. 

Post-office, Bedford Springs. Hotel. Access via Norfolk and 
Western P. P. to Forest Depot, thence four miles by private con- 
veyance to springs. Also via Virginia Midland P. P. to Lawyer's 
Depot, thence four miles by carriage to springs. 

These springs are located within a few hundred yards of Bedford 
Village, one of the ancient historic spots of the Old Dominion, 
still redolent with memories of Patrick Henry, John Randolph of 
Roanoke, Thomas Jefferson, and other great Virginians of by- 
gone days. The healthy nature of the location is attested by the 
longevity of the inhabitants, persons of threescore and ten and 
over being almost a rale instead of a rare exception. The land- 
scapes about the springs are of great beauty and interest. The 
Peaks of Otter, twenty miles distant, may be seen raising their 
lofty crests to an altitude of 4000 feet above the sea. The Natural 
Bridge is not far distant, and Lynchburg, a city of 20,000 inhabi- 
tants, is within ten miles. The location of the springs is about 
1300 feet above the sea-level, and the average summer temperature 
66° F. The following analysis of the water was made in 1877 by 
Prof. M. B. Hardin, of the Virginia Military Institute : 

BEDFORD ALUM SPRINGS. 

Acid-chalybeate. Aluminous. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Copper sulphate 00.6 

Iron proto-sulphate (ferrous) ...... 0.59 

Iron persulphate (ferric) 19.26 

Aluminium sulphate 24.18 

Manganese sulphate 0.19 

Zinc sulphate 0.07 

Nickel sulphate 0.04 

Cobalt sulphate 0.07 

Calcium sulphate 4.99 

Magnesium sulphate 12.58 

Potassium sulphate 0.71 

Sodium sulphate 0.87 

Lithium sulphate 0.24 

Sulphuric acid 4.01 

Silica 1.69 

Calcium phosphate 0.30 

Magnesium nitrate 0.26 

Ammonium nitrate 0.24 

Sodium chloride 0.20 



VIRGINIA 



479 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Calcium fluoride 
Organic matter 



Grains. 

Trace. 

0.29 



Total 



70.84 



Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 6.98 

Oxygen 1.32 

Nitrogen 3.33 



11.63 



Total 

Temperature of water, 48° to 56° F. 

The properties of the water are tonic, alterative, diuretic, and 
somewhat astringent. In small doses internally they have been 
found useful in diarrhoeal disorders. In larger quantities they have 
an aperient effect. They are used in a wide range of diseased condi- 
tions. The spring water as well as the evaporated residue (•' Bed- 
ford Mass") is used commercially and forwarded to any point 
desired. An excellent hotel is maintained at the springs. 

BLUE RIDGE SPRINGS, 

Botetourt County. 

Post-office, Blue Ridge Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access 
via Norfolk and Western R. R. The hotel is located near the rail- 
road station. 

This resort has a picturesque location in the midst of the Blue 
Ridge Mountains, the elevation being about 1300 feet above the 
sea-level. The springs yield about 120 gallons of water per hour, 
having a temperature of 52° F. the year round. It has been anal- 
yzed by Prof. Henry Froehling, with the following results : 

BLUE RIDGE SPRINGS. 

Sulphated-saline. Carbonated. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium sulphate . 
Sodium sulphate 
Potassium sulphate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Strontium carbonate 
Barium carbonate . 
Manganese carbonate 
Nickel and cobalt carbonate 
Iron (ferrous) carbonate 
Lead carbonate 
Copper carbonate . 
Sodium chloride 
Lithium chloride . 



Grains. 
47.01 

100.13 
0.37 
0.65 
1.61 
3.96 
0.29 
0.02 
0.02 

Trace. 

0.11 

Trace. 
u 

1.26 
0.04 



480 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium arseniate Trace. 

Sodium iodide 

Sodium bromide 

Calcium fluoride 

Magnesium nitrate . 0.35 

Ammonium nitrate 0.03 

Aluminium phosphate 0.02 

Aluminium silicate 0.15 

Silicic acid 1.35 

Total 157.37 

Carbonic acid (combined) 2.57 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid (free) 38.20 

Sulphureted hydrogen 3.00 

The water is used commercially. It is pleasant to drink and 
bears transportation well. It is useful in dyspepsia, especially when 
attended by acidity, and it seems to act as a corrigent or regulator 
of secretion, being efficacious both in diarrhoea and constipation. 
The water also possesses excellent tonic properties. 

BUFFALO LITHIA SPRINGS, 
Mecklenburg County. 

Post-office, Buffalo Lithia Springs. Hotel. Access via South- 
ern R. R. to Clarksville, thence eight miles by private conveyance 
to springs. Also via Atlantic and Danville (branch line), which 
delivers passengers immediately at the springs. 

These celebrated springs occupy a central position in the section 
of country known as the Buffalo Hills, a broken, rolling district, 
having an average elevation of 500 feet above the sea-level. The 
hotel is open from June 15th to October 1st. The buildings are 
on the cottage plan and sufficient for the accommodation of 250 
guests. Among the attractions of the place is a well-appointed 
bathing establishment, affording ample facilities to visitors for min- 
eral-water baths. The springs are three in number, and designated 
respectively 1, 2, and 3. They have been analyzed by Prof. Wm. 
P. Joury, of the Maryland Institute, Baltimore. We append the 
analysis of spring No. 2, which is richest in mineral ingredients : 

BUFFALO LITHIA SPRINGS. 

Lithia. Aluminous. Calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium sulphate 0.88 

Aluminium sulphate 9.07 

Calcium sulphate 33.06 

Potassium carbonate 29.30 

Calcium bicarbonate 14.96 

Lithium bicarbonate 2.25 

Iron bicarbonate 0.30 



VIRGINIA. 481 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Baryta bicarbonate 1.75 

Sodium chloride 4.92 

Silica chloride 1.87 

Phosphoric acid Traces. 

Iodine " 

Organic matter Small amount. 

Total 98.36 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Sulphureted hydrogen . 8.30 

Carbonic acid 59.20 

This analysis shows what might be termed more fully an alkaline- 
carbonated-aluminoas-lithic-calcic mineral water. It possesses suffi- 
cient iron to give it ferruginous properties, but hardly enough to 
class it as a chalybeate. The water undoubtedly possesses valuable 
medicinal properties. The analysis would show it to be antacid, 
diuretic, and tonic. It has gained a wide reputation, especially in 
the treatment of the uric-acid diathesis, gout, rheumatism, renal 
calculus, stone in the bladder, and nervous and gastro-intestinal 
disorders. Spring No. 3 is a decided chalybeate, containing 3.77 
grains of bicarbonate of iron to the standard gallon. It is also 
somewhat purgative in its action. On account of a heavy precipi- 
tate it is not offered for shipment, as are the waters of Nos. 1 and 2. 
These latter have an extensive sale throughout the country, and the 
proprietors present testimonials from well-known medical men attest- 
ing their merits. 

BURNER'S SPRINGS, 

Shenandoah County. 

Post-office, Woodstock. No hotel at present. Access via Balti- 
more and Ohio R. R. to Woodstock, thence twelve miles to springs; 
or, via Richmond and Danville R. R. to Waterlick, thence twelve 
miles to springs; or, via Norfolk and Western R. R. to Overalls, 
thence six miles to springs. 

The location of these springs is in a beautiful valley, at an eleva- 
tion of 1500 feet above the sea-level. The country immediately 
around the springs is level for miles, and presents a pleasing land- 
scape to the eye. The springs are seven in number, which has led 
to the name of the Seven Fountains sometimes applied to them. 
They are located within a radius of seventy-five feet, and have a 
strong, steady flow of water. No analysis appears to have been 
made. The water is said to afford benefit in gout, rheumatism, dys- 
pepsia, and nervous disorders. 

CLAYFORD CHALYBEATE SPRINGS, 

Tazewell County. 
Post-office, Burke's Garden. Groseclose Inn, two miles distant. 
These springs are located in a mountain region, about twelve miles 

31 



482 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

from Tazewell, the nearest railroad station. A good pike-road 
covers the distance. The scenery of this region is picturesque and 
varied. The main spring is about half-way up the mountain side 
at an elevation of 3100 feet above the sea-level. The Groseclose 
Inn is two miles distant, in the famous Burke's Garden, a charming 
and romantic valley, ten miles long and five miles wide. The sur- 
face of the valley itself is smooth and level, and is entirely sur- 
rounded by high mountains, except at one gap, through which passes 
the road leading to the springs. The temperature of the water is 
50° F. There are many springs in the little valley, but none of 
them has been subjected to a chemical examination. The water of 
the principal spring is said to be an excellent chalybeate, and is 
recommended by local physicians in anaemia, neurasthenia, and other 
debilitated states. The surroundings of the springs present many 
attractions as a health resort. 

COLD SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY. 

Post-office, Goshen Bridge. Hotel. Access via Chesapeake and 
Ohio R. R. to Goshen, thence a drive of two miles to springs. 
Hacks meet all trains. 

The Cold Sulphur Springs are located in the romantic " Moun- 
tains of Virginia" at an altitude of 2000 feet above the sea-level. 
The situation is near the centre of the celebrated mineral spring 
region, so long noted for the beauty of its scenery and the salubrity 
of its climate. Recent improvements to the hotel building have 
greatly increased its capacity, and many additions have been made 
for the comfort of guests. The location is encompassed on every 
side by lofty mountains of rare loveliness and grandeur, and the 
beautiful lawn, with its vast shade of primeval oaks, forms a picture 
of alluring restfulness and tranquillity. Within a few minutes' 
drive is the west entrance to the Goshen Pass, the gateway through 
which the north branch of the James River finds its way to the sea 
— a spot famous for its wild and magnificent scenery. The water 
of the Cold Sulphur Springs is clear and slightly sparkling from the 
gases which it contains. It has a temperature of 50° F. as it flows, 
and the presence of a large amount of free carbonic acid renders it 
peculiarly light and grateful both to the taste and to even a delicate 
stomach. The water has been analyzed with the following results 
by a chemist whose name is lost : 

COLD SULPHUB SPRINGS. 

Sulphated, Sulphureted, and Chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 2.90 

Magnesium sulphate 0.58 

Aluminium sulphate 2.46 

Sodium sulphate 0.65 



VIRGINIA. 483 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate . . . . . . . .1.85 

Magnesium carbonate 1.78 

Iron carbonate 1.22 

Sodium silicate 1.48 

Calcium chloride 0.42 

Lithium chloride Trace. 

Phosphates . ........" 

Organic matter 0.33 

Total 13.67 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Sulphureted hydrogen 253.00 

Carbonic acid . . . . , . . . . . 5.65 

This analysis shows a mild alkaline-chalybeate. If the figures 
are correct it contains an unusually large quantity of sulphureted 
hydrogen. The effects of the water are tonic and sedative. It is 
used with good effects in diseases of the stomach, bowels, liver, and 
kidneys. The resort is well provided with facilities for the accom- 
modation, comfort, and amusement of guests. 

COLEMANVILLE MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Cumberland County. 

Post-office, Lucyville. Hotel and cottages. This resort has 
recently come into notice. Under its enterprising management it 
gives promise of becoming a vigorous rival to some of the older 
Virginia spas. The location presents many pleasing features of 
climate and scenery, but its chief attraction is in the great number 
and variety of mineral springs in the neighborhood; these are 
eighty-seven in number. We present the following analysis of 
two of the best-known springs, made in 1894 by Wm. H. Taylor, 
State Chemist : 

SPRING NO. 7 (COLEMANVILLE MINERAL SPRINGS). 

Mild Alkaline-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium bicarbonate 7.93 

Magnesium bicarbonate 5.52 

Iron bicarbonate Trace. 

Lithium bicarbonate " 

Potassium sulphate 0.22 

Sodium chloride 1.87 

Potassium chloride 0.04 

Magnesium chloride 0.45 

Silica 3.38 

Total 19.41 



484 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 
SPRING NO. 19 (COLEMANVILLE MINERAL SPRINGS). 

Mild Alkaline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron bicarbonate 1.69 

Calcium bicarbonate 1.52 

Magnesium bicarbonate 1.15 

Sodium bicarbonate 1,24 

Lithium bicarbonate Trace. 

Potassium sulphate 0.13 

Sodium chloride ........ 0.15 

Potassium chloride 0.05 

Silica 2.45 

Total 8.38 

The water is used in general debility, gastrointestinal disorders, 
and derangements of the liver and kidneys. 

CROCKETT ARSENIC-LITHIA SPRINGS, 

Montgomery County. 

Post-office, Shawsville. Hotel. Access via Norfolk and West- 
ern R. R. to Shawsville, thence seven miles to springs by carriage. 

This resort is located in the Alleghany Mountains, three miles 
from the Alleghany Springs. The elevation is 2000 feet above the 
sea-level, and the atmosphere pure, bracing, and delightful. The 
hotel is a new and substantial structure of artistic design, with a 
veranda encircling the main building, and is fitted up with modern 
conveniences. Ample provision has been made for the entertain- 
ment of guests. There are bowling alleys, lawn tennis courts, and 
croquet grounds. Walks, drives, fishing, and hunting are also 
enjoyed, while many find pleasure in rambling through the woods 
to the famous Falls, where a bold and sparkling stream leaps 
for hundreds of feet from rocks and precipices, forming cascades 
and sprays of great beauty and splendor. The scenery about the 
resort is romantic and picturesque and affords ever- varying features 
to charm the visitor's eye. The waters of the Crockett Springs are 
close to thermal, having a temperature of 70° F. in the coldest 
winter months. The following analysis was made a few years since 
by Prof. Henry Froehling: 

CROCKETT ARSENIC-LITHIA SPRINGS. 

Light Sulphated-saline. Arsenical and Lithiated. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 




Solids. 


Grains. 


Magnesium carbonate 


. 1.18 


Calcium carbonate .... 


. 5.90 


Strontium carbonate 


. 0.09 


Barium carbonate .... 


. Trace. 


Lithium carbonate .... 


. 0.07 



VIRGINIA. 485 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Copper carbonate Trace. 

Lead carbonate ........" 

Zinc carbonate " 

Manganese carbonate " 

Magnesium sulphate 3.04 

Calcium sulphate 2.25 

Potassium sulphate 1.25 

Iron sulphate 0.04 

Sodium sulphate 1.86 

Sodium chloride 1.23 

Sodium bromide 0.01 

Sodium iodide Trace. 

Sodium arseniate 0.02 

Aluminium phosphate Trace. 

Aluminium silicate 0.12 

Ammonium nitrate Trace. 

Silicic acid 1.29 

Total 18.35 

Carbonic anhydride combined with mono-carbonates to 

form bicarbonate 3,23 

Total 21.58 

This water is more distinguished for the variety than for the 
quantity of its mineral ingredients, yet some of its constituents, 
though minute in quantity, undoubtedly impart to the water a well- 
marked therapeutical value. It is said that the well-marked physio- 
logical effects of arsenic, for example, may be readily produced by 
taking the water in large quantities. In practice the water has 
been shown to act as an eliminating agent, a nerve sedative, a nerve 
and blood tonic, and as an alterative. It has been found particu- 
larly valuable in the chronic types of skin disease, especially those 
characterized by scaly eruptions. In those varied conditions in 
which arsenic is useful the water meets the indications perhaps 
more promptly, with more permanent results, and with less consti- 
tutional and local irritation than the artificial preparations of arsenic. 
The hotel is amply supplied with bathing facilities at any tempera- 
ture, and good results have followed the conjoint use of the baths 
and the internal administration of the water. An office has been 
fitted up for the resident physician, by the management, with the 
latest and most improved electrical apparatus and other appliances 
for the treatment of chronic diseases. The water is used com- 
mercially. 

DAGGERS SPRINGS, 1 

Botetourt County. 

Post-office, Daggers. Hotel and cottages. Access via James 
River Branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio R. R. to Gala Water 
Station, thence three miles by private conveyance to springs. 

1 Or Dibrell's Springs. 



486 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

This pleasant resort is located in the foot-hills of the Blue Ridge 
Mountains in what is known as the game region of Virginia. Its 
advantages have been tersely set forth as follows : 

" Cool breezes, refreshing days, restful nights, no mosquitoes, 
shady lawn, trout fishing in mountain streams, bass fishing in James 
River, good hunting in its season, lawn tennis, croquet, etc. Fine 
mineral waters, sulphur, iron, and lithia, a cool lithia pool bath 
within easy reach, a hot lithia tub-bath at the hotel. A resident 
physician, daily mails, comfortable rooms, an old Virginia cook, 
an old Virginia reel, an old Virginia welcome, and a very moderate 
bill." 

We regret that no complete analyses have been made. The water 
of the sulphur spring is used in disorders of the liver, stomach, kid- 
neys, and skin, and in rheumatism and chronic constipation. The 
iron water is said to be useful as a tonic, and is efficacious in anaa- 
mia and chlorosis, general debility, and in convalescence from acute 
prostrating diseases. The lithia waters are used in cases of the 
uric-acid diathesis, renal and cystic calculus, gravel, etc. 

FARMVILLE LITHIA SPRINGS, 

Prince Edward County. 

Pos-office, Farmville. Boarding-houses. Access via Norfolk 
and Western R. R. to Farmville, thence one-half mile to springs. 

Farmville is a thriving town of 4000 inhabitants, located fifty- 
five miles east of Lynchburg and seventy-two miles south of Rich- 
mond. The railroad depot is within pleasant walking distance of 
the springs, but carriages are at hand for all those who prefer to 
ride. There are many features of interest in this historic region. 
The springs are beautifully situated about 550 feet above the sea- 
level. The surrounding country is very pleasing to the eye, and 
on every hand the visitor is met by names and locations of familiar 
memory. Not far from the springs are located the battle-fields of 
Chancellorsville, Appomattox, Rapidan, Five Forks, and others of 
lesser note. The climate here is bracing and delightful, the tem- 
perature ranging from 40° to 50° F. in winter and from 80° to 
90° F. in summer. The springs are eight or ten in number, and 
yield about 50 gallons of water per hour. The following analysis 
is by Prof. E. T. Fristoe, of the Columbian University, Washing- 
ton : 

FARMVILLE LITHIA SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 5.30 

Sodium sulphate 3.59 

Potassium sulphate 0.18 

Calcium sulphate 1.81 

Lithium bicarbouate . 3.76 



VIRGINIA. 487 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium bicarbonate 1.38 

Magnesium carbonate 2.71 

Ferrous carbonate 1.26 

Manganous carbonate Trace. 

Alumina 2.52 

Silica 3.92 

Iodine Trace. 

Sulphuric acid Trace. 

Organic matter Small quantity. 

Total • . , 26.38 

Carbonic acid gas, 74.20 cubic inches. 

It will be observed that this water contains a fair proportion of 
the bicarbonate of lithium. It is also abundantly charged with car- 
bonic acid gas, and contains sufficient sulphate of sodium to give it 
a mild laxative action. The water has come into wide use as a cor- 
rective of the uric-acid diathesis, and is sold in all parts of the 
country. Its best effects have been observed in gout, renal and 
vesical calculus, Bright' s disease, and dyspepsia. The iron in the 
water gives it also excellent properties as a ferruginous tonic. 

FAUQUIER WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Fauquier County. 

Post-office, Fauquier White Sulphur Springs. Hotel. Access : 
From Washington via Virginia Midland R. R. to Warrenton, fifty- 
six miles southward, thence a drive of six miles to springs. 

The visitor to this favored locality is pleasantly impressed during 
the forty-minutes' ride from the picturesque town of Warrenton to 
the springs. The drive is over a finely graded road through a 
country where the well-stocked farms and handsome residences are 
indicative of a high degree of thrift and refinement. The springs 
are charmingly situated among the foot-hills of the Blue Ridge at 
an elevation of 1000 feet above the sea-level. The surrounding 
grounds comprise an area of 400 acres in a high state of cultivation, 
and abounding in shaded walks and drives through hills and val- 
leys. Being sheltered on the west by wooded hills, the location 
admits of invalids enjoying the open air with safety almost daily 
throughout the year. The scenery is varied and imposing, and at 
once excites the enthusiasm of the artist. The clear waters of the 
Rappahannock River border the western boundary of the park and 
sweep along the base of the mountains, where the huntsman and 
the disciple of Izaak Walton will alike find an ample reward for 
his tramp among the hills or his patience by the water-side. The 
waters of these springs have been well-known for upward of seventy- 
five years. As early as 1834 a company was formed of well-known 
men from Maryland and Virginia, and two large hotels and a num- 
ber of cottages capable of accommodating 1000 persons were built. 



488 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

So attractive were the resort and its surroundings that the Legisla- 
ture of Virginia held a summer session there in 1849. At the begin- 
ning of the war the place was in the full blast of prosperity. In 
August, 1862, it was the scene of a fierce fight between the Federal 
and Confederate forces, and the two hotels were burned. In 1877 
a company was formed for the purpose of restoring the famous old 
resort to public uses. The present accommodations consist of an 
elaborate and commodious fire-proof hotel, fitted with all modern 
improvements. There is besides a number of cottages, capable of 
accommodating 500 guests, located in a magnificent grove of elms 
convenient to the main hotel. The following analysis of the spring 
water was made in 1878 by Prof. Thomas Antisell, of Washington, 
D. C: 

FAUQUIER WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium bicarbonate . 7.88 

Magnesium bicarbonate . . . . . . . 2.47 

Sodium chloride 3.75 

Calcium sulphate 3.39 

Iron phosphate, 1 « i 4 
Iron sulphate, } 

Sodium and potassium sulphate 1.63 

Calcium and magnesium phosphate .... 0.64 

Gaseous matter, etc 0.10 

Total 22.00 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 11.00 

Sulphureted hydrogen Small quantity. 

Temperature of water at springs, 55° F. 

The source of the mineral ingredients of the springs lies in the 
country rock, which is an aluminium slate, the beds of which lie 
nearly horizontal, or with a slight slope, and hold between their 
layers sandy, ferruginous seams, in which are embedded crystals of 
iron pyrites with some hydrated oxide of manganese. The water 
is properly classed as a sulphureted alkaline-chalybeate, possessing 
alterative, tonic, and diuretic properties. It has long been recom- 
mended in the various forms of dyspepsia, in intestinal disorders, 
and in liver complaints. Its diuretic properties are utilized in drop- 
sical affections due to renal and cardiac disease, as well as in the 
early stages of Bright' s disease. In the condition known as neu- 
rasthenia, produced by overwork, anxiety, or other causes, a course 
of this water has been found to be markedly advantageous. In 
certain female complaints, notably in menstrual disorders due to 
ansemia, its action is prompt and permanent. 



VIRGINIA. 489 

GLENOLA SPRINGS, 

(Formerly Wayland Springs.) 

Nottoway County. 

Post-office, Jennings Ordinary. No accommodations at present. 
These springs are located in a fine undulating stretch of country, 
half a mile from Jennings Ordinary, on the Southern Railroad, and 
six miles from Burke ville Junction on the Norfolk and Western 
R. R. The location is about 500 feet alove the sea-level, and the 
climatic conditions of a very desirable character. The average 
summer temperature range is 77° F., winter 38° F. The tempera- 
ture of the water is 48° F. There are several springs in the neigh- 
borhood, only one of which has been chemically examined. The 
following analysis was made by Prof. M. B. Hardin, of the Vir- 
ginia Military Institute : 

GLENOLA SPRINGS. 

Light Iodic-a/kaline-carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 0.55 

Lithium carbonate 0.01 

Magnesium carbonate 0.26 

Calcium carbonate 0.70 

Strontium carbonate 0.03 

Iron carbonate . 0.06 

Manganese carbonate Traces. 

Potassium sulphate 0.05 

Potassium chloride 0.09 

Sodium chloride 0,34 

Sodium iodide Traces. 

Sodium nitrate . 0.11 

Sodium phosphate 0.01 

Aluminium phosphate 0.04 

Ammonium nitrate Traces. 

Silica 1.92 

Aluminium silicate ........ 0.20 

Calcium fluoride (suspended) Traces. 

Titanium dioxide " 

Organic matter . " 

Carbonic acid in the bicarbonates 0.71 

Total 5.08 

Carbonic acid gas, 6.65 cubic inches. 

This water is distinguished by the presence in small but percep- 
tible quantities of the iodide of sodium. It may be ranked as 
an iodic-alkaline-carbonated water. The spring yields about 38 
gallons per hour the year round. Since its discovery, in 1883, it has 
been extensively used in cases of rheumatism, dyspepsia, and renal 
diseases. The location offers excellent advantages as a health resort, 
but at the present time it is languishing for the want of capital. 



490 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



(See Hot Springs.) 



HEALING SPRINGS, 

Bath County. 

*H0LST0N SPRINGS, 

Scott County. 



Post-office, Holston Springs. Hotel. These springs are located 
at the base of Clinch Mountain, on the banks of the Holston River, 
amid wild and beautiful scenery. The elevation above the sea is 
1800 feet. Analysis by Prof. Hay den: 

HOLSTON SPRINGS. 

Sulphated-saline-cakic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Calcium carbonate ..... 
Sodium chloride and ammonium chloride 
Sodium sulphate 
Magnesium sulphate 
Calcium sulphate 
Aluminium sulphate 
Aluminium phosphate 



Total . 
Temperature of water, 68.50 c 



Grains. 

6.40 

1.52 

Trace. 

12.72 

20.48 

Trace. 



41.12 



HOT SPRINGS, 

Bath County. 

Post-office, Hot Springs. Hotels and cottages. Access via Hot 
Springs Branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio R. R. Connection is 
made at Covington, Virginia. Through sleepers to Hot Springs 
are ran in the summer. The Virginia Hot Springs Company run 
a line of first-class stages to the Warm Springs, five miles north, 
and to the Healing Springs, three miles south of the terminus at 
Hot Springs, 

The valley containing the Hot, Warm, Sulphur, and Healing 
springs of Virginia is located in the heart of the Appalachian 
Mountains, in the first of several lofty ranges that lie east of and 
parallel with the main Alleghany divide. Some two miles in width, 
the valley extends for more than a dozen miles between towering 
mountains, from the crests of which, 4000 feet above the sea, vil- 
lages and farm-houses with intervening stretches of country, over 
1500 feet below, are spread out to the view of the observer as a 
beautiful panorama. The scenery of the valley is richly colored, 
bold, and picturesque — a vision of beauty from end to end. The 
visitor can drive for miles over new boulevards and carefully con- 
structed roads, through a region everywhere attractive and affording 
a succession of constantly changing landscapes. The view from 



VIRGINIA. 491 

Flag Rock, on the eastern mountain summit, is one of the grandest 
in the world. Limited only by the horizon, the eye sweeps in every 
direction over a sea of mountain ranges. Far off in the dim dis- 
tance are well-known peaks; among them, forty miles away, is 
Elliott's Knob, the highest point in Virginia, and in other direc- 
tions are House Mountain, near Lexington, Va., and the celebrated 
twin Peaks of Otter. The view from the western crest is also grand 
and impressive. The streams formed by the various springs in the 
valley have pierced the western range and divided it into a series of 
five tall, distinct mountains, narrowly separated from each other by 
chasms and gorges. Meandering roads and romantic bridle-paths 
and footways, bordered with ferns and mosses, penetrate these 
rugged and secluded passes, and reward the visitor with views of a 
never-ending variety of cascades and chasms, and enormous bowl- 
ders and rocks strewn in inextricable confusion by the tremendous 
power of the tumbling waters. Among the points in the vicinity 
well worthy of a visit are the Falling Springs, ten miles from Hot 
Springs and seven miles from Healing Springs, the cascades of 
Healing Springs, and Dunn's Gap. Forests and meadows, cliffs 
and caverns, cascades and brooks, rugged mountains and pleasing 
pastures, a beautiful flora, abundant game of great variety, and 
rivers and rivulets stocked with the finest fish, are all at hand to 
gratify the whims and caprices of the pleasure-seeker. 

The altitude of the valley (2300 feet) and its protection by the 
surrounding mountains from wind-storms and sudden changes com- 
bine to produce a temperature safe in winter and delightful all the 
rest of the year. The air is clear and dry, mists and fogs being 
rarely seen. The highest summer temperature observed during a 
series of recent observations was 87° F., the monthly mean for 
June, July, and August being 68.5° F. 

The Hot Springs. These waters have been resorted to for three' 
generations of white men. Physicians of wide reputation and 
abundant experience have pronounced them equal to the most effec- 
tive similar waters of the European spas. The drinking-waters are 
also of great variety, and beside the hot springs there are magnesia, 
sulphur, soda, and alum springs, each of which is widely recom- 
mended for medicinal purposes. The bath-house at Hot Springs is 
a substantial four-story structure of stone and brick, built in the 
Colonial style of architecture at a cost of over $100,000. It is 
fitted up in a sumptuous manner with all the requisites of a modern 
institution of this kind. All varieties of baths will be found here. 
The old bath-house has been converted into two large swim- 
ming pools, one each for gentlemen and ladies The hotels at Hot 
Springs are the " Homestead," a charming house of the true old 
Colonial style, which has been entirely remodelled and modernized, 
and the "Virginia," a new hotel built in the latest fashion, and 
supplied with every comfort and convenience. This hotel is kept 
open all the year. Ten new cottages cluster close by, each with a 



492 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

broad porch and veranda. This hotel is connected with the pas- 
senger station, but so arranged that no noise or annoyance is caused 
by railroad trains. The waters of the Hot Springs have been anal- 
yzed by several well-known chemists. The Spout, Boiler, and Sul- 
phur Springs were examined by Prof. Clarke, of the Smithsonian 
Institution in 1884, and the last two, together with the Soda and 
Magnesia Springs, have recently been analyzed by Messrs. Dickore 
and Morgan, of Cincinnati, Ohio. The several results in the 
examinations of the same waters have been practically identical. 
Following are specimen analyses : 

BOILER (BATH) SPRING. 

Alkaline-saline-calcic. Thermal. 

(Analysis by Dickore and Morgan.) 
One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium sulphate 8.48 

Magnesium carbonate 3.02 

Calcium sulphate . . 1.89 

Calcium carbonate 23.08 

Sodium sulphate 3.68 

Potassium sulphate 0.69 

Potassium chloride . . . . . . . 0.54 

Silica 1.95 

Total 43.33 

Temperature, 108° F. 

SODA (DRINKING) SPRING. 

Alkaline-calcic. Sulphated-saline. 

(Analysis by Dickore and Morgan.) 
One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium sulphate 5.90 

Magnesium carbonate 2.61 

Calcium sulphate 3.22 

Calcium carbonate 17.55 

Sodium sulphate 2.02 

Potassium sulphate 0.88 

Potassium chloride 0.2 L 

Silica 0.49 

Total 32.88 

Temperature, 74° F. 

SPOUT BATH SPRING. 

Alkaline-calcic. Thermal. 

(Analysis by Prof. Clarke.) 
One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Silica 1.37 

Alumina . 0.15 

Potassium chloride 0.54 

Potassium sulphate 1.09 



VIRGINIA. 493 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium sulphate 1.64 

Calcium sulphate 8.32 

Magnesium carbonate 7.02 

Calcium carbonate 13.96 

Total 34,09 

Temperature, 106° F. 

These waters resemble considerably in chemical composition those 
of the Hot Springs of Arkansas. They also resemble those of Aix- 
les-Bains in France, the French spring having a somewhat higher 
temperature. Both for internal use and for bathing the waters of 
the Virgina Hot Springs have gained a wide celebrity in the treat- 
ment of many of the ills to which human flesh is heir. The baths 
here are especially to be commended. The excellent thermal waters 
with the elegant and elaborate methods of using them may be 
expected to render all the service in diseased states which can be 
accomplished by this means. It is especially desired that all those 
who visit the springs with the intention of using the baths consult 
a resident physician in regard to the use of the waters. 

The Mealing Springs Hotel is three miles from the railway sta- 
tion at Hot Springs, from whence it is reached by a comfortable 
line of stages. There is a telephone connection with the depot and 
with the hotels at Hot and Warm Springs. No place in the Vir- 
ginia Mountains is more pleasant or picturesque. The quiet, peace- 
ful grandeur of the surroundings has a powerful effect upon the 
imagination, and is a potent factor in aiding the recovery of those 
afflicted with nervous troubles. The air is pure, dry, and bracing, 
the temperature being uniform and delightful throughout the season. 
The rooms in the hotel and cottages are large and cheerful; they are 
kept scrupulously clean, and the management throughout is charm- 
ingly homelike and in harmony with the surroundings. The sup- 
ply of water is abundant, being derived from four springs of essen- 
tially the same character, and is beautifully bright and crystalline. 
Its temperature is uniformly 85° to 88° F. The bathing accom- 
modations have been greatly extended and otherwise improved by 
the erection of a new bath-house, the addition of several apartments 
to those already built. The waters of the springs, as will be seen 
by the analyses, are almost identical with those of Schlangenbad 
and Ems in Germany. These were made by Prof. Wm. E. Aiken, 
of the University of Maryland : 

OLD SPRING. 

Sulphated-saline. Calcic. 

One U. S gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 17.90 

Magnesium carbonate 1.24 

Iron carbonate 0.07 

Calcium sulphate 1.32 



494 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium sulphate 7.25 

Potassium sulphate 2.21 

Iron sulphate . . . 0.18 

Ammonium sulphate 0.23 

Sodium chloride 0.27 

Potassium carbonate 0.24 

Silicic acid 1.89 

Organic acid (crenic ?) 0.86 

Carbonic acid 2.20 

Sulphureted hydrogen Trace. 

Bromine " 

Iodine ....." 

Total 35.86 

NEW SPRING. 

Sulphated- saline. Calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate . . . 18.72 

Magnesium carbonate 1.96 

Iron carbonate .0.28 

Calcium sulphate 1.26 

Magnesium sulphate . 7.39 

Potassium sulphate 2.53 

Iron sulphate 0.10 

Ammonium sulphate 0.23 

Potassium chloride 0.25 

Sodium chloride 0.29 

Silicic acid 1.82 

Organic acid (probably crenic) 0.88 

Carbonic acid 2.29 

Sulphureted hydrogen Trace. 

Bromine " 

Iodine " 

Total 38.00 

The bubbles of gas* that arise from the springs contain in 100 
parts : nitrogen gas, 97.25; carbonic acid gas, 2.75. 

These waters have proved valuable in a considerable range of dis- 
eases; they are diuretic, somewhat laxative and tonic in their effects 
upon the system. The best results have been observed in chronic 
congestions of the liver, irritability of the bladder from cystitis, 
enlarged prostate, etc., the early stages of Bright 7 s disease, and in 
debilitated states generally. 

The Warm Springs are located five miles north of the railroad 
terminus at Hot Springs. The court-house and county buildings 
are located here. The springs are picturesquely located in a grand 
old grove and lawn in the centre of a tract of about 1800 acres, 
which in width includes the crests of the mountains on either side 
of the valley. The remarks concerning the scenery, atmospheric 
conditions, etc., in the description of the Hot Springs apply with 



VIRGINIA. 495 

equal force to the Warm Springs. An excellent hotel, built in the 
Colonial style, charmingly situated and well kept, will be found. 
There are also a number of comfortable cottages. For three gen- 
erations these springs have been visited by people from all over the 
United States, with not a few from foreign countries, and even when 
it involved a long and tiresome journey in primitive stage-coaches 
they were a favorite resort of the wealth and fashion of Virginia 
and the South. The ball-room connected with the hotel is one of 
the finest in the State and has been the scene of many festive occa- 
sions. The grand boulevard recently completed between the Hot 
and the Warm Springs is a magnificent driveway, and passengers 
will be transported from the Hot Springs Station in comfortable 
carriages in the brief space of forty minutes after a most enjoyable 
ride. The gentlemen's bath is an octagon forty feet in diameter, 
and holds 43,000 gallons of water. The ladies' bath is circular in 
shape, with a capacity of 60,000 gallons. These pools are supplied 
from separate springs discharging upward of 60,000 gallons of water 
per hour, at a temperature of 96° F., which, charged with myriads 
of bubbles of sulphureted hydrogen gas, rises naturally from the 
bottom of the pools, affording a delightful and luxurious bath. 
There are also private baths of various kinds, and ample provision 
for the comfort and convenience of bathers. An old analysis of 
one of the springs, made by Prof. A. A. Hayes, shows the follow- 
ing solid constituents : 

WARM SPRINGS, VIRGINIA. 

Calcic- sulphureted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grams. 

Calcium carbonate 5.22 

Calcium sulphate 14.53 

Potassium sulphate . . 1.38 

Ammonium sulphate 0.36 

Sodium silicate, | -. 72 
Magnesium silicate, J 

Iron crenate 2.;"0 

Carbonic acid 6.92 

Total 32.63 

Gases: Sulphureted hydrogen, carbonic acid, and nitrogen. 

The water is limpid, has a styptic taste, and the odor of sulphu- 
reted hydrogen. The action of the water is sedative, as a rule. 
Immersion in the bath gives rise to a sense of voluptuous repose; 
and as the hand passes over the body the surface presents a velvet 
smoothness, as though anointed with some delicate ointment. This 
unctuous quality has also been observed in the baths of Molitg in 
France, and in those of Wildbad near Stuttgart. It has been vari- 
ously ascribed by European writers to the presence of silicates, to 
the monosulphuret of sodium, and to an organic matter, the last 
being the most probable cause. These waters are applicable in 



496 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

chronic and subacute rheumatism, gout, neuralgia, congestive amen- 
orrhea, and dysmenorrhea, and in nephritic and calculous disorders, 
by their soothing effects. The spout bath, arranged with an ascend- 
ing douche, is especially useful in the type of dysmenorrhoea named. 
The baths are also beneficial in the squamous skin affections. 

HUBBARD SPRINGS, 

Lee County. 

Post-office, Jonesville. Access via Louisville and Nashville R. 
R. to Hubbard's Springs Station, thence a walk of two hundred 
yards to springs. 

These springs are located seven miles from Jonesville in South- 
west Virginia. The surrounding country is rugged and broken in 
character, the springs being in a charming valley at the foot of the 
Cumberland Mountains. The elevation is about 1450 feet above 
the sea-level. There are four springs located in a space of thirty 
feet square, and known respectively as the " White Sulphur/' the 
" Black Sulphur," the " Chalybeate," and the " Freestone." An 
analysis has been made, but the results are not known at this time. 
The waters are stated to be much valued in rheumatism and in dis- 
orders of the liver, kidneys, and gastro-intestinal mucous membrane. 
No special accommodations are made for visitors, but board and 
lodging may be obtained in the neighborhood. 

HUNTER'S PULASKI ALUM SPRINGS, 

Pulaski County. 

Post-office, Sassin. Hotel. These springs are located eight and 
one-half miles north of Pulaski City, from which point they are 
reached by carriages and stages. The location is very pleasant and 
picturesque, being about 2000 feet above the sea-level, and sur- 
rounded by beautiful mountain scenery. The average summer tem- 
perature at Pulaski Springs is 71.6° F., and malarial disorders are 
said to be unknown. Immediately surrounding the springs are 
shady lawns and charming walks and drives, which with the pure 
air and romantic landscapes, render the place very attractive during 
the summer months. Excellent fishing and hunting may be had 
in the vicinity. The springs are two in number. They have been 
analyzed by Dr. Win. H. Taylor, State Assayer and Chemist, with 
the following results : 

PULASKI ALUM SPRINGS. 

A luminous. Chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 0.31 

Sodium sulphate 0.32 

Lithium sulphate Trace. 

Calcium sulphate 0.99 



VIRGINIA. 497 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium sulphate 1.26 

Aluminium sulphate 16.40 

Iron sulphate . 1.99 

Manganese sulphate Trace. 

Sodium chloride 0.11 

• Silica 3.87 

Free sulphuric acid 0.63 

Total 25.88 

The chemist states that his analysis was not complete, and that 
further tests would show the presence of additional mineral ingre- 
dients. The water is recommended in dyspepsia, diarrhoea, and 
dysentery, and locally in catarrhal states of the mucous membranes. 
It is used commercially. 

IRON LITHIA SPRINGS, 

Tazewell County. 

Post-office, Tazewell. Hotel. Access via Clinch Valley Division 
of the Norfolk and Western R. R. to Tip Top Station, thence by 
private conveyance two miles to springs. 

These springs are charmingly located in the Alleghany Moun- 
tains at an elevation of 2700 feet above the sea-level. They were 
but recently discovered, but have already become well known. A 
hotel has been erected capable of accommodating fifty guests. The 
many advantages of climate, mineral springs, scenery, etc., which 
are found here will doubtless bring the place into prominence in the 
near future. The springs are five in number and discharge about 
1000 gallons of water per day. An analysis by Dr. Henry Froehl- 
ing, of Richmond, in 1890, shows the following ingredients : 

IRON LITHIA SPRINGS. 

Sulphated-saline. Aluminous and Chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium sulphate 4.71 

Calcium sulphate 1.71 

Barium sulphate 0.09 

Strontium sulphate Trace. 

Iron sulphate 5.08 

Manganese sulphate 0.36 

Aluminium sulphate 8.05 

Potassium sulphate 0.51 

Sodium sulphate 0.25 

Lithium chloride 0.18 

Sodium 0.39 

Sodium iodide Trace. 

Aluminium phosphate 0.11 

Sulphuric acid (free) 0.51 

Silicic acid 1.60 

Total 23.55 

Carbonic acid gas, 5.20 cubic inches. 

32 



498 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

This water is distinguished by the not inconsiderable quantity of 
manganese which it contains. This remedy has been found valuable 
in certain female complaints, especially in functional amenorrhoea. 
In addition it contains a very large proportion of iron and alum, 
and a considerable amount of sulphate of magnesia. Taken alto- 
gether, it may be pronounced a very valuable mineral water, and 
will be found useful in a large class of cases requiring a local 
astringent, a general ferruginous tonic, or a uterine detergent. 

JORDAN'S WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Frederick County. 

Post-office, Jordan's Springs. New hotel. Access via Harper's 
Ferry and Staunton Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio R. B. to 
Stephenson's Depot, thence by stage two miles to springs. 

This well-known summer resort is located in the northeastern 
part of the beautiful Shenandoah Valley, six and one-half miles 
from the city of Winchester. The elevation here is 1200 feet 
above the sea-level. Charming scenery and delightful climatic 
conditions will be found. The hotel, just completed, is thoroughly 
modern and sanitary in all its appointments. A new bath-house 
affords all conveniences for bathing. The springs supply an abun- 
dance of water, having an unvarying temperature of 57° F. the year 
round. Like other sulphur waters, it is at first unpleasant to the 
taste, but a tolerance and even a liking for the water is quickly 
acquired. The following analysis was made in 1871 by Thomas 
Antisell, Chemist of the United States Department of Agriculture : 

Jordan's white sulphur springs. 
Alkaline-sulphiireted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 5.13 

Potassium sulphate 2.09 

Sodium chloride 0.76 

Potassium carbonate 9.71 

Magnesium carbonate 2.88 

Iron carbonate Trace. 

Manganese carbonate 0.01 

Hydro-sulphuric acid 0.79 

Silicic acid . 0.25 

Alumina . 0.01 

Total . . . 21.63 

This water has been in use for many years. Its most marked 
properties are diuretic, aperient, and tonic. It is also believed to 
possess an alterative as well as a diaphoretic influence. The chief 
application of the water has been in cases of chronic diseases result- 



VIRGINIA. 499 

ing from derangement of the liver, kidneys, stomach, and blood, 
and glandular system. It is said to be very beneficial in obstinate 
cases of gout and rheumatism. The water is sold by the barrel, 
half-barrel, demijohn, or bottle. 

MASSANETTA SPRINGS, 

Rockingham County. 

Post-office, Harrisburg. Hotel and cottages. Access via Balti- 
more and Ohio R. R. to Harrisburg, thence a drive of four and 
one-half miles southeast to springs. 

This resort is located in the Shenandoah Valley, near the Massa- 
nutten Mountain, at an elevation of 1350 feet above the sea-level. 
The waters of the springs have been in use for upward of fifty 
years, and are still extensively resorted to in the treatment of a 
variety of affections. They have been analyzed by Prof. Mallet, 
of the University of Virginia, with the following results : 

MASSANETTA SPRINGS. 

Alkaline- chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 12.10 

Magnesium carbonate 5.78 

Iron carbonate . . 3.12 

Manganese carbonate 0.43 

Sodium carbonate 0.93 

Lithium carbonate Trace. 

Ammonium chloride " 

Potassium chloride 0.13 

Potassium sulphate 0.09 

Calcium sulphate 0.35 

Alumina 0.13 

Arsenious oxide (in salt) Trace. 

Phosphoric acid . " 

Silica 0.94 

Organic matter 0.40 

Total 24.40 

Carbonic acid united to carbonates as above to 

form acid salts 8.80 

Temperature of water, 55.7° F. 

These waters are said to be valuable in the treatment of chronic 
malarial poisoning, and the managers present numerous testimonials 
from physicians and others attesting their virtues. It is reasonable 
to believe, however, that the good effects observed have been in a 
large measure due to the excellent climatic and sanitary conditions 
about the springs. The water is an excellent chalybeate tonic, and 
also has diuretic properties. It is used commercially. 



500 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

MILLBORO SPRINGS, 

Bath County. 

Post-office, Millboro. Hotel and sanitarium. Access via Chesa- 
peake and Ohio K. E. to Millboro Depot, thence by carriage two 
miles to springs. 

The hotel is situated on a gently sloping eminence about 2000 
feet above the level of the sea. The situation commands a fine 
vista of green fields, fertile valleys, lofty forest-capped hills, and 
in the distance the towering peaks of the Alleghanies. The climate 
here is of the usual dry, bracing character of the Virginia mountain 
region. The hotel is a comfortable, well-kept establishment, having 
a capacity of 100 guests. Lawn tennis, croquet, bowling, riding 
and driving, and bat shooting are among the amusements offered. 
The Wallawhatoola River, half a mile distant, furnishes excellent 
bass fishing. There are several mineral springs here, the most 
important being the Sulphur and the Alkaline Springs. The fol- 
lowing analysis of the former was made in 1891 by G. B. M. Zerr, 
chemist, of Staunton, Va. : 

SULPHUR SPRING (MILLBORO SPRINGS). 

Light Alkaline-sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium hydro-sulphate 3.34 

Calcium sulphate 1.55 

Potassium sulphate 0.11 

Sodium bicarbonate ........ 4.27 

Magnesium bicarbonate 1.65 

Calcium bicarbonate 0.54 

Iron bicarbonate Trace. 

Alumina 0.26 

Sodium silicate 0.89 

Sodium chloride 0.47 

Aluminium phosphate Trace. 

Organic matter 0.35 

Total 13.43 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Sulphureted hydrogen 1.08 

Carbonic acid 6 94 

This is an excellent water of the alkaline-sulpho-carbonated vari- 
ety. It possesses antacid, tonic, and mild diuretic properties, and 
will be found useful in the class of cases to which such waters are 
applicable. The Alkaline Spring was analyzed by Dr. Zerr in 1895. 
It is somewhat milder than the Sulphur Spring, but is also a very 
useful water in acid dyspepsia, enfeebled states of the diges- 
tion, etc. 



VIRGINIA. 501 

MONTGOMERY WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Montgomery County. 

Post-office, Montgomery Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access 
via Norfolk and Western R. R. to Big Tunnel Station, thence by 
a narrow-gauge branch railroad direct to the reception house on the 
springs lawn. 

This attractive summer resort is located in the Alleghany Moun- 
tains, at a level of over 2000 feet above tide-water. It is sur- 
rounded by the pleasing features which render the old Virginia 
mountain resorts famous. The high elevation, cool and invigorat- 
ing atmosphere, delightful scenery, romantic walks, and picturesque 
drives, together with an excellent and well-kept hotel, serve to make 
the Montgomery Springs a very desirable point both to the tourist 
in search of recreation or diversion and to the invalid who seeks 
to restore his health. Among the objects of interest in the neigh- 
borhood may be mentioned the Dudley Cascade, having a fall of 
ninety feet over a rugged cliff of solid rock. The falls are two and 
one-half miles from the springs and are reached by a lovely drive 
over well-graded roads along the banks of the Roanoke River. 
Twenty-one miles distant is the celebrated Mountain Lake, the 
next highest point in Virginia, having an elevation of more than 
4800 feet. The waters of the springs issue from three bold sulphur 
fountains, a chalybeate, and freestone spring. They are gathered 
in handsome marble reservoirs surrounded by tasteful pavilions. 
Suitable arrangements for warm and cold sulphur baths are pro- 
vided. A complete analysis of the water is wanting, but we have 
secured the following facts regarding their medicinal uses. The 
White Sulphur water contains sulphates and chlorides, the prin- 
cipal ingredients being the sulphates of sodium, calcium, magne- 
sium, and manganese, with a considerable proportion of sulphureted 
hydrogen gas. It is used with much beuefit in disorders of the 
liver and skin. It acts also upon the system as a mild laxative, a 
diuretic, and a diaphoretic. The water tends to relieve portal con- 
gestion and diminishes abdominal plethora. It is recommended by 
physicians in malarial affections of the spleen and liver, in rheuma- 
tism and gout, in incipient tuberculosis, and in chronic metallic 
poisoning. The chalybeate water contains a large percentage of car- 
bonate of iron, and also the carbonates of magnesia, lime, lithia, man- 
ganese, and a number of sulphates. It is used with much advantage 
in chlorosis, araenorrhoea, albuminuria, dyspepsia and chronic diar- 
rhoea, and other disorders. The average temperature of the water is 
about 50° F. 

NYE LITHIA SPRINGS, 

Wythe County. 

Post-office, Wytheville. Hotels and boarding-houses. Access 
via Norfolk and Western R. R. to Wytheville, thence two miles 
over macadamized carriage-roads to springs. 



502 MINERAL SPEINOS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

These springs are located in the southwestern part of Virginia, 
in a charming picturesque locality, one-quarter of a mile from the 
corporate limits of Wytheville. The elevation of 2360 feet above 
the sea-level gives assurance of a cool and delightful summer 
temperature. The country about Wytheville has long been cele- 
brated in the South as a summer health resort, and the yearly visi- 
tors come from far and near. The average yearly temperature of 
Wytheville is 53° F. The seasonal temperatures are as follows : 
Spring, 52°; summer, 70.6°; autumn, 53°, and winter, 32.3° F. 
The highest summer temperature observed during the past three 
years has been 88° F. in the shade. The region is quite free from 
malarial and miasmatic influences. The springs are surrounded by 
a tract of eighteen acres of the primeval oak forest, which f urnislies 
a delightful shade in the summer. The accommodations for visi- 
tors are as yet somewhat limited, but a commodious hotel is in con- 
templation for the near future. Two good hotels and numerous 
excellent boarding-houses will be found in Wytheville. The springs 
are three in number, two lithia and one chalybeate. The summer 
temperature of the water of the two lithia springs is respectively 
53° and 54° F., and the chalybeate 56° F. The following analysis 
of two of the springs is furnished by Dr. George L. Nye, the resi- 
dent physician : 

NYE LITHIA SPRING, NO. 1. 

Alkaline-lithic. 

(W. L. Dudley, Vanderbilt University, Analyst.) 
One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate ........ 10.63 

Lithium carbonate 6.41 

Iron and alumina oxide 0.31 

Silicic acid 1.19 

Total 18.54 

NYE CHALYBEATE SPRING. 

Alkaline-chalybeate. Lithic-calcic. 

(J. L. Jarman, of Emory and Henry College, Analyst.) 
One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium carbonate 0.01 

Sodium carbonate 0.81 

Lithium carbonate 1.89 

Calcium carbonate 11.60 

Magnesium carbonate 2.35 

Iron and alumina oxide 1.33 

Silicic acid 0.66 

Total 18.65 

Rating the lithium in these analyses as the bicarbonate it would 
amount respectively to 11.77 and 3.48 grs. per gallon. 



VIRGINIA. 503 

The waters have long been highly prized in the treatment of a 
variety of disorders. Dr. Nye presents numerous reports of cases 
from competent physicians illustrating their beneficial influence in 
diabetes and other urinary disorders. The action of the water in 
cases of dyspepsia and intestinal affections is also very advantageous. 
The chalybeate water is much resorted to in the treatment of men- 
strual and uterine disorders consequent upon anreinia. 

POWHATAN LITHIA AND ALUM SPRINGS, 
P^jthatan County. 

Post-office, Tobacco ville. Access : From Richmond via Farm- 
ville and Powhatan R. R. to Tobaccoville Station, forty-eight miles 
west, thence three-quarters of a mile by private conveyance to 
springs. 

These springs are two in number, one known as the Lithia, the 
other as the Alum Spring. They yield about 500 gallons of water 
per day. A quantitative analysis of the lithia water by Dr. W. 
H. Taylor, State Chemist at Richmond, showed the presence of 
lime, magnesia, soda, lithia, potash, iron, silica, sulphuric acid, car- 
bonic acid, and chlorine. The alum water was analyzed at the 
Smithsonian Institution and found to contain about the same ingre- 
dients, except that the lithia was replaced by alum. The water is 
sold to some extent, but the property has never been much devel- 
oped and no hotel accommodations have been provided. 

RAWLEY SPRINGS, 
Rockingham County. 

Post-office, Rawley Springs. Hotel. Access via Baltimore and 
Ohio R. R. to Harrisonburg, thence a two-hours' drive over a mac- 
adamized turnpike to springs. 

This is one of the famous old Virginia mountain resorts, and it 
unites many of the best features of a summer resting-place. The 
elevation is 2000 feet above the sea-level, and the climate peculiarly 
dry and equable. The surrounding scenery is wild and rugged, but 
at the same time picturesquely attractive. The hotel at the springs 
is a comfortable and handsomely furnished building containing 77 
rooms, with a dining-room capacity of 150 guests. It is well sup- 
plied with modern comforts and conveniences and facilities for 
amusement. An excellent band of music is in attendance during 
the regular season. The springs here are three in number. The 
water of each fountain seems to possess the same general charac- 
teristics. It is without odor and possesses a strongly marked chaly- 
beate taste. It exhibits a faintly acid odor from the presence of 
carbonic acid. This disappears as the paper dries. The water is 
perfectly clear and transparent as it flows from the earth, but on 



504 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

exposure to the air it soon begins to deposit a rust-colored precipi- 
tate of the oxide of iron. The temperature of the main spring is 
about 51° F. Analysis by Prof. J. W. Mallet resulted as follows : 

KAWLEY SPRINGS. 

Light Carbonated- chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron protoxide 1.09 

Manganese protoxide ....:.. 0.01 

Alumina 0.04 

Magnesia 0.03 

Lime 0.29 

Lithia Trace. 

Soda 0.25 

Potash 0.05 

Ammonia Trace. 

Sulphuric acid 0.04 

Chlorine 0.02 

Silicic acid 0.06 

Carbonic acid (combined) 1.26 

Organic matter 0.03 

Total 3.17 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 6.03 

Oxygen 1.72 

Nitrogen 3.43 

The combinations have not been worked out in this analysis, but 
it will readily be seen that iron is the chief ingredient. The quali- 
ties of the water are improved by the presence of carbonic acid. 
It is a very useful light carbonated chalybeate water, and has an 
extensive sale even at distant points. 

ROANOKE RED SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Roanoke County. 

Post-office, Roanoke Red Sulphur Springs. Hotel and cottages. 
Access via Norfolk and Western R. R. to Salem, thence nine miles 
north to springs. 

This resort is located nnder the shadow of the outlying ranges of 
the Alleghanies, twelve miles from Roanoke City. The manifold 
attractions of the Virginia mountain region find here a faithful 
exemplification. The high and dry location, the pure, fresh air, 
and the unsurpassable mountain scenery unite to form a most 
delightful summer health resort. In the hotel will be found all the 
comforts and attractions which go to render a stay at a watering- 
place enjoyable. A band of music is maintained from May to 
October. Fine trout fishing and excellent hunting ranges will be 



VIRGINIA. 505 

found in the neighborhood. Among the numerous points of interest 
within a short distance of the springs are the famous Murder Hole, 
McAfee's Knob, and the celebrated Flowing Spring. This spring 
flows twice each day for about an hour each time, and then dries up 
as suddenly as it commences. These alternating outflowing and 
remissions were once supposed to correspond to the rise and fall of 
the tides, but as the location was found to be 2000 feet above the 
sea-level, this theory was speedily abandoned. The spring is now 
held to form a kind of siphon-like outlet to a large body of water 
accumulating in a subterranean reservoir under the near-by moun- 
tain. [It is probably a variety of geyser, the phenomena of which 
have been explained in a preceding chapter ] 

The Roanoke Red Sulphur waters have been examined by Prof. 
M. B. Hardin with results as follows : 

ROANOKE RED SULPHUR SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-carbonated. Sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 6.54 

Magnesium carbonate 5.83 

Lithium carbonate 0.02 

Manganese carbonate 0.02 

Iron carbonate 0.06 

Copper carbonate Trace. 

Sodium chloride 0.24 

Ammonium chloride 0.02 

Calcium chloride 0.03 

Lead sulphite Trace. 

Barium sulphate " 

Strontium sulphate . .1.71 

Calcium sulphate 2.19 

Sodium sulphate 3.04 

Potassium sulphate , . 0.33 

Sodium hyposulphite . 0.03 

Ammonium nitrate 0.05 

Alumina Trace. 

Silica 0.83 

Organic matter 0.76 

Arsenic Trace. 

Total 21.70 

Carbonic anhydride combined with mono-carbonates to 

form bicarbonates . 5.96 

Total 27.66 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 12.40 

Sulphureted hydrogen 2.44 

These waters are useful in those classes of cases requiring a fairly 
concentrated sulphur water. They possess alterative, diuretic, and 
tonic properties. It will be observed that they contain an unusually 



506 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

large proportion of strontium, an element whose therapeutic prop- 
erties are not as yet fully understood (vide Strontium in the chapter 
on Mineral Ingredients). The following analysis of the chalybeate 
spring at this resort was made by Dr. H. Froehling : 

CHALYBEATE SPRING (EOANOKE RED SULPHUR SPRINGS). 

Alkaline-chalybeate. Carbonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate . . . . . . . . 0.45 

Magnesium carbonate 0.95 

Iron carbonate (of protoxide) 2.09 

Manganese carbonate ....... 0.09 

Sodium carbonate . 0.44 

Ammonium carbonate Traces. 

Sodium chloride 0.27 

Potassium sulphate 0.20 

Sodium sulphate 0.08 

Aluminium sulphate 0.05 

Aluminium phosphate . 0.02 

Silica 0.50 

Organic matter 0.06 

Total 5.20 

Carbonic acid to form bicarbonates .... 2.00 

Total 7.20 

Free carbonic acid gas, 12.30 cubic inches. 

This water is very useful in anaemia and debilitated states of the 
system. The Roanoke Sulphur Springs are much resorted to in the 
treatment of chronic bronchial, pulmonary, and throat affections. 
The waters of the spring, combined with the wholesome atmospheric 
conditions of the neighborhood, are believed to be almost a specific 
for hay-fever. The proprietor offers numerous letters from respon- 
sible medical men illustrating the curative value of a sojourn here 
in this and other bronchial and pulmonary troubles when not too far 
advanced. 

*ROCKBRIDGE ALUM SPRINGS, 

Rockbridge County. 

Post-office, Rockbridge Alum Springs. Hotel and cottages. 
Access via Chesapeake and Ohio R. R. to Goshen, thence by stage 
to springs. 

These springs are located in a glen-like nook formed by the spurs 
of the North and Mill Mountains, and break forth from a mass of 
slate rock at the base of the ridge. This slate contains large quan- 
tities of alumina and the salts of iron, and the springs are formed 
by the percolation of water through this mass. Four different 
reservoirs have been formed, numbered respectively No. 1, No. 2, 
No. 3, and No. 4. The immediate surroundings of this resort are 
very attractive. The hotel and cottages encircle a lawn embowered 



VIRGINIA. 507 

with trees, and sociability and amusement add their charms. The 
numerous springs here are characterized by the presence of alum in 
large quantities, iron, and sulphuric acid. They vary somewhat in 
their analyses, the proportion of alum ranging from 6.88 grammes 
per gallon in Spring No. 6, to 81.05 grammes in Spring No. 7. 
Different chemists have also arrived at different results in analyses 
of the same spring. We present the following analysis by Prof. 
M. B. Hardin of Spring No. 2, which is fairly representative of the 
group : 

SPRING NO. 2 (ROCKBRIDGE ALUM SPRINGS). 

Acid-chalybeate. Aluminous. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium sulphate 0.03 

Calcium sulphate . 3.23 

Lithium sulphate 0.02 

Magnesium sulphate 5.61 

Potassium sulphate 0.41 

Aluminium sulphate 42.61 

Manganesium sulphate 0.09 

Iron persulphate 1.95 

Nickel sulphate . 0.14 

Cobalt sulphate 0.02 

Zinc sulphate 0.39 

Lead sulphate Trace. 

Ammonium nitrate ..." 

Calcium phosphate 0.17 

Sodium chloride 0.11 

Calcium fluoride Trace. 

Antimony " 

Copper 0.04 

Arsenic Trace. 

Silica 3.70 

Sulphuric acid . 3.83 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total 62.35 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Oxygen 1.49 

Nitrogen 3.98 

Carbonic acid 10.89 

These have long been regarded as among the best alum waters 
known. They are clear and odorless, but possess a strongly astrin- 
gent and styptic taste. Their temperature ranges from 50° to 56° F. 
They are of undoubted efficacy in cases requiring an astringent 
chalybeate. They have proved valuable in atonic and catarrhal 
states of the mucous membrane, chronic diarrhoea, leucorrhoea, 
pharyngitis, rhinitis, etc. They are very useful locally in scrofu- 
lous ulcers and other slow-healing similar conditions. It is said 
that severe syphilitic eruptions are often speedily relieved by the 
internal and external use of the water without the aid of other 
medication. The waters sometimes prove purgative in large doses, 



508 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

and are always diuretic in doses of one-quarter to one-half of a 
small tumblerful taken six, eight, ten, or twelve times a day. The 
effects of the water often last far beyond the period during which 
they are taken. 

ROCK ENON SPRINGS, 

Frederick County. 

Post-office, Kock Enon Springs. Hotel. Access via Valley 
Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio R. R. to Winchester, thence by 
coach over picturesque mountain road sixteen and one-half miles to 
springs Time from Washington, six and one-half hours. 

This resort is located in the great North Mountains. It is sur- 
rounded by the primeval forest, and nestles under the shadow of a 
majestic peak in a romantic gorge, through which flows Laurel 
Brook, a beautiful stream supplied by the mountain springs, 
winding about the hotel and its attractive lawn. The locality is 
free from swamp lands and malaria. The hotel has a location of 
1200 feet above tide- water. This is a model caravansary, and the 
visitor may feel assured that every device for his comfort, health, 
and amusement has been arranged for by the thoughtful proprietor. 
The scenery in the neighborhood is exceptionally fine, and the ram- 
bler will find a host of attractions to engage his attention. A stroll 
of three miles takes the tourist to Anderson's View, where a pano- 
rama of mountain and valley of surpassing loveliness unfolds itself. 
A climb to the Pinnacle, the highest point of the great North Moun- 
tains, gives the visitor a magnificent view, including a portion of 
four States. Close to the hotel are three mineral springs, which 
have been found to possess well-marked medicinal properties. The 
chalybeate spring was analyzed by Professors Gale and New, of the 
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, who found it to contain the 
following constituents : 

CHALYBEATE SPRING (ROCK ENON SPRINGS). 

Sulphated-saline. Chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 1.21 

Calcium carbonate 5.13 

Calcium sulphate 3.56 

Magnesium sulphate ....... 12.89 

Magnesium chloride 1.12 

Iron oxide 14.25 

Manganesium oxide 1.05 

Alumina 0.80 

Silica 0.42 

Total 40.43 

This water resembles that of the Pyrmont Spring in Waldeck, 
Germany. It is a strong chalybeate, and possesses aperient and 
diuretic properties. 



VIRGINIA. 509 

The Alkaline Spring. This water is of the alkaline-carbonated vari- 
ety. A qualitative analysis by Prof. Lupton, late of the University 
of Virginia, showed the presence of potassium and magnesium car- 
bonate, sodium chloride, calcium sulphate and carbonate, silica, and 
carbonic, sulphuric, and hydrochloric acids. The water is antacid, 
diuretic, and aperient, and is used in affections of the kidney and 
urinary passages, dyspepsia, gout, and catarrhal affections. 

The Old Capper Spring. This spring once gave its name to the 
resort, and it is styled Capper's Springs in the older books. It has 
been in use for more than a century. The water is described as 
being efficacious in rheumatism, diseases of the skin, and certain of 
the intestinal worms. When applied to eruptions on the skin, to 
venomous bites, cuts, or bruises they heal very quickly, and when 
used for bathing or washing it leaves the skin clear and soft. 

White and blue sulphur springs of excellent quality are also 
found in the neighborhood. The following table shows the mean 
temperature at Rock Enon for July and August during the past ten 
years: July, 7 a.m., 66° F.; 12 m., 77°; 3 p.m., 78°; 6 p.m., 
75°, and 10 p.m., 66.25. For August at the same hours the record 
was 64.5°, 74.5°, 76°, 73°, and 6Q° F. 

SEVEN SPRINGS, 

Washington County. 

These springs are located two miles from the Glade Springs 
Depot, on the Norfolk and Western R. R. They have been known 
for many years, but no accommodations have ever as yet been pro- 
vided for visitors. The waters are used commercially in the form 
of Seven Springs Iron and Alum Mass, an evaporated residue. An 
analysis of this mass by Prof. J. W. Mallet, of the University of 
Virginia, showed the presence of a large proportion of aluminium 
sulphate and iron persulphate, beside a considerable quantity of 
magnesium and calcium sulphate, and numerous other ingredients 
in smaller proportion. This substance is highly recommended as a 
general tonic and reconstructive, and is said to possess special merits 
in such affections as cholera morbus and dysentery, and in various 
hepatic and intestinal disorders. 

SWEET CHALYBEATE SPRINGS, 
Alleghany County. 

Post-office, Sweet Chalybeate Springs. Access via Chesapeake 
and Ohio Railroad to Alleghany Station, thence a drive of nine 
miles to the springs. 

These well-known springs are ensconced in a lovely valley on the 
backbone of the Alleghany Mountains, at an elevation of 3000 feet 
above the sea. The location is in the midst of the " Springs Re- 
gion/ ? and whatever may be said regarding the salubrity of climate, 



510 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

the charm of scenery, and the general attractiveness of the Old 
Dominion mountain resorts, may be fittingly applied to these 
springs and their environments Among the more immediate desir- 
able features may be mentioned a comfortable and tidy hotel, a 
commodious bathing establishment with facilities for hot and cold 
mineral water baths, enclosed pools for plunge bathing, etc. The 
section around abounds in deer and other mountain game, while 
the streams afford excellent fishing. The springs, formerly known 
as the Red Sweet Springs, are situated in one of the most beautiful 
valleys of Virginia, but they do not differ essentially in chemical 
composition, unless it be the upper one, which is somewhat similar 
to the Old Sweet Springs, one mile above. The combined flow of 
the four springs is about 48,000 gallons per hour. The following 
analysis was made by Prof. W. B. Rogers : 

SWEET CHALYBEATE SPRINGS (RED SPRING). 

Calcic-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Magnesium carbonate 2.70 

Sodium sulphate 3.23 

Calcium sulphate 32.88 

Magnesium sulphate 7.18 

Sodium chloride 0.09 

Magnesium chloride 1.57 

Calcium chloride 0.02 

Iron sesquioxide ........ 0.73 

Total 48.40 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 106.49 

Sulphureted hydrogen Trace. 

Oxygen 0.46 

Nitrogen 0.59 

A second analysis by Prof. Powelle, shows four grains of iron (in 
combination) to the gallon. 

This is a very good calcic-chalybeate water. Its taste is some- 
what sweet, but ferruginous. Its temperature at the fountain is 
about 75° F. The water is beneficially employed in anaemia, chlo- 
rosis, leucorrhoea, and other conditions indicating an impoverished 
state of the blood. It has also proved efficacious in neuralgia and 
gastralgia. 

TALLEYS SPRINGS, 

Mecklenburg County. 

Post-office, Palmer's Springs. Talley's Springs are located 
seventy-five miles southeast of Petersburg, and within eight miles 
of the Atlantic and Danville P. P., on the north, and eleven miles 
of the Seaboard Air-line, on the south. The situation is in a 



VIRGINIA. 511 

beautiful valley, the surface being clothed in a magnificent growth 
of original oak. The country is moderately hilly in character, and 
the climate very genial and salubrious. The springs have never 
been developed, but the waters have been resorted to by residents 
of the district for many years, and numerous cases are cited which 
illustrate their beneficial effects. A partial analysis has shown the 
presence of lithia, sulphur, and iron. A strong odor of sulphu- 
rated hydrogen pervades the neighborhood. The water is said to 
have a wonderful preservative power. We are informed by Mr. 
G. W. Davis, the owner, that a small green log which has lain in 
the spring between thirty and forty years is still perfectly sound. 
It is stated that the advantages of these strong waters and the 
many attractive features of the neighborhood will soon be turned 
to good effect and a desirable summer resort established. Palmer's 
Springs, which also possess a local reputation, are two miles away. 

WASHINGTON SPRINGS, 
Washington County. 

Post-office, Glade Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access via 
Norfolk and Western R. R. to Glade Springs Depot ; thence two 
miles by hack or carriage to springs. 

This resort is ensconced in a delightful location high among the 
hills, at an altitude of 2250 feet above the sea-level. The situation 
is opposite to and faces the White Top Mountain, one of the highest 
peaks in Virginia. Close by are the Chilhowee Sulphur Springs, 
Seven Springs, and Emory and Henry College. An excellent 
hotel, with various means for the comfort and amusement of the 
guests, is maintained. The springs are seven in number, and have 
an average flow of 30 gallons per hour. The water has a tempera- 
ture of 51° F. We present analyses of the "Sulphur" Springs 
and the " Magnesia Soda-iron " Spring, by W. H. Seamon, analyst, 
of Crozet, Va.: 

SULPHUR SPRING (WASHINGTON SPRINGS). 

Light Alkaline-calcic. Sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Iron carbonate 0.52 

Calcium carbonate 2.79 

Potassium carbonate 0.11 

Sodium carbonate 0.29 

Calcium sulphate 6.47 

Strontium sulphate Trace. 

Calcium phosphate ........ 0.14 

Sodium chloride 0.09 

Arsenic chloride Trace. 

Hydrogen sulphide Present. 

Total 10.41 



512 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 
MAGNESIA-SODA IKON SPRING (WASHINGTON SPRINGS). 

Alkaline-calcic. Chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate . 0.10 

Magnesium sulphate 4.04 

Strontium sulphate 0.38 

Sodium sulphate 3.97 

Aluminium sulphate Trace. 

Iron carbonate 1.95 

Manganesium carbonate Trace. 

Calcium carbonate 13.66 

Sodium chloride 0.34 

Potassium chloride 0.24 

Phosphoric acid Traces. 

Silica 2.07 

Organic matter 1.03 

Total 27.78 

These waters have a useful applicatiou iu debilitated states, espe- 
cially when attended by intestinal torpor. They have rendered 
good service in anaemia and general debility. 

YELLOW SULPHUR SPRINGS, 
Montgomery County. 

Post-office, Yellow Sulphur Springs. Hotels and cottages. 
Access via Norfolk and Western R. E. to Christiansburg Depot; 
thence three and one-half miles by stage to springs. 

This resort is located near the summit of the Alleghany Moun- 
tains, at an elevation of 2000 feet above the sea. We find here the 
usual beautiful scenery and charming climate characteristic of the 
Alleghany resorts. Four miles north of the springs is the village 
of Blacksburg, the location of the Virginia Agricultural and 
Mechanical College and the State Experimental Station. The 
Montgomery White Sulphur Springs are also within a distance of 
only four miles. The Alleghany Springs are fifteen miles, and the 
wonderful Mountain Lake and Bald Knob eighteen miles distant. 
A large new hotel, having sixty-four bed-chambers, a handsome 
ball-room, a large and well-ventilated dining-room, numerous bath- 
rooms, etc., are among the recent improvements. The lawn and 
pleasure-grounds are shaded by magnificent forest trees, whose tops 
are even with the summits of the mountains, and make a delightful 
and luxurious shelter in warm weather. The Yellow Sulphur 
Spring yields 180 gallons of water per hour, having a temperature 
of 55° F. The water is transparent and very palatable. Baths 
of this water are always to be had at any desired temperature. 



VIRGINIA. 513 

The following analysis of the water is taken from the United 
States Dispensatory for 1880, p. 1832 : 

YELLOW SULPHUR SPRINGS. 

Sulphated-saline. Caleic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 8.64 

Magnesium carbonate 1.38 

Iron carbonate 0.62 

Free carbonic acid 4.68 

Calcium sulphate 63.30 

Magnesium sulphate 21.09 

Aluminium sulphate 3.18 

Potassium sulphate 0.11 

Sodium sulphate 0,75 

Iron protoxide Traces. 

Calcium phosphate 0.01 

Magnesium phosphate 0.01 

Potassium chloride ....,,. 0.09 

Sodium chloride . 0.08 

Organic matter 3.73 

Total 107.67 

The title to the designation u sulphur" water is not made clear 
by this analysis, yet it shows a valuable combination of mineral 
ingredients. The water should possess antacid, diuretic, and laxa- 
tive properties. It contains sufficient iron to give it a tonic in- 
fluence and enough free carbonic acid to impart a pleasant sparkle 
and to endow it with a grateful sedative aetion on the stomach. The 
water has been found on continued use to brace up and give tone to 
the muscular system, to allay chronic and subacute inflammations of 
the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, thus regulating the secretory 
function, tranquillizing the nervous system, and tending to promote 
sound and refreshing sleep. It is highly recommended in chronic 
disorders of the female generative organs, especially in amenorrhea, 
dysmenorrhea of certain forms, and in leucorrhoea. It also acts 
as a valuable restorative in general debility and in convalescence 
from acute prostrating diseases. The baths are recommended for 
rheumatism and chronic squamous skin affections. 

There are numerous additional mineral springs in the Old 
Dominion. Some of them have fallen into disuse, and are no 
longer resorted to. No doubt there are several still open to the 
public which are not included in the above list. Assiduous per- 
sonal inquiry and correspondence, however, have failed to develop 
any trustworthy recent information concerning them, and they have 
consequently been omitted. The following are the best known of 
these springs which have been used for medicinal purposes : 

Buckingham White Sulphur Springs, near Buckingham Court- 
house, Buckingham County. 

Cedar Bluff Sulphur Springs, Cedar Bluff, Tazewell County. 

33 



514 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Clifton Springs, near Clifton Forge, Alleghany County. 

Coyner's Sulphur Springs, Botetourt County. 

Huguenot Springs, seventeen miles from Richmond, Powhatan 
County. 

Jordan Alum Springs, near Rockbridge Alum Springs, Rock- 
bridge County. 

Orkney Springs, Orkney Springs, Shenandoah County. 

Rockbridge Baths, Rockbridge Baths, Rockbridge County. 

Rockingham Virginia Springs, near McGaheysville, Rockingham 
County. 

Sharon Springs, Sharon Springs, Bland County. 

Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenan- 
doah County. 

Stribling or Augusta Springs, Striblings Springs, Augusta 
County. 

Variety Springs, near Pond Gap, Augusta County. 

Wallawhatoola Alum Springs, near Millboro Depot, Bath County. 

Wolf -trap Lithia Springs (Well), Wolf-trap, Halifax County. 

The following springs reported sales of water to the United States 
Geological Survey in 1896 : 

Chase City Mineral Springs, Chase City, Mecklenburg County. 

Cove Lithia Springs, near Wytheville, Wythe County. ■ 

Lake Como Lithia Springs, Henrico County. 

Osceola Springs, near Pleasant Valley, Rockingham County. 

Otterburn Magnesia and Lithia Springs, Amelia, Amelia County. 

Paconian Springs, Loudoun County. 

Pine Mountain Springs, Washington County. 

Sea Wright Magnesia Lithia Spring, Staunton, Augusta County. 

Swineford Arsenic Lithia Spring, Osceola County. 

Virginia Magnesian Lithia Springs, Staunton, Augusta County. 

Virginia Waukesha Lithia Springs, Staunton, Augusta County. 



WASHINGTON. 



The new State of Washington extends from 45° 33' to 49° north 
latitude, and from 117° to 124° 41' west longitude. The State is 
divided by the Cascade Mountains into two unequal sections which 
have very' different climatic and physical characteristics. The 
climate of the western section is very mild, on account of the warm 
oceanic current from Japan, which flows south along the coast. 
The moisture-bearing winds which move inland from the coast are 
chilled against the Cascade Mountains, and cause the western sec- 
tion of the State to have a very heavy rainfall (about 53 inches 
annually), which is quite evenly distributed throughout the year. 
The summers are cool and pleasant and the winters mild; flowers 



WASHINGTON. 515 

bloom in the open air every month in the year, and the nights are 
always cool and refreshing. The climate in the western section is 
quite similar to that of Scotland. That of the eastern section is 
remarkable for clearness and brightness; it is hot and dry in the 
summer, and the winters are brief, but severe. The climate of 
this portion is tempered by a remarkably balmy wind, known as 
the Chinook wind, coming over the mountains from the great Japan 
current of the Pacific. In the summer it is a cool wind, tempering 
the heat, while in the winter it is a warm wind, before which snow 
and ice quickly disappear. The Cascade Range traverses the State 
from north to south, with an elevation of from 3000 to 14,000 feet, 
Mt. Ranier, the highest peak, reaching an altitude of 14,445 feet. 
The Coast Range is a spur from the Cascades, its highest elevation 
being Mt. Olympus, 8000 feet. These mountains are generally 
covered with immense forests of fir, spruce, cedar, and pine. The 
Columbia River, noted for its grand and impressive scenery and 
the number of its cataracts and rapids, enters the State from British 
Columbia, traverses its entire length, and forms two-thirds of its 
southern boundary. With its numerous tributaries it drains nearly 
the entire State. The principal feature of the coast line is Puget 
Sound, one of the most beautiful sheets of salt water in the world. 
The total area of the sound is about 2000 square miles, with a 
shore-line of 1600 miles. The water is very deep, and in some 
places it is said that ocean steamships of the deepest draught could 
approach the banks and tie up to the trees as to a wharf. The 
sound has innumerable bays, coves, inlets, and channels, branching 
off from the main body, altogether forming a collection of harbors un- 
surpassed in the world, and, with the deep green setting of the dense 
forest-growth on the shores, presenting a tableau of surpassing loveli- 
ness. The mean annual temperature of Washington is 50.81° F. 

The rate of mortality, as computed from the United States census 
of 1890, is 7.71 per 1000 of inhabitants. The death-rate from 
consumption is 0.79 per 1000 of population. 

Our knowledge of the mineral springs of Washington is so far 
not extensive. Walton mentions but one locality used as a resort. 
Peale's list gives two spring resorts, while our own examination of 
all available literature on the subject, supplemented by numerous 
inquiries addressed to every section of the State, has added but one 
more to the list. There are a number of undeveloped spring locali- 
ties, the United States Geological Reports presenting a list of twelve. 
As far as known, the spring waters of the State are chiefly of the 
alkaline-sodic variety. There are also several thermal springs. 

CASCADE WARM SPRINGS, 

Skamania County. 

Post-office, Cascades. Hotel. These springs are located near 
the Cascades of the Columbia River. Two steamers from Portland 



/ 



516 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

land daily, except Sunday, within one mile of the resort. The 
springs are four in number, and have a temperature of 96° F. 
They are of the alkaline-saline-sulphureted type. The water is 
clear and refreshing to the palate when cooled. It is well adapted 
for club and bar purposes, and is said to be valuable in dyspepsia, 
rheumatism, and general debility. A hotel is maintained at the 
springs, and visitors may also camp out in the neighborhood if they 
so choose. The water is used commercially, and will be found on 
sale in Portland. 

MEDICAL LAKE, 

Spokane County. 

Post-office, Medical Lake. Hotels. Access via Central Wash- 
ington branch of the Northern Pacific R. P. to Cheney; thence 
eight miles northwest to lake. 

This remarkable body of water is about one and one-half miles 
in length by one-half mile in width. It is located on an elevated 
plateau, and is surrounded by an evergreen border of pine, fir, and 
tamarack. There are four good hotels on the lake, commodious 
bath-houses, splendid drives, delightful camping places, and an 
abundance of fish in the neighboring lakes. The East Washington 
Hospital for the Insane is also located here. The waters of the 
Medical Lake were analyzed by G. A. Mariner in 1882, with the 
following result : 

WASHINGTON MEDICAL LAKE. 

Alkaline-saline. Sodic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 63.54 

Lithium Trace. 

Magnesium carbonate 0.23 

Iron carbonate 0.53 

Calcium carbonate ........ 0.18 

Sodium chloride 16.37 

Potassium chloride 9.24 

Aluminium oxide . . . . . . . . 0.18 

Sodium metasilicate 10.63 

Potassium sulphate ....... Trace 

Sodium biborate " 

Organic matter ........ 0.55 

Total 101.45 

The water has excellent properties as an antacid, laxative, and 
diuretic. It is used commercially. The evaporated salts resulting 
from distillation are also packed and shipped to different sections 
of the country. It is said that an excellent quality of soap is pre- 
pared from the residue. 



WASHINGTON. 517 

SODA SPRINGS, 
Klickitat County. 

We are informed by Postmaster Cleaves, of Blockhouse, that a 
valuable mud spring is located withiu a short distance of his resi- 
dence. The water has thrown up a mound of mud fifty feet in 
diameter. The water is believed to be strongly impregnated with 
the bicarbonate of soda as well as with iron, sulphur, and other 
ingredients, and it is confidently stated that the spring would well 
repay proper development. The location is in a charming section, 
seven miles from Goldendale and nineteen miles from Grant. 

WETEMIS MINERAL SPRINGS, 
Klickitat County. 

Post-office, Blockhouse. Access : From The Dalles, Oregon, 
thirty-fives miles by wagon-road; also from Goldendale, Washing- 
ton, eighteen miles distant, by private conveyance. 

These springs are new to the public, and no hotels or other 
accommodations for visitors have yet been provided. Those who 
visit them during the season, from May 1st to October 15th, are 
content to enjoy the pleasures of camp life, as excellent grounds 
for this purpose are at hand. The elevation of the location is 500 
or 600 feet above the sea-level, but only a few feet above the Klick- 
itat River, which at this point flows through a grand and picturesque 
canyon, a thousaud feet below the level of the surrounding country. 
From the brink of the canyon on either side stretches a rolling 
plateau covered with magnificent forests of pine and fir. A few 
miles to the southward lies the wheat-growing region of the Klick- 
itat River, while less than thirty miles north, Mt. Adams, the second 
highest peak of the Cascade Range, raises its lofty summit to an 
elevation of 12,424 feet. The canyon of the Klickitat shelters 
the springs from the cold winds, while during the summer months 
clear, warm weather prevails, with occasional rains. The tempera- 
ture seldom falls lower than — 10° or — 12° F., while during some 
winters it does not even reach the zero point. There are three large 
springs here and several smaller ones, but the water has never yet 
been analyzed. We are informed that most persons suffering from 
rheumatism and diseases of the stomach who have visited the springs 
have been much benefited by the water, and some of them appar- 
ently cured. Cases of phthisis do well in the neighborhood. Fine 
hunting and fishing may be enjoyed in the vicinity. It is prob- 
able that the spring will soon be developed. 

OTHER SPRINGS IN WASHINGTON. 

The following springs seem worthy of mention : 
Brackett Spring, Edmonds, Snohomish County. 



518 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Chalybeate Springs, Clallam County. 
Denny Springs, King Couaty. 

Pinkham Mineral Spring, or Well, Lake Union, King County. 
Saline Springs, east end of Rattlesnake Mountains, Yakima 
County. 

Sulphur Lake, east of Palouse Junction, Whitman County. 

Sulphur Spring, Garfield County. 

Thermal Wells, Ainswortb, Whitman County. 



WEST VIRGINIA. 

West Virginia extends from 37° 6' to 39° 37' north latitude, and 
from 77° 43' to 83° 33' west longitude. The entire surface of the 
State is mountainous or hilly, being comprised within the region 
kuown as the Cumberland or Alleghany plateau. The highest land 
in the State is upon the eastern and southern boundary, where the 
plateau in many places reaches elevations exceeding 4000 feet. 
Thence the country has a general slope to the northwest, and is 
lowest along the Ohio, where the elevation is but 600 or 800 feet. 
This plateau has been subjected to stream erosion until it has become 
a network of narrow, crooked ridges, with deep gorges or contracted 
valleys. The height of the ridges and the depth of the valleys, 
together with the ruggedness of the country, diminish toward the 
northwest, until near the Ohio the hills become rounded and soft- 
ened in outline, and the valleys are broad and fertile. Although 
the general slope of the State is toward the northwest, the Poto- 
mac, which flows southeasterly to the Atlantic Ocean, has cut its 
way far back into the plateau, and drains, by means of numerous 
long branches, the northeastern quarter of the State. The remainder 
of the State is drained to the Ohio by means of several large 
branches which flow in a general northwesterly direction. The 
climate is nowhere severe, although owing to the range in elevation 
there is a considerable range of temperature. The mean annual 
temperature ranges from 55° to 56° F., being highest in the neigh- 
borhood of the Ohio, in the western part of the State, and lowest 
upon the high mountains in the eastern and notheastern portion. 
The maximum is rarely above 95° F. in any portion of the State, 
while the minimum occasionally reaches 10° in the more moun- 
tainous sections. The rainfall may be given broadly at between 
40 and 50 inches annually. The mortality-rate of the State, accord- 
ing to the census of 1890, was 10.85 per 1000 of population. The 
phthisical death-rate is 1.50 per 1000 of population. 

West Virginia is noted for possessing one of the oldest and most 
celebrated mineral spring resorts in the United States — the Green- 
brier White Sulphur Springs. There are also a number of other 



WEST VIRGINIA. 519 

valuable and widely known springs. Most of them may be classified 
as saline-calcic, or alkaline-calcic, and a fair proportion are also 
sulphureted. 

Two localities have waters which may be ranked as thermal, viz., 
the Berkeley Springs, with a temperature of 75° F., and the Sweet 
Springs, with 79° F. The following account is obtained almost 
entirely from a recent personal investigation. 

ADDISON SULPHUR SPRINGS, 
Webster County. 

Post-office, Addison. Hotels and boarding-houses. Access via 
West Virginia and Pittsburg R. R. to Cowen; thence by stage 
twelve or fifteen miles to springs. A railroad now under construc- 
tion from a point on the former line will soon be completed to the 
springs. 

The town of Addison is picturesquely located on the banks of 
the clear and beautiful Elk River. The situation is about 1400 
feet above the sea-level, and the surrounding country of a moun- 
tainous character with a variety of pleasing scenery. The town has 
nine small hotels, but the accommodations are not sufficient to pro- 
vide for the summer visitors. A commodious modern hotel will 
soon be erected. There are two natural springs and one bored 
well, all producing the same variety of water. We are indebted 
to Dr. George B. Simpson, proprietor of the Webster Springs 
Sanitarium, in the neighborhood, for the following partial analysis : 

ADDISON SULPHUR SPRINGS. 

Muriated-scdine-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate, 1 -. o y, 
Magnesium carbonate, J 

Calcium sulphate, } IQSfi 
Magnesium sulphate, } 

Sodium chloride ........ 877.32 

Iron oxide Traces. 

Volatile and organic matter 57.45 



Total 467.30 

Mr. R. H. Townsend, of Addison, informs us that the water is 
also heavily impregnated with sulphureted hydrogen. Its tem- 
perature is 57° F. 

This water is evidently of a fairly strong saline-sulphureted type, 
and it should possess the virtues of waters of this class. It has a 
strong salty flavor, but most persons find it quite palatable. State- 
ments agree that it possesses undoubted value in disorders of the 
alimentary tract and liver. It is especially beneficial in cases of 
chronic constipation. 



520 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

BARGEE'S SPRINGS, 

Summers County. 

Post-office, Talcott. Private boardiog-house. Access via Chesa- 
peake and Ohio R. R. to Talcott; thence a drive of three miles to 
the springs. 

These springs are located in a picturesque, broken region, marked 
by cragged cliffs, and narrow shaded glens, with numerous rapid 
mountain streams dashing through them. Two hundreds yards 
distant is the romantic Greenbrier River, a stream noted as well 
for its charm of scenery as for the enticements it offers to anglers. 
The springs have not been much improved as yet, and the only 
stopping place for visitors is a boarding-house with a limited capa- 
city. The water has not been analyzed, but it is evidently thor- 
oughly charged with sulphureted hydrogen. Residents of the 
locality resort to it for the treatment of atonic dyspepsia. It is 
also beneficial in chronic rheumatism, and a number of cases of 
cystitis of long standing are said to have been cured by its use. 
The water also possesses tonic properties, and is a useful adjunct in 
debilitated states. Its temperature is 58° F. 

BERKELEY SPRINGS, 

Morgan County. 

Post-office, Berkeley Springs. Hotel. Access via Baltimore 
and Ohio R. R. to Hancock Station; thence by Berkeley Springs 
and Potomac R. R. directly to springs. Trains on the latter road 
make close connection with all day trains during the season. The 
location is six miles south southwest of Potomac River and Han- 
cock Station. 

These historic old springs are situated in a narrow valley, about 
800 feet above the sea-level, and issue from the base of a steep 
ridge, rising at this point about 450 feet above the valley. Tradi- 
tion has it that the waters here were well known to the aborigines, 
who, although generally at war among themselves, established a 
standing truce around the springs, that all might avail themselves 
of their potent virtues. They have been known and used by the 
whites since 1730, and it is said that they were visited by George 
Washington while employed with a surveying expedition in 1748. 1 
The Father of his Country was so appreciative of the many attrac- 
tions of the neighborhood that he afterward acquired property 
immediately adjacent to the principal spring, on which he erected 
two " comfortable and convenient houses/' General Horatio 
Gates, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and other well-known figures 
of Revolutionary days, were also represented among the owners in 

1 Sparks' Life of Washington, vol. ii., p. 417. 



WEST VIRGINIA. 521 

the old town established in 1776. The location of Berkeley is in 
a beautiful mountain region, covered for the most part by primeval 
forests, with a botanical undergrowth peculiarly rich, varied, and 
interesting. The scenery is wild and romantic, and the country is 
threaded with pleasant walks and drives in all directions. The air 
is pure and wholesome, and the heat during the summer months is 
rarely oppressive. Among the attractive and interesting features 
of the springs and vicinity are: The grove, consisting of five or six 
acres of beautifully wooded and improved ground adjacent to the 
springs; the observatory at Fairview; Lovers' Leap, and Cacapon 
Rock. The streams in the neighborhood are well stocked with fine 
game-fish, chief among them being the black bass. The forests 
also abound in the larger game, including deer, wild turkeys, and 
pheasants, which afford good sport after September 1st. The 
spacious hotel at Berkeley, having a capacity for 500 guests, has 
recently changed hands, and has been entirely renovated and 
refitted. It is thoroughly supplied with all the accessories for 
comfort and amusement which go to make life at a watering-place 
enjoyable. Water from the spring is supplied to each floor. All 
varieties of hot, warm, and cold baths are at hand, and two large 
plunge and swimming pools have been constructed. The springs 
discharge from five principal sources, all within a radius of one 
hundred yards. The water is clear, sparkling, and tasteless. Its 
temperature is 75° F., which does not vary, and the flow about 
120,000 gallons per hour. The following analysis was made by 
Prof. A. A. Hayes, of Massachusetts, in 1855 : 

BERKELEY SPRINGS. 

Light Calcic-chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 5.00 

Calcium crenate 3.64 

Iron crenate 0.08 

Sodium chloride 0.89 

Calcium silicate 0.64 

Magnesium sulphate 0.36 

Calcium chloride 0.21 

Loss 0.06 

Total 10.88 

The gaseous contents are one-twenty-eighth of the volume of the 
water, and composed as follows in 100 parts: 

Carbonic acid 3 9.00 

Oxygen 16.60 

Nitrogen 64.30 

Total 99.90 

An analysis made by J. H. Dickson, chemist, of Pittsburg, Pa., 
in 1892, shows a total of 13.49 grains per United States gallon. 



522 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

The qualitative results are practically identical with those above 
shown. The baths at Berkeley have been celebrated for many 
years in the treatment of gout, sciatica, and rheumatism. The 
internal use of the water is said to produce excellent results in 
chronic dyspepsia and diarrhoea. Many Virginia families take 
their children to this resort on account of its reputation as a 
restorer in rhachitis and general feebleness and its value in sum- 
mer complaints during the period of dentition. The baths possess a 
marked cosmetic effect, rendering the skin soft, fresh, and elastic, 
and aiding in the removal of tans and freckles. There are also in 
close proximity two strong chalybeate and a sulphur spring. 

BLUE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Cabell County. 

Post-office, Blue Sulphur Springs. Hotel. These springs are 
located thirteen miles from Huntington, on the Chesapeake and 
Ohio R. R. The elevation is about 500 feet above the sea-level, 
and the surrounding country is of a broken and hilly character, 
presenting a great diversity of scenery. Just back of the springs 
is the Mud River, a picturesque stream by no means deserving of 
its homely appellaton. This river is quite narrow, and the luxu- 
rious growth of trees on either side forms a natural arch over the 
stream, lending it an appearance of sylvan beauty seldom excelled. 
There are numerous lovely walks and rambles over the mountains 
nearby. The surface is covered with the original forest trees, 
among which the sweet-scented pine is profusely intermingled, 
giving the air a pleasing blend of fragrance and salubrity. The 
waters of the springs have been used for about forty-five years, but 
until recently few improvements were made. A comfortable hotel 
has been built, and the resort seems to be launched on a career of 
prosperity which the attractiveness of the spot warrants. No anal- 
ysis has been made of the waters, but they appear to be decidedly 
sulphurous in character. The springs are two in number, but their 
outflow has never been calculated. 

Note. — These springs should not be confounded with the Blue 
Sulphur Springs of Greenbrier County, which appear to have 
lapsed into disuse. 

BORLAND MINERAL WELL, 

Pleasants County. 

The well from which the Borland Mineral water flows is situated 
on the bank of Blue Creek, six miles from Salama, on the Ohio 
River R. R., and thirty miles northeast of Parkersburg. At 
present there is no hotel in the vicinity, but nearby farm-houses 
accommodate a limited number of guests who wish to use the 
water from the well. The surrounding hills and valleys present 



WEST VIRGINIA. 523 

some very pleasing landscapes. The water rises from a flowing 
well, being forced upward by the natural-gas pressure from a 
depth of three hundred feet. An analysis by Prof. T. G. Worm- 
ley, of Philadelphia, showed the following mineral ingredients : 

BORLAND MINERAL WELL. 

Alkaline. Muriated-saline. Sulphureted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 240.07 

Sodium bicarbonate . . . . . 112.16 

Sodium sulphate 37.84 

Magnesium bromide 0.28 

Potassium sulphate 22.62 

Magnesium iodide 0.02 

Magnesium chloride 2.13 

Calcium bicarbonate 12.59 

Magnesium bicarbonate 3.12 

Aluminium phosphate 0.23 

Aluminium and iron carbonate 0.64 

Manganese Trace. 

Silica 0.58 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total 432.28 

Sulphureted hydrogen, a perceptible quantity. 

This water is a very efficient antacid laxative, with diuretic and 
diaphoretic properties. It also derives a certain tonic and restora- 
tive influence from the presence of iron, phosphorous, and manga- 
nese. It has not disappointed expectations in actual practice, and 
has become one of the well-known commercial waters of the country. 
In addition to its table value it has been found to possess excellent 
therapeutic properties in chronic affections of the stomach, bowels, 
liver, and kidneys. It acts with great efficacy in renal dropsy. 

CAPON SPRINGS, 
Hampshire County. 

Post-office, Capon Springs. Hotels and cottages. Access via 
Baltimore and Ohio R. R. to Capon Springs Station, thence a drive 
of fifteen miles over mountain roads to springs. 

This well-known resort is situated four miles from the base of the 
Great North Mountain, at an elevation of 1800 feet above tide- 
water. The scenery here is varied and pleasing, and the climatic 
conditions during the season from May 15th to about the end of 
October all that could be desired. The average summer tempera- 
ture is about 65° F., the mercury seldom ranging above 75° F. 
The main hotel is a large building, five stories in height, and well 
supplied with modern appliances and accessories for the safety and 
comfort of the guests. There are two smaller hotels and a number 



524 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

of cottages. The main spring discharges about 12,000 gallons of 
water per hour, at a temperature of 66° F. An analysis by Prof. 
J. W. Mallet shows the following results : 

CAPON SPRINGS. 

Light Alkaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains :' 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate . 0.59 

Magnesium carbonate 1.44 

Iron carbonate ......... 0.04 

Manganese carbonate Trace. 

Calcium carbonate 8.32 

Lithium carbonate . . . . . . . Trace. 

Sodium chloride 0.06 

Potassium sulphate . . . 0.16 

Calcium sulphate 0.59 

Strontium sulphate Trace. 

Calcium phosphate " 

Calcium fluoride " 

Alumina 0.02 

Silica .......... 0.72 

Nitrates Trace. 

Organic matter 0.20 

Total 12.14 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid . 8.56 

Oxygen 1.76 

Nitrogen 3.68 

Total 14.00 

A second spring, known as the Beauty Spring, has a similar com- 
position. 

The waters have been found of service in the treatment of gastric 
catarrh, the acid forms of dyspepsia, uric-acid gravel, and catarrh 
of the bladder. It is said that farmers have brought their horses 
for many years to drink the waters as a remedy for botts, large 
numbers of larvae being thereby discharged dead. A large and 
tastefully arranged bathing establishment is maintained at the 
resort. A swimming pool 98x48 feet is supplied by the main 
spring. Plunge, shower, douche, and warm baths may be had at 
the option of the visitor. The water is used commercially, and has 
the indorsement of many well-known Philadelphia medical men. 

COLUMBIA WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Greenbrier County. 

Post-office, Columbia Sulphur Springs. Access via Chesapeake 
and Ohio R. R. to Greenbrier White Sulphur Springs; thence by 

1 Converted from grains per pint. 



WEST VIRGINIA. 525 

stage twenty miles to Columbia Springs. A branch railroad, when 
completed, will pass within four miles of the springs. 

The location is in a beautiful valley at the foot of the Alleghany 
Mountains, and has an elevation of 2050 feet above the sea. The 
usual attractive features of scenery and climate prevalent in the 
Alleghanies will be found here. The springs are comparatively 
unimproved so far, but a hotel is under contemplation. There is 
but one spring, which yields about 60 gallons of water per hour. 
It is always cool, and is very palatable. No analysis has been 
made, but the sediment thrown down by the water shows it to be 
strongly sulphurous. It has a considerable local reputation in the 
treatment of stomach troubles and skin diseases. 

GREENBRIER WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Greenbrier County. 

Post-office, White Sulphur Springs. Hotel and cottages. Access 
via main line of the Chesapeake and Ohio R. R. direct to springs. 

This celebrated summer watering-place is located on the western 
slope of the Appalachian Mountains, at an elevation above tide- 
water of more than 2000 feet. The situation is well within the 
famous spring region. Within a radius of thirty miles are the 
Rockbridge Alum, the Hot, the Warm, the Healing, the Sweet, 
and other well-known springs, while the Natural Bridge, Millboro, 
the Alleghany, and other resorts are nearby. For many years past 
the Greenbrier White Sulphur Springs have been regarded as the 
representative summer resort of the South, and it has lost none of 
its ancient and well-deserved prestige by the development of other 
springs. As in antebellum days, here will still be found the best 
elements of the social life of the South, with a generous interming- 
ling of Northern beauty and gallantry drawn thither by the numerous 
attractions of the place. The surrounding scenery typifies the pic- 
turesque beauty and grandeur of the Alleghanies. Forest, vale, and 
mountain are here in rare and unique combination, presenting at 
every turn new views of the romantic, the beautiful, and the grand 
sufficient to gratify every taste. The visitor from the heated and 
dusty city is at once attracted by the vast lawn of green, velvety 
turf, shaded by noble forest oaks, luxuriant sugar maples, and 
venerable pines. Under these mouarchs of the forest wild flowers 
are seen in profusion and in great variety, from the tiny violet to 
the modest laurel and the gaudy rhododendron. Next the eye 
wanders through the curving walks and drives, intermingling 
and leading in various directions, attracting alike the rambling 
pedestrian or the driver of thoroughbreds. Among the surround- 
ing mountains are " Kate's' ' and " Greener," each a mile distant 
and reaching an altitude of 3500 feet, and the mountains known as 
" White Rock," three miles distant, the summits of which form 
■a figure of gigantic size, known as the old " Titan," which, in soli- 



526 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

tary grandeur, keeps guard like a giant over the White Sulphur. 
What has been said regarding the climate of other Alleghany 
resorts applies in full measure to this. The mean annual tempera- 
ture from April 15th to November 15th is about 63° F., or about 
the same as the mean annual temperature at Naples, Nice, and 
Madeira. The atmosphere is salubrious and invigorating, and at 
no time excessively warm. The Grand Hotel, with its one hun- 
dred cottages, gives accommodation to an immense number of 
visitors. The hotel buildings are in the old colonial style, and 
in their spacious halls or on their broad piazzas the visitor experi- 
ences all that has given Southern society its distinctive character. 
The parlor at the Grand is a magnificant room, half as large again 
as the east room in the President's mansion. The ball-room is of 
the same dimensions, while the dining-room is more than three 
hundred feet in length, and seats 1200 persons. There are two 
important springs here : (1) The famous old " White Sulphur;" 
(2) the " Chalybeate." The Sulphur Spring yields 1800 gallons 
of water per hour, which does not vary even during the longest 
spells of wet or dry weather. It has a uniform temperature at all 
times of 62° F. An analysis by Prof. A. A. Hayes, of Boston, 
shows the following mineral contents : 

GREENBRIER WHITE SULPHUR SPRING. 

Saline- calcic. Sulphur eted. 

One U. S. gallon contains: 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium carbonate 7.07 

Magnesium sulphate 35.42 

Calcium sulphate 78.35 

Silicates 3.46 

Magnesium chloride 1.00 

Organic matter 4.36 

Total 129.66 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 11.28 

Sulphureted hydrogen 0.24 

Oxygen '. . 0.48 

Nitrogen 4.64 

Total 16.64 

This analysis was made many years ago (1842), and a newer 
and further analysis is desirable. The water acts on the kidneys, 
bowels, liver, and skin. As a diuretic its effects are very soon 
apparent; but some days are usually required before it produces 
a decided action on the bowels. Its operation on the liver, too, 
may not be manifest for some time, and where there is much slug- 
gishness of this organ some auxiliary medication is required. Its 
effect upon the skin is very apparent, though not immediate. The 



WEST VIRGINIA. 527 

analysis does not i\x\\j explain another important action of the 
water, an effect which has been attested to by several generations 
of qualified medical men. This is its alterative power, or that 
peculiar influence by which it effects salutary changes or alteration 
in the blood, in the various secretions, and upon the numerous 
tissues of the body. No general directions can be given for the 
internal use of the water. The hours, the quantity, and the period 
for which the water should be drunk depend upon the individual 
requirements of the case, and should be ascertained by consulting 
a physician experienced in the use of such waters (vide Sulphur 
Waters). This water has been found by long experience to be 
beneficial in diseases due to abnormal conditions of the blood or to 
derangements of the stomach, liver, bowels, kidneys, skin, and 
nervous system. It is speedily curative in many cases of dyspep- 
sia, chronic diarrhoea, costiveness, and hepatogenous jaundice. It 
is of great value in nervous affections, such as passive cerebral 
hyperemia, neurasthenia, sciatica, and other forms of neuralgia. 
Combined with the influence of the favorable surroundings, the 
use of the water often proves curative in obstinate cases of chronic 
bronchitis, in hay-fever, bronchial asthma, and nasal catarrh. Con- 
joined with the use of the hot sulphur baths it is of decided value 
in rheumatism and gout, and is an efficacious adjuvant in the treat- 
ment of tertiary syphilis, chronic metallic poisoning, and dartrous 
skin diseases. According to Dr. Moorman, for many years the 
resident physician, the water is contraindicated in organic heart 
disease, carcinoma of the stomach, and phthisis pulmonalis. The 
water never proves beneficial when it persistently excites the fre- 
quency of the pulse. 

The water used for bathing flows from the Sulphur Spring. 
The bathing establishment has recently been greatly enlarged and 
remodelled, and it is now believed that it will prove in all respects 
satisfactory to those wishing to avail themselves of its use. 

The Chalybeate Spring. About forty rods from the White Sul- 
phur Spring is a chalybeate spring in which iron exists in the 
form of carbonate. For the last twenty years this water has been 
considerably used by a number of visitors who require a ferruginous 
tonic, and its effects have realized the early hopes that its discovery 
created. It has not been fully analyzed. 

IRONDALE SPRINGS, 

Preston County. 

Post-office, Independence. Access via Baltimore and Ohio P. R. 
to Hardmair' s Siding, one and one-half miles west of Independence; 
thence by the Iron Valley R. R. three and one-half miles to springs. 

The Irondale Springs occupy a very attractive location about 1200 
feet above the sea-level, but the place is not at present used as a 
resort. The water is bottled and used commercially, being recom- 



528 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

mended by physicians in many of the large Eastern cities. It has 
been analyzed by Prof. A. A. Brenenian, formerly of Cornell Univer- 
sity, with the following results : 

IRONDALE SPRINGS. 

Aluminous. Manganous. Calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 60.42 

Magnesium sulphate 4.34 

Potassium sulphate 6.76 

Aluminium sulphate 11.34 

Manganese sulphate 2.86 

Iron sulphate with cobalt and nitric acid . . . Trace. 

Sodium chloride 1.36 

Silica . 1.44 

Iodine with sodium . . . . . . • . . Trace. 

Vegetable and volatile substances 8.24 

Total 96.76 

This water, as shown by the analysis, is exceptionally rich in 
manganese, besides containing a large amount of alum. The fol- 
lowing facts relating to its therapeutic effects are gathered from an 
article contributed to the New York Medical Times by Dr. Samuel 
Swift : This water possesses undoubted tonic and diuretic properties. 
It also acts as a sedative to the gastric mucous membrane, and in 
virtue of this fact it is highly extolled in cases of gastric irritability. 
It acts well in the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, and has been 
found useful in chronic diarrhoea. In Bright' s disease and in anaemia 
and chlorosis it has seemed to possess decided remedial value. The 
water is not unpleasant to the taste, and has no disagreeable after- 
effects. The Irondale Spring salts, made by evaporating the water, 
are also on the market. 



OLD SWEET SPRING, 
Monroe County. 

Post-office, Old Sweet Springs. Hotel. Access via Chesapeake 
and Ohio R. E. to Alleghany Station, where Concord coaches meet 
all passengers for springs. 

The location of the Sweet Springs is more open than is generally 
the rule in mountain districts. They^issue up in a valley of great 
loveliness, but are surrounded by mountain scenery of surpassing 
grandeur. The elevation is 2000 feet above the sea-level, and the 
climate during the summer months of the usual delightful char- 
acter found in this region. The buildings at the springs are of 
brick, and of a very substantial character, and at the height of the 
season the place resembles a miniature city. Eight hundred guests 
are easily entertained at one time. The main building is about 



WEST VIRGINIA. 529 

three hundred feet in length, and no expense has been spared to 
make it one of the best summer hotels in the country. The great 
dining-room, as well as the various parlors, ball-room, cottages, 
bath-house, and grounds, are brilliantly lighted by gas. The hotel 
property embraces a grass farm of 2000 acres, which guarantees an 
abundant supply of dairy products, while neighboring farms furnish 
the best of poultry, mutton, etc. The water of the Sweet Springs 
is not unpleasant to the taste, but its temperature, 79° F., renders 
it rather warm for general use in drinking. For bathing, however, 
it is very agreeable. Two pools have been provided, one for gen- 
tlemen, the other for ladies, each seventy-five feet long, twenty-five 
feet wide, and from three to five feet deep. The water is so clear 
that moss-covered stones on the bottom are distinctly visible. There 
are also warm and hot steam baths of both mineral and freestone 
water. The following analysis of the mineral water here was made 
by Prof. William B. Rogers : 

OLD SWEET SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline- calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium sulphate 13.16 

Magnesium sulphate 9.37 

Sodium sulphate 6.32 

Calcium carbonate 30.05 

Magnesium carbonate 0.80 

Calcium chloride 0.15 

Sodium chloride . 0.14 

Magnesium chloride 0.31 

Iron peroxide 0.15 

Silica 0.17 

Earthy phosphates Trace. 

Iodine " 

Total 60.62 

Gases. Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 85.86 

Nitrogen 4.31 

Sulphureted hydrogen Trace. 

Oxygen " 

This is a very good alkaline-calcic water, possessing tonic, diuretic, 
alterative, and mild cathartic properties. It is valuable in func- 
tional disorders of the stomach, and is said to be employed with 
signal benefit in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. It has also pro- 
duced good results in rheumatism and in some forms of neuralgia, 
as well as in renal and urinary disorders. 



34 



530 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

RED SULPHUR SPRINGS, 
Monroe County. 

Post-office, Red Sulphur Springs. Hotel. Access via Chesa- 
peake and Ohio R. R. to Alderson's; thence by stage to springs. 

These springs are beautifully situated on Indian Creek, and are 
surrounded by pine-clad mountains. They are two iu number, and 
flow 210 gallons per hour. The water has a temperature of 51° F. 
It was analyzed by Prof. A. A. Hayes in 1842, with the following 
results : 

RED SULPHUR SPRINGS. 

Light-saline-sulphureted. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium carbonate 5.25 

Calcium carbonate 4.81 

Sodium sulphate .- 4.14 

Calcium sulphate 0.55 

Earthy phosphates 0.82 

Organic matter with sulphur ...... 8.39 

Total 23.96 

Gases. • Cubic inches. 

Carbonic acid 8.00 

Sulphureted hydrogen 1.04 

A new analysis of this water is very much to be desired. Its 
virtues are presumed to rest to a great extent upon the enigmatical 
" organic matter with sulphur/ 7 Aside from this substance it is 
a very good light saline-calcic water, possessing some useful prop- 
erties. It contains considerably more sulphureted hydrogen than 
is shown in the above table, the analysis having been made at Rox- 
bury, Mass., far from the source of the spring. To the peculiar 
sulphurous organic substance, however, is attributed the well- 
attested influence of the water as an arterial sedative when taken 
internally. From abundant corroborative medical testimony there 
seems to be no doubt that the water causes a decided slowing of the 
heart's action in an excited state of the circulation. The water 
further seems to possess a peculiar tendency toward the mucous 
membrane of the lungs, allaying irritation and diminishing expec- 
toration. In virtue of these properties it has often proved decidedly 
beneficial in haemoptysis, early phthisis, chronic bronchitis, chronic 
pharyngitis, and chronic laryngitis. In small quantities the water 
is said to be cathartic, while in larger doses it is diuretic. 



WEST VIRGINIA. 531 

ROSE HILL (HART WELL), 

Pleasants County. 

Post-office, Willow Island. Hotel and cottages. Access via Ohio 
River R. R., or via steamboats to Willow Island, and thence one 
mile by hack to Rose Hill. 

Rose Hill is the location of the well-known Hart Well. The 
resort is located in the oil region of West Virginia, ten miles above 
Marietta, Ohio, and twenty-two miles above Parkersburg, West 
Virginia. The location of the hotel is 300 feet above the Ohio 
River, of which it affords a fine view. The hotel is a substantial, 
well-ventilated building, and the landscapes visible in all directions 
from its double verandas are very pleasing. The well was discov- 
ered by prospectors while boring for oil. An analysis of the water 
by Prof. S. C. Wells, of Roanoke College, resulted as follows : 

HART WELL. 

Alkaline-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 30.44 

Sodium bicarbonate 14.22 

Sodium sulphate . . . . . . . 4.75 

Potassium sulphate 2.87 

Magnesium bromide 0.04 

Magnesium iodide Trace. 

Magnesium chloride 0.27 

Calcium bicarbonate .1.59 

Magnesium bicarbonate 0.40 

Aluminium phosphate 0.03 

Aluminium and iron carbonates 0.09 

Manganesium Trace. 

Silica 0.07 

Organic matter Trace. 

Total 54.77 

This water is a very fair example of the alkaline-saline group, 
and will be found useful in the disorders to which such waters are 
applicable. Ample bathing facilities are provided. The place is 
evidently a very attractive one to those seeking a quiet retreat amid 
serene and peaceful hills and valleys surrounded by a salubrious 
and invigorating atmosphere. 

SALT SULPHUR SPRINGS, 
Monroe County. 

Post-office, Salt Sulphur Springs. Hotels. Access via Chesa- 
peake and Ohio R. P. to Fort Spring, where carriages meet visitors 
for springs. 

These well-known springs have been under the present manage- 



532 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

ruent for many years, and have become jnstly esteemed as one of the 
most charming and home-like of the Virginia Mountain resorts. 
The location is 2000 feet above the sea-level, and is surrounded by 
the usual beautiful scenery and wholesome climate of the Allegha- 
nies. Five minutes' walk from the hotel lawn in any direction 
reveals to the eye a panorama of unexcelled loveliness. For 
twenty-five miles on every side the majestic mountains stretch 
their wooded lengths before the enraptured gaze, presenting a 
scene of impressive grandeur not soon to be forgotten. The hotel 
buildings are chiefly of brick and limestone. The largest, built of 
stone, contains seventy-two pleasant rooms, and has wide piazzas, 
two hundred feet long, overlooking the lawn. The parlor and 
great ball-room are also in this building. There are accommoda- 
tions for three hundred guests. The springs are three in number, 
known as the "Old" or "Sweet" Spring, discovered in 1802; 
the "Salt Sulphur," in 1805, and the "Iodine" Spring, known 
since 1821. We present analyses of the Old Spring and the Iodine 
Spring, the former by W. B. Rogers, the latter by D. Stewart : 



SALT SULPHUR SPRINGS. 

Saline- sulphur eted. Calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium carbonate 
Calcium carbonate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Potassium carbonate 
Sodium sulphate . 
Calcium sulphate . 
Magnesium sulphate 
Earthy phosphates 
Sodium chloride . 
Calcium chloride . 
Magnesium chloride 
Iron peroxide 
Alumina 
Silica 
Iodine . 
Bromine 
Organic matter 

Total . 

Gases. 
Carbonic acid 
Sulphureted hydrogen 

These are valuable waters, containing as they do a large propor- 
tion of active mineral ingredients. Both contain a sufficient quan- 
tity of the purging sulphates to render them cathartic in their effects. 
The iodine spring contains a fair proportion of iron and appreciable 
quantities of iodine and bromine, rare ingredients of sulphur waters. 
This water resembles those of Challes, in Savoy, and possesses 



Old Spring. 


Iodine Spring 


Grains. 


Grains. 




10.80 


10.26 


33.00 


3.31 


7.00 




2.33 


22.36 


24.00 


84.90 


68.00 


18.21 


20.00 


Trace. 


0.73 


1.58 


1.50 


0.06 


0.56 


0.26 


0.28 


0.10 


1.06 




0.18 




1.76 


Trace. 


0.63 




0.65 


9.24 




150.28 


172.48 


Cubic inches. 


Cubic inches. 


13.28 


34.56 


3.44 


19,12 



WISCONSIN. 533 

alterative properties. It proves especially beneficial in scrofulous 
and syphilitic diseases. The waters of both of these springs are 
useful in abdominal engorgement, chronic constipation, chronic 
metallic poisoning, functional hepatic disorders, rheumatism, gout, 
and scaly skin diseases. Cases of bronchial trouble and early 
phthisis also do well at this resort. 

SHANNONDALE SPRINGS, 

Jefferson County. 

Post-office, Charlestown. Hotel. Access via Baltimore and Ohio 
or Norfolk and Western R. R. to Charlestown; thence five miles by 
carriage to springs. 

This delightful old summer resort is situated in the bend of the 
Shenandoah River, at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains. 
Shannondale was formerly one of the most noted of the Virginia 
watering-places. The large hotel was burned during the war, and 
no other was built for a number of years. The present hotel has 
accommodations for upward of one hundred guests. It is pleas- 
antly located and overlooks the Shenandoah River, where excel- 
lent boating and fishing may be had. The place is much frequented 
during the summer by visitors from Washington, Baltimore, Phila- 
delphia, and other localities. It is highly esteemed for its fine 
scenery and for the beneficial character of the mineral waters. The 
springs are three in number. An analysis by Dr. Stewart showed 
the presence of 240 grains of solid ingredients to the United States 
gallon, consisting chiefly of the sulphate and carbonate of calcium 
and the sulphate of magnesium. There is also a small proportion 
of the sulphate and the carbonate of iron and an undetermined quan- 
tity of carbonic acid and sulphureted hydrogen gas. The water has 
laxative, diuretic, and tonic effects. It may be classed as a saline- 
calcic-chalybeate. There are several bath-houses at the resort. 

The following springs in West Virginia are also used to some 
extent : 

Aurora Highlands Spring, Aurora, Preston County. 

Webster Salt Sulphur Springs, Webster County. 

The Triplet Well, Calf Creek, Grant District, Pleasants County, 
is used commercially. 



WISCONSIN. 



The State of Wisconsin extends from 42° 31' to 46° 58' north 
latitude, and from 87° to 92° 53 r west longitude. The surface of 
the State, for the most part, is a great plain, varied only by cliffs 
bordering the rivers and lakes and elevated from 600 to 1800 feet 
above the ocean level. The State has a coast-line on Lake Michi- 



534 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

gan of two hundred miles, and on Lake Superior of one hundred 
and twenty miles. The Mississippi River forms a large part of its 
western boundary. Numerous small rivers drain the State, the 
largest of these being the Wisconsin. The surface is studded with 
an immense number of small lakes, some of which are of great 
beauty. Lake Winnebago is the largest of these, being thirty 
miles long and eleven miles wide at its greatest diameter. The 
State is noted for the great beauty of its gently rolling prairies and 
for its numerous picturesque waterfalls. The most noted rapids 
are found on the upper Wisconsin, the Bad, the Montreal, the St. 
Louis, and the Menominee Rivers. The central and southern por- 
tions of the State are almost wholly covered by immense forests. 
Many curious mounds and earthworks, vestiges of a pre-historic 
race, crown the hill-tops and dot the lake shores and river banks 
within the borders of the State. Occupying the latitude it does, 
and lying near the centre of North America, Wisconsin has a 
typical temperate continental climate. Its summers are warm, 
and diversified by short rains and clear skies; its winters are some- 
what severe, but relatively dry and stimulating, and are less chilly 
than more humid atmospheres at similar or even higher tempera- 
tures. The average rainfall is about 30 inches. The mean summer 
temperature varies from about 70° F. in the south to about 60° F. 
in the north; the mean winter temperature from about 25° F. in 
the south to about 15° in the extreme north. The great lakes 
produce a marked effect on the seasonal temperature of the State, 
elevating it in winter and depressing it in summer, so that the 
summer isotherms rim from the northwest to southeast, driven 
south by the cooling influence of the lakes; while those of the 
winter run from southeast to northwest, forced north by their 
warming influence. 

The mortality-rate for Wisconsin, according to the National 
Census returns of 1890, was 11.06 per 1000 of population. The 
phthisical mortality-rate was 1.19 per 1000 of inhabitants. 

The mineral springs of Wisconsin are of great value and impor- 
tance. The production of mineral water for commercial use 
exceeded 3,000,000 gallons in 1895, or more than that of any 
other State. The springs are largely of the alkaline-saline-calcic 
varieties, a few being sulphureted. The following account, with 
the exception of the Sparta Spring, is derived entirely from a recent 
personal investigation in the State. The older works contain scarcely 
any reference to the Wisconsin springs. 

ALLOUEZ MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Brown County. 

Post-office, Green Bay. Hotels in Green Bay. The Allouez 
Springs are beautifully located near the base of an elevation (Astor 
Heights) in the southern part of the city of Green Bay. The water 



WISCONSIN. 535 

bubbles out from the hillside at a uniform rate all the year. It 
has a temperaure of 46° F. A pretty park surrounds and an 
ornamental pavilion covers the spring, which gushes up through 
an octagonal marble basin. An attendant in charge supplies water 
to the visitors. It is believed that the Menominee Indians made 
use of the spring. The water was analyzed in 1888 by Prof. W. 
W. Daniels, of the Wisconsin State University: 

ALLOUEZ MINERAL WATER. 

A Ikaline- saline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 4.26 

Potassium sulphate . . 0.12 

Sodium sulphate 3.46 

Calcium sulphate .0.11 

Sodium phosphate Trace. 

Iron bicarbonate 0.06 

Calcium bicarbonate . 24.69 

Magnesium bicarbonate . 27.53 

Alumina 0.17 

Silica and insoluble residue 1.97 

Total 62.37 

There is a very fortunate combination of mineral ingredients in 
this water. The principal ingredient, the bicarbonate of magnesia, 
gives it valuable antacid and laxative effects. The latter action is 
aided somewhat by the sulphate of sodium. Authorities are agreed 
that the carbonate of magnesia is an excellent antilithic in those 
cases in which uric acid is too abundant. The small proportion 
of bicarbonate of iron which we find is sufficient to impart tonic 
effects to the water. The chloride of sodium, sulphate of sodium, 
aud bicarbonate of magnesium all contribute to render the water 
diuretic. The water is soft and sparkling, and as it contains no 
trace of organic or vegetable matter, is well adapted for general 
table use. In diseased states the best effects of the water have 
been observed in diabetes, Bright' s disease, disorders of the 
stomach and liver, and in gout, rheumatism, and vesical calculi. 

The charming city of Green Bay lies at the head of the bay of 
the same name, aud is one of the oldest settlements of the North- 
west. In the year 1668 Father Allouez established a missionary 
station here, and from that period dates the first settlement of the 
city. The springs are located but a short distance from the site of 
the old mission, and are named in honor of its intrepid and worthy 
founder. Green Bay offers excellent advantages as a health resort. 
Its elevated location renders the air cool and refreshing during the 
summer months, and malaria is unknown. The magnificent Fox 
River, which flows into the bay at this point, is spanned by five 
bridges. The streets are embowered with avenues of grand old 
trees, and there are excellent drives in every direction for miles 



536 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

around. Small steam and sailing yachts, with their burdens of 
pleasure-seekers, ply the placid waters of the bay, forming a picture 
of serene and restful beauty during the spring and summer months. 

ARCTIC SPRINGS, 

Trempeleau County. 

Post-office, Galesville. Hotels. These springs are situated near 
the village of Galesville, at the terminus of a branch of the Chicago 
and Northwestern E. R. The springs are at the head of a small 
lake called " Marin uka," while the village is at the foot, about a 
mile away. During the summer a small steamer, carrying fifty 
passengers, plies between the two points. The location is 750 feet 
above the sea-level. The surrounding country is broken by ranges 
of elevations known as u bluffs, ,y between which are beautiful and 
productive valleys from one to three miles wide. Smaller depres- 
sions intersect the main valleys at intervals of about a mile. All 
of these valleys contain clear trout streams coursing down their 
centres. This peculiar conformation of the surface gives the coun- 
try an aspect of picturesque beauty not soon to be forgotten. The 
fine scenery and salubrious climate are beginning to attract visitors 
to this region in rapidly increasing numbers. A large hotel is 
badly needed. The springs flow from beneath a precipitous bluff 
out of the rocks, filling a pipe six inches in diameter. The water 
as it flows has a temperature of 48° F. It never becomes putrid 
even after months of standing. The following analysis was made 
by Prof. W. W. Daniels, of the State University: 

ARCTIC MINERAL SPRINGS. 

A Ikaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium sulphate 0.19 

Sodium sulphate 0.07 

Sodium chloride 0.76 

Calcium chloride ......... 0.05 

Calcium bicarbonate 13.65 

Magnesium bicarbonate " . 9.84 

Iron bicarbonate 0.26 

Alumina 0.15 

Silica 0.06 

Total 25.03 

The water is a fairly potent alkaline-calcic, with light chalybeate 
properties. It is useful in acid dyspepsia, chronic constipation, 
renal congestion, the early stages of Bright' s disease, and in gen- 
eral debility. The water is now on the market. Galesville is a 
thrifty, bustling village of rather more than 1000 inhabitants, and 
numbers among its attractions telegraph and telephone facilities, 
electric lights, water-works, a magnificant water-power, etc. 



WISCONSIN. 537 

FORT CRAWFORD MINERAL WELL, 

Crawford County. 

Post-office, Prairie Du Chien. Hotels. Access via Chicago, 
Burlington and Quincy, and Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul 
Railroads. 

Prairie Du Chein contains about 4000 inhabitants, and is one of 
the oldest towns in the State. The well from which the mineral 
water is obtained was bored in 1876. At a depth of nine hundred 
and sixty feet a strong flow of water was encountered, and ever 
since there has been a continuous stream, six inches in diameter 
and having a pressure of twenty pounds to the square inch. The 
well yields about 40,000 gallons per hour. By means of mains 
and hydrants it furnishes the city fire department, and affords an 
abundance of water for domestic purposes. It was soon learned 
that the water possessed medicinal effects. An analysis by Prof. 
Bode, of Milwaukee, showed the following results : 

FORT CRAWFORD MINERAL WATER. 

Alkaline. Muriated and Sulphated Saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Calcium bicarbonate . 0.62 

Magnesium bicarbonate 10.97 

Sodium chloride 90.20 

Potassium chloride 3.80 

Sodium bromide . 0.13 

Sodium sulphate 12.80 

Calcium sulphate 15.38 

Iron bicarbonate 0.23 

Sodium phosphate Trace. 

Sodium bicarbonate " 

Alumina 0.66 

Silica 3 84 

Organic matter None. 

Total 138.63 

This is a valuable member of the widely useful alkaline-saline 
class of waters. It closely resembles some of the Saratoga waters 
in its mineral constituents, being, however, somewhat milder than 
those waters. Its chief effects are antacid, laxative, diuretic, and 
tonic. It is well adapted for the class of diseases to which such 
waters are applicable. It is also an excellent table water. A well 
equipped sanitarium, with ample bathing facilities, is conducted in 
connection with the well. The water is used commercially. 



538 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

HACKETT SPRINGS, 

Milwaukee County. 

Post-office, Hale's Corners. Hotels. The information we have 
been able to secure concerning these springs is quite meagre. They 
are located in a rolling country, about 800 feet above the sea-level. 

The summer weather is stated to be very variable, while the 
autumns are fine and clear. The temperature in summer ranges 
from 60° to 98° F. ; in winter from 60° above to 20° below. 
There are four large springs and numerous small ones. The com- 
bined currents form a small river. Drs. Sayle and McShayne, of 
Hale's Corners, have furnished us with the following analysis, made 
by Prof. Gustavus Bode, of Milwaukee : 

HACKETT SPRINGS. 

Light Alkaline-ealcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 0.24 

Sodium sulphate 1.03 

Sodium bicarbonate 0.46 

Calcium bicarbonate . 8.40 

Magnesium bicarbonate 6.23 

Iron bicarbonate ........ 0.36 

Alumina 0.11 

Silica 0.87 

Total 17.70 

This water possesses the properties of a mild alkaline diuretic, 
and antacid. 

PALMYRA MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Jefferson County. 

Post-office, Palmyra Springs. Hotels and sanitarium. Access 
via Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul R. R. to Palmyra, one hun- 
dred and eighteen miles north of Chicago and twenty miles west of 
Waukesha. The sanitarium stage meets trains. 

Palmyra is a pretty little town of 1000 inhabitants, nestling iu 
the foothills of the famous Kettle Range of Wisconsin. The loca- 
tion is 850 feet above tide- water, and it combines many of the 
features sought after by the summer seeker for health or recreation. 
This entire section is favored with a salubrious climate, and is 
entirely free from malaria. The soil is dry, sandy, and porous, 
overlying glacial deposits of gravel, which afford the best natural 
facilities for thorough drainage. The scenery here is noted for its 
tranquil beauty and loveliness. In his attractive brochure on 
"Summer in the Northwest" Mr. W. J. Auderson informs us 
that the beautiful little Spring Lake, or Palmyra Lake, as it is 



WISCONSIN. 539 

generally called, " may be classed as one of the gems of Wisconsin. 
Its bottom is covered with mosses, ferns, and other aquatic plants, 
which in midsummer bloom and blossom as a garden. It is fed 
by numerous mineral springs in the vicinity, and affords an enticing 
prospect for the angler or the lover of boating/' Seven miles dis- 
tant is the Scuppernong trout pond, which is said to contain millions 
of trout of all varieties and sizes. Many other beautiful lakes are 
within easy driving distance, over excellent roads. The Palmyra 
Springs Sanitarium is delightfully situated on the margin of Pal- 
myra Lake, of which it commands a charming view. This is a 
substantially built brick structure, four stories in height, containing 
spacious halls, wide verandas, and all the modern accessories for 
the health and comfort of its occupants. There are facilities for 
the administration of electricity in its various forms, massage, etc. 
The baths embrace salt, shower, shampoo, Turkish, Russian, and 
natural mineral water baths, the rooms being spacious and luxu- 
riously furnished. All kinds of facilities for indoor and outdoor 
diversions are at the option of the guests. These include a large 
gymnasium, a theatre, or music hall, for ladies and gentlemen 
biljiard parlors, bowling alleys, archery and tennis courts, etc. 
Directly opposite the sanitarium is a forty-acre forest of native oaks 
— the " Sanitarium Grove." Its winding walks and shaded nooks 
add no little to the attractiveness of the place. At a distance of one 
and a half miles from the sanitarium is the great Geyser Spring. 
It is thirty-eight feet in depth and fifty feet across the surface, 
and supplies 10,000,000 gallons of water per day. The water is 
soft, pure, and palatable, and is believed to possess remedial value. 
The mineral springs at Palmyra are very numerous. A cluster of 
half a dozen in the springs park, which could all be covered by a 
canvas forty feet square, are quite dissimilar in taste, of varying 
temperature, and of different analysis. One spring is slightly 
thermal, having a temperature of 72° F.; another, ten feet distant, 
is 62J° F.; two others of 52° temperature, while others are as 
low as 50° F. Back of the sanitarium, and four hundred feet 
from it, is another group, known as Magnesian Springs. They 
are remarkably pure and free from organic matter. Following 
are analyses of three of the springs, No. 1 being by Prof. W. S. 
Haines, of the Rush Medical College, Chicago, and Nos. 2 and 3 
by Prof. Bode, of Milwaukee : 

SPRING NO. 1 (PALMYRA SPRINGS). 

Alkaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium sulphate 0.94 

Potassium sulphate . .0.23 

Calcium bicarbonate 15.70 

Magnesium bicarbonate 10.94 

Magnesium chloride 0.18 



540 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 




Solids. 


Grains. 


Iron bicarbonate .... 


. 0.05 


Calcium phosphate .... 


. Trace. 


Alumina 




Silica ...... 


. 0.70 


Organic matter .... 


. Trace. 



Total 



28.74 



SPRING NO. 2 (PALMYRA SPRINGS). 



Alkaline-calcic. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium chloride 
Sodium sulphate 
Sodium bicarbonate . 
Calcium sulphate 
Calcium bicarbonate 
Magnesium bicarbonate 
Iron bicarbonate 
Alumina . 
Silica 
Organic matter 



Total 



Grains. 
0.21 
0.64 
0.16 
0.30 
9.86 
7.91 
0.06 
0.19 
0.61 
0.35 

20.29 



SPRING NO. 3 (PALMYRA SPRINGS). 

Alkaline-calcic. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride ........ 0.43 

Sodium sulphate 0.40 

Sodium bicarbonate ........ 0.18 

Calcium sulphate ........ 0.80 

Calcium bicarbonate .... . . 12.84 

Magnesium bicarbonate 10.14 

Alumina .......... 0.22 

Silica . 0.90 



Total 



25.91 



These waters all possess mild diuretic and antacid properties. 
The water of Spring No. 3, being entirely free from organic matter, 
is well adapted for carbonating and bottling. The numerous topo- 
graphical, climatic, and other advantages of Palmyra render it a 
suitable resort for a large variety of ills and ailments. The spring 
waters exert a beneficial influence, especially in rheumatism and dys- 
pepsia, although their use is also extended to functional hepatic 
disorders, the early stages of Bright' s disease, and to eczema, pity- 
riasis, and other skin troubles. 



WISCONSIN. 541 

SALVATOR MINERAL SPRINGS, 

Brown County. 

Post-office, Green Bay. This spring is the source of the Salvator 
Mineral Water. It does not appear to be used as a resort. An 
analysis by Prof. Delafontaine, of Chicago, shows the following 
mineral ingredients : 

SALVATOR MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-calcic. Chalybeate. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 1.60 

Sodium bicarbonate . . . . . . . .1.30 

Calcium bicarbonate 20.00 

Magnesium bicarbonate 17.60 

Iron bicarbonate . . 1.30 

Total 41.80 

This analysis shows an excellent alkaline, diuretic, and mild 
laxative water, with ferruginous properties. It is valuable in the 
treatment of acid dyspepsia, sluggishness of the portal circulation, 
Bright' s disease, diabetes, and irritable states of the bladder and 
urinary passages. The water is entirely free from organic impuri- 
ties, and is well adapted for table and club purposes. It has a 
large sale in different sections of the country. 

SHEBOYGAN MINERAL WELL, 
Sheboygan County. 

Post-office, Sheboygan. Hotels. Access via the Ashland divi- 
sion and also the Fond du Lac division of the Chicago and North- 
western B. B.; also via steamers on Lake Michigan. 

The city of Sheboygan is beautifully located at the entrance of 
the Sheboygan Biver into Lake Michigan, at an elevation of about 
650 feet above the level of the Atlantic Ocean. The mineral well 
is located in Fountain Park, and is 1475 feet in depth. It was 
bored in 1875, and extends down to the granite bedrock. Abun- 
dant water was discovered, the pressure, as indicated by the gauge, 
being fifty-two and one half pounds to the square inch, or sufficient 
to raise a column of water to the height of one hundred and fifteen 
feet. The well was carefully tubed, and the water is pure, bright, 
and sparkling, and entirely free from all surface contamination. 
The following analysis was made by Prof. Charles F. Chandler, of 
New York, in 1876 : 



542 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



SHEBOYGAN MINERAL WELL. 

llwiated- saline. Sodic and Magnesia. 



One U. S. gallon contains : 














Solids. Grains. 


Sodium chloride . . 306.94 


Potassium chloride . 












. 14.48 


Lithium chloride . 












0.11 


Magnesium chloride 












54.91 


Calcium chloride . 












27.82 


Sodium bromide 












0.19 


Sodium iodide 












Trace. 


Calcium sulphate . 












16.98 


Baryta sulphate 












Trace. 


Calcium bicarbonate 












13.66 


Iron bicarbonate 












0.59 


Manganese bicarbonate 












0.17 


Calcium phosphate 










. 


0.04 


Sodium biborate 












Trace. 


Alumina . 












0.13 


Silica 












0.47 


Organic matter 












Trace. 


Total 


436.49 



This water is seen to be very highly mineralized, and is closely 
allied to those of Kissingen and Kreutznack, in Germany. It con- 
tains, however, in addition to all the mineral constituents of those 
waters (except the nitrate of soda in Kissingen), traces of sulphate 
of baryta and biborate of soda, and a small quantity of bicar- 
bonate of manganese. It has practically the same therapeutic 
properties as those waters, and is applicable to the same conditions. 
The most pronounced effects are laxative, diuretic, and tonic. It 
seems to act as a stimulant to the mucous membrane generally, and 
promotes the secretions. It is highly recommended as a remedy in 
chronic constipation. It is further applicable to a large class of 
morbid conditions depending upon a deranged circulation and defec- 
tive secretion, such as dyspepsia, functional disturbances of the liver, 
hemorrhoids, anaemia and chlorosis, rheumatism, etc. The water is 
bottled and sold all over the country. 



SPARTA MINERAL WELLS, 
Monroe County. 

Post-office, Sparta. Hotel. Access : Sparta is a station on the 
Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul R. R., two hundred and fifty- 
five miles from Chicago. 

Bulletin 32 of the United States Geological Survey reports twelve 
mineral wells in Sparta, only two of which appear to have been 
analyzed. We present the following analysis of the Magnetic Well, 
made by J. M. Hirsh in 1876 : 



WISCONSIN. 



543 



MAGNETIC MINERAL WELL (SPARTA). 



One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. 
Sodium carbonate 
Magnesium carbonate 
Iron carbonate . 
Manganese carbonate 
Calcium carbonate . 
Ammonium carbonate 
Lithium carbonate . 
Strontium carbonate 
Barium carbonate 
Potassium sulphate . 
Sodium sulphate 
Calcium sulphate 
Sodium chloride 
Calcium chloride 
Sodium phosphate . 
Aluminium phosphate 
Sodium iodide . 
Silica 



Total 



Chalybeate. 



Grains. 

0.17 

3.35 

11.94 

Trace. 

0.33 

Trace. 



0.53 
1.84 
0.14 
0.12 
0.50 
0.05 
0.05 
Trace. 
0.23 

19.25 



This analysis shows an almost pure chalybeate, the remaining 
ingredients being all of a secondary character. The water possesses 
the properties of a good ferruginous tonic. 



WAUKESHA MINERAL SPRINGS, 
Waukesha County. 

Post-office, Waukesha. Hotels and boarding-houses. Access 
via Chicago and Northwestern, Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, 
and Wisconsin Central Railroads. An electric line is also being 
built from Milwaukee. 

Waukesha, the county-seat of Waukesha County, is located six- 
teen miles west of Milwaukee and ninety-eight miles northwest of 
Chicago. The elevation here is about 800 feet above tide-water. 
The surrounding country is of a rolling character, well wooded, 
and has a sandy, gravelly soil. The natural advantages of the 
place have made it a general society centre of the Northwest 
during the summer season. The usual population of about 6400 
is increased during the hot months to more than 10,000. In 
the year 1895 there were 143 clear days, 130 partially cloudy, 
and 92 cloudy days. The summer weather is usually of a de- 
lightful character, and quite free from days of oppressive heat. 
The average rainfall from 1892 to 1895, inclusive, was 28.02 
inches. The village contains eleven hotels and more than forty 
boarding-houses. In addition the houses of private citizens are 
often thrown open to visitors. Among the best known hotels are 



544 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

the Fountain Spring House, with accommodations for 800 guests ; 
the Park/ 300; the Spring City, 250; National, 150; Terrace, 100; 
Coleman, 100. Most of the hotels maintain bands during the 
season. Open-air public concerts are also given morning and 
evening. There is one theatre in the place, besides two public 
halls. The Fox River runs through Waukesha, and is large enough 
for row-boats. This is a region of lakes, there being no less than 
thirty-six in Waukesha County, the most remote being only eighteen 
miles distant. The lakes are surrounded by hotels and cottages, and 
during the summer they constitute a vast picnic-grounds. The prime - 
attraction of Waukesha, however, is found in the great group of 
mineral springs located here. The waters of these springs are 
chiefly alkaline, chalybeate, and calcic. They have become known 
throughout the United States. Following are analyses of some of 
the most important : 

WAUKESHA MINERAL SPRINGS. 

Alkaline-saline. Calcic. 





Beth- 
esda. 


1 


Clysmic 
2 


3 


Foun- 
tain. 


Hygeia 


Silu- 
rian. 


Vesta. 


One U. S. gallon contains 
solids. 


C F. 

Chand- 
ler. 


Rath- 
bone. 


R. O. 
Dore- 
mus. 


R. O. 

Dore- 
mus. 


Blaney. 


A. 

Thiel. 


W. S. 
Haines. 


G. 
Bode. 




Grs. 


Grs. 


Grs. 


Grs 


Grs. 


Grs. 


Grs. 


Grs. 


Sodium bicarbonate . . 


1.26 


1.26 


4.31 


0.80 


1.02 


2.26 


0.03 


0.41 


Calcium carbonate . . 














9.93 




Calcium bicarbonate . 


17.02 


16.04 


16.15 


15.90 


13.78 


16.73 




13.43 


Magnes. carbonate . . 














6.83 




Magnes. bicarbonate 


12.39 


13.56 


9.22 


8.54 


9.20 


13. 14 




10.74 


Iron carbonate .... 














0.13 




Iron bicarbonate . . . 


0.04 


0.04 


0.57 


0.69 


0.05 


0.58 




0.05 


Iron pbosphate .... 














trace 




Sodium sulphate . . . 


6. 54 


6.56 


0.69 


1.08 


0.36 


6.52 


0.29 


0.55 


Manganese phosphate . 














trace 




Potassium sulphate . . 


0.46 


0. 46 


6.50 


6.20 




6.82 






Sodium phosphate . . 




0.03 


0.43 


0.45 




0.04 






Sodium chloride . . . 


1.16 


1.17 


0.35 


0.55 


trace 


1.25 


0.19 


0.30 


Aluminium oxide . . 


0.12 


trace 






0.09 


0.72 


0.59 


0.13 


Alumina 






trace 


trace 










Silica 


0.74 


0.72 


0.80 


0.81 


0.85 


0.15 


0.70 


0.85 


Organic matter .... 


1.98 


1.62 


trace 


trace 


0.31 


trace 


trace 




Total 


35.71 


35.46 


33.02 


29.02 


25.36 


36.21 


18.69 


26.46 



Other well-known springs at Waukesha are the " White Rock," 
" Glenn," " Horeb," "Gibson," " Siloam," "Mineral Rock," 
and " Vitaqua." 

It will be observed that the principal ingredient of all these 
waters is the bicarbonate of magnesium. Their action in the sys- 
tem is antacid, mildly laxative after continuous use, and diuretic. 
They have a useful application in dyspepsia, abdominal engorge- 
ment, Bright' s disease, diabetes, and bladder troubles. Some of 
them are excellently adapted for the table. The waters of a num- 



WYOMING. 545 

The following Wisconsin springs are also used more or less as 
resorts. We have been unable to obtain recent reports from them : 
ber of these springs are carbonated or otherwise treated and sold 
in all parts of the United States. 

Gihon Springs, Delavan, Walworth County. 

Iodo-Magnesian Springs, Beloit, Rock County. 

New Saratoga Springs, Star Prairie, St. Croix County. 

Eichmond Spring, Whitewater, Walworth County. 

St. Croix Mineral Spring, near East Farmington, Polk County. 

Shealtiel Mineral Springs, near Waupaca, Waupaca County. 

Sheridan Springs, Lake Geneva, Walworth County. 

Tellula Mineral Spring, Appleton, Outagamie County. 

The following springs are used commercially: 

Bay City Springs, Ashland, Ashland County. 

Bethania Springs, Osceola, Polk County. 

Castalia Springs, Wauwatosa, Milwaukee County. 

Darlington Mineral Springs, Darlington, Lafayette County. 

Lebens Wasser, Green Bay, Brown County. 

Nee-Ska-Ra Mineral Spring, Wauwatosa, Milwaukee County. 

Sparkling Spring, Milwaukee, Milwaukee County. 

St. John Mineral Spring, Green Bay, Brown County. 

Wautoma Mineral Spring, Waushara County. 

The following additional springs at Waukesha are also used com- 
mercially: 

Almanaris Springs. 

Arcadian Spring. 

Elein Spring. 

WYOMING. 

Wyoming is situated between the parallels of 41° and 45° north 
latitude, and 104° and 111° west longitude. The surface forms an 
extensive plateau and mountain region, having an average eleva- 
tion of 6400 feet above tide-water. The main chain of the Rocky 
Mountains extends across the State from northwest to southeast, 
forming the Continental Divide. The principal ranges of the 
Rockies in Wyoming are the Wind River, in the northwest; Big 
Horn, north of the centre; Laramie, in the east; Bishop, west of 
the main chain; and the Rattlesnake Hills and Sweet- water Moun- 
tains, in the central portion, on the Sweet-water River. The Black 
Hills lie partly in this State and partly in South Dakota, while the 
Yellowstone National Park is formed from its northwestern corner. 
The highest elevation in the State is Fremont's Peak, of the Wind 
River Range, which reaches an altitude of 13,790 feet. The lowest 
portions are along the northern and eastern borders, where in several 
places the surface is less than 5000 feet above the sea-level. The 
mountain region of the State presents some of the most magnificent 
scenery in the world. The Union Pacific R. R., which traverses 

35 



546 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

the State, follows the plateau which forms the part lying between 
the Missouri and the Colorado Rivers. The traveller by this road, 
therefore, sees but little of the mountains except at a distance. The 
mountains are covered with a thick growth of pine, spruce, and 
hemlock trees of large size; the foothills have pine, spruce, aspen, 
walnut, elm, ash, box-elder, and red cedar, while the river bottoms 
are abundantly supplied with two species of cottonwood and thickets 
of willow. The mountain regions of Wyoming are well watered by 
numerous streams, but the broad valleys and the plains are poorly 
supplied. Many of the streams which flow full in the mountains 
the entire year run dry in the summer upon the plains. None of 
the rivers is navigable. Upon the mountains the rainfall probably 
reaches, if it does not exceed, 30 inches annually. In the lower 
and more level sections it is from 8 to 15 inches, being greater in 
the eastern part and diminishing toward the west. The temperature 
varies with the elevation. In the valleys and on the plateaus and 
plains the annual temperature is between 40° and 50° F. Upon 
the mountains it progressively diminishes until, at an elevation of 
10,000 feet, it reaches approximately 30° to 34° F. According to 
the United States Census of 1890, the death-rate for Wyoming was 
6.82 per 1000 of population. The mortality from consumption was 
at the rate of 0.30 per 1000 of population. 

Exclusive of the Yellowstone National Park, the list of the 
• United States Geological Survey credits the State of Wyoming with 
twenty-eight mineral spring localities. This list is doubtless far 
from complete, as many parts of the State are still in a compara- 
tively primitive condition. As far as known, the waters are chiefly 
of the silicious, calcic, and sulphureted classes. There are also a 
few salines and chalybeates. No spring localities in Wyoming are 
mentioned by Moorman, Walton, or Bell. We have addressed 
letters to all the localities mentioned in the Geological Reports, as 
well as to a number of postmasters, physicians, and others living 
in the State. As a result we have obtained an account of one 
locality now in use as a resort. 

RAWLINS' SULPHUR SPRINGS, 

Carbon County. 

Post-office, Rawlins. Hotels. These springs are pleasantly 
located about two miles from the enterprising town of Rawlins. 
The situation is on an elevated plateau, at an altitude of 6400 feet 
above the sea-level. The surrounding country is rugged and moun- 
tainous. The following analysis was made in 1894 by E. E. Slosson, 
of the School of Mines of the University of Wyoming, at Laramie : 



WYOMING. 547 

RAWLINS' SPRINGS. 

Saline-calcic. Sulpho-car-bonated. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Potassium chloride . . . . . • . .1.40 

Sodium chloride 12.18 

Sodium sulphate 8.54 

Magnesium sulphate , . . . .18.23 

Calcium sulphate ......... 19.28 

Calcium carbonate 7.41 

Silica . > 8.23 

Carbonic acid 0.82 

Total 76.09 

Temperature of water at spring, 48° F. 

The water is said to be highly sulphureted as it flows. The above 
analysis having been made at a distance from the springs, this gas 
was lost by volatilization. Therapeutically, the water has been 
fully tested in only one disease, viz., rheumatism. In this affec- 
tion it is stated to be very efficacious, both internally and in the 
form of hot baths. The water, as shown by the analysis, should 
possess very good diuretic and laxative properties. A first-class 
hotel and bath-house are much needed to put the resort on a good 
footing. The natural advantages of the place appear to offer excel- 
lent inducements for the establishment of a sanitarium. 

The following springs are also used to some extent : 

Leroy Springs, near Leroy Station, Uinta County. 

Saratoga Springs, Saratoga, Carbon County. 



YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 

Access via the Northern Pacific R. R. to Livingston, Montana; 
thence by a branch line of the Northern Pacific to Cinnabar, a point 
on the northern border of the Park, fifty- one miles from Livingston. 
From Cinnabar the trip is continued by a daily stage line to the 
Mammoth Hot Springs, seven miles distant, from whence the tour 
of the Park proper is made in the stage coaches of the Yellowstone 
National Park Transportation Company. The tourist-season ex- 
tends from June 1st to October 1st. 

In 1872 an Act of Congress was passed setting aside forever as a 
public park a section of country in the Rocky Mountain chain in 
the northwestern corner of Wyoming, which at once became known 
as the Yellowstone National Park. This tract is about fifty-four 
miles in width from east to west by sixty-two miles from north to 
south, and embraces about 3350 square miles of territory. It is 
about 1000 miles from St. Paul and Duluth on the east and about 

i For much of the data in this account the author is indebted to President W. G. Pearce, 
of the Yellowstone National Park Association. The reader is also referred to Hayne's " Guide 
Book of the Yellowstone National Park" and to a charming brochure entitled "Sketches of 
Wonderland," issued by the Northern Pacific Railroad. 



548 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

the same distance from Portland on the west, and about 1500 miles 
distant from each of the two cities of Chicago and San Francisco. 
We cannot here enter into a description of the scenic wonders of 
this grand and romantic region. Volumes might be devoted to a 
description of its woodland and meadow, its mountain torrents and 
placid lakes; its steaming, hissing geysers and appalling canyons, 
and its varied wealth of botanical and zoological curiosities, and 
still leave the half untold. The average elevation of the park is 
between 7000 and 8000 feet above the sea-level. Some of the 
mountain peaks attain an altitude of over 11,000 feet. Following 
is a table of altitudes of important points : 





Feet. 




Feet. 


Spinx .... 


10,880 


Lower Geyser Basin . 


7,252 


Emigrant Peak 


10,629 


Middle Geyser Basin . 


7,300 


Electric Peak 


11,155 


Upper Geyser Basin 


7,400 


Mt. Everts . 


7,600 


Yellowstone Lake 


7,738 


Bunsen Peak 


8,775 


Grand Canyon Falls . 


7,710 


Mammoth Hot Springs 


6,387 


Mt. Washburn . 


10,346 


Quadrant Mountain 


10,127 


Dunraven Peak . 


8,867 


Norris Geyser Basin 


7,530 


Grand Teton (Idaho) . 


13,691 


Gibbon River Canyon . 


7,350 







The following time-schedule will give a comprehensive idea of 
the Park itinerary as observed by the official stages. This schedule 
is subject to variation at the discretion of the company, but is gen- 
erally adhered to : 

First day: Leave Livingston at 8.45 a.m.; arrive Cinnabar 10.45 
a.m.; leave Cinnabar at 11.00 a.m.; arrive Mammoth Hot Springs 
Hotel 1.00 p.m., taking lunch, dinner, and lodging. 

Second day : Breakfast. Leave Mammoth Hot Springs at 8.00 
a.m., arriving at Norris at noon for lunch; leaving at 1.30 p.m., 
and arriving at Fountain Hotel, Lower Geyser Basin, at 5.30 p.m., 
for dinner and lodging. 

Third day : Breakfast at Fountain. Leave for Midway and Upper 
Geyser Basin at 8.00 a.m. Lunch at Upper Geyser Basin. Dinner 
and lodging at Fountain Hotel. 

Fourth day : Breakfast at Fountain. Leave for West Arm of 
Yellowstone Lake at 7.00 a.m. Lunch at lake, and leave the lake 
after lunch for Yellowstone Lake Hotel at lake outlet. Dinner 
and lodging. 

Fifth day : Breakfast at Yellowstone Lake. Leave for Grand 
Canyon at 9.30 a.m.; arrive Grand Canyon at 12.30 p.m. Lunch, 
dinner, and lodging. 

Sixth day: Breakfast. Leave Grand Canyon at 10.00 a.m.; 
arrive Norris at 12.30 p.m.; lunch; leave Norris at 1.30 p.m.; 
arrive Mammoth Hot Springs at 4.30 p.m. Dinner. Leave Mam- 
moth Hot Springs at 6.30 p.m., arriving at Cinnabar at 8.00 p.m. ; 
leave Cinnabar at 8.15 p.m.; arrive Livingston at 10.15 p.m. 

The annexed table gives the correct distances between the most 
important points. The intersection between vertical and longitu- 
dinal columns will show the number of miles. 



WYOMING. 



549 



To 



From 



Cinnabar . 

Mammoth Hot Spring . 
Golden Gate .... 
Obsidian Cliff . 

Norris Geyser Basin 
Gibbon Meadows . 
Gibbon Falls .... 
Lower Geyser Basin 
Excelsior (Midway) Geyser . 
Upper Geyser Basin 
Keppler's Cascades 
West Arm Yellowstone Lake 
Yellowstone Lake Hotel 
Hayden Valley 

Grand Canyon 











(3 






a 


^ 


ri 


03 
















1 


co 




1 


>> 


•55 

o3 


t3 


£ 


CD 






^ 






cq 


£ 




n 


pq 


a3 





03 


>. 




o 

a 


2* 


id 


u 


O 


CO 


0) 

CO 


t3 


CO 


03 
03 
O 


P ■ 


CD 

a 
2 

CO 

Is 

1=5 


'3 


s4 

X> 

c3 

a 

a 
'3 


xi 

fa 


o 
a 

2 
o 

O 


5 

•3 

1 
o 


C5 

CQ 
"g 

o 


0) 

a 

a 
B 

Xi 
O 



3 


>> 
© 
O 

CD 

O 

1-3 


IS 
13° 


>> 

O 

1 


03 
"u 
cd 

CD 


la 
03 s 


> 

03 
W 




7 


11 


19 


29 


32 


36 


49 


52 


59 


61 


77 


95 


105 


7 




4 


12 


22 


25 


29 


42 


45 


52 


54 


70 


88 


98 


11 


"i 




8 


18 


21 


25 


38 


41 


48 


50 


66 


84 


94 


19 


12 


"8 




10 


13 


17 


30 


33 


40 


42 


58 


76 


86 


29 


22 


18 


10 




3 


7 


20 


23 


30 


32 


48 


60 


76 


32 


25 


21 


13 


"3 




4 


17 


20 


27 


29 


45 


63 


73 


36 


29 


25 


17 


7 


"4 




13 


16 


23 


25 


41 


59 


69 


49 


42 


38 


30 


20 


17 


13 




3 


10 


12 


28 


46 


56 


52 


45 


41 


33 


23 


20 


16 


3 




7 


9 


25 


43 


53 


59 


52 


48 


40 


30 


27 


23 


10 


"7 




2 


18 


36 


46 


61 


54 


50 


42 


32 


29 


25 


12 


9 


2 




16 


34 


44 


77 


70 


66 


58 


48 


45 


41 


28 


25 


18 


16 




18 


28 


95 


88 


84 


76 


66 


63 


59 


46 


43 


36 


34 


18 




10 


105 


98 


94 


86 


76 


73 


69 


56 


53 


46 


44 


28 


ib 


... 


41 


34 






12 




















113 


106 


102 


90 


84 


81 


77 


64 


61 


54 


52 


36 


18 


8 



113 

10 3 6 
102 
90 

12 

84 
81 
77 
64 
61 
54 
52 
36 
18 



The small figures, in a few places, are the distances between the 
Grand Canyon and the various points noted via the return road in 
the tour from the Canyon to ISTorris. Adding together both large 
and small figures as they are found will give the total distance 
between such places as per the regular tour. 

The Park Association conducts the hotels in the park under fran- 
chises issued by the United States Government. The following 
accommodations are offered to tourists with the assurance, as a 
general rule, of excellent service : 

Mammoth Hot Springs : A large hotel, with steam-heat and elec- 
tric light, located within easy walking distance of the Hot Springs. 
Accommodations for 150 tourists. 

Norris Geyser Basin : A lunch station for the accommodation of 
tourists, located within a few minutes' walk of the geysers and 
pools, and two miles from Virginia Cascade, on the road to the 
Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. 

Lower Geyser Basin : The hotel at this point is located near the 
Fountain Geyser and Mammoth Paint Pots; has steam-heat, elec- 
tric lights, and hot mineral baths. Accommodations for 250 tourists. 

Upper Geyser Basin: A lunch station located near Old Faithful 
Geyser. 

West Arm of Yellowstone Lake : A lunch station under canvas. 

Outlet of Yellowstone Lake : A steam -heated and electric-lighted 
hotel of seventy-five rooms; with hot and cold bath facilities, and 
located on the shore of the lake, one mile from the mouth of the 
river, where the trout for which the Yellowstone Lake is noted can 
be readily brought to the surface with the hook and line. The 
Natural Bridge is about two miles west of the hotel. Accommo- 
dations for 125 tourists. 



550 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



Grand Canyon and Falls of the Yellowstone : A hotel located 
within easy distance of the Great Falls and the numerous points of 
interest along the brink of the canyon. Steam heat, electric lights, 
hot and cold baths. Accommodations for 250 tourists. 

The following data relating to the springs and geysers of the 
park will be found of interest. They are based upon careful 
observations made in 1894 : 



NORMS BASIN, 



Name. 


Eruption in feet. 


Duration of 
eruption. 


Intervals of eruption. 


Black Growler . 


10 to 12 


Continuous. 




Hurricane . 




Similar to Growler. 






Mud Geyser 




10 


20 to 30 min. 


5 minutes. 


New Crater . 






20 minutes. 



2 hours. 


Monarch 


""i6o 


Varies about 12 hours. 


Minute Man 




30 to 40 
Beautiful Spring. 




1 minute. 


Emerald Pool 





40 to 50 feet wide. 









LOWER BASIN. 


Fountain .... 


20 to 30 


10 to 15 min. 


2 to 4 hours. 


Clepsydra Spring 


Small but very 

pleasing. 
Basin of clay, 






Mammoth Paint Pots 








strangelv colored, 








40x60 feet wide. 






Great Fountain . 


60 to 80 


1 hour. 


Frequent. 


MIDWAY BASIN. 


Excelsior .... 


200 to 250 


28 minutes. 


Long intervals— years. 


Turquoise Spring 


Turquoise blue 100 
feet diameter. 






Prismatic Lake . 


Wonderfully colored 
water, 250x350 feet 

diam. 






UPPER BASIN. 


Old Faithful 


150 


6 minutes. 


65 minutes. 


Bee Hive . 




200 


8 


5 times a week. 


Giantess 






125 


10 to 20 hours. 


14 days. 


Lion 






75 


10 minutes. 


10 to 20 hours. 


Lioness 






100 


12 


24 to 48 hours. 


Cubs . 






10 to 30 


20 


Frequent. 


Surprise 






60 


30 


Irregular 


Sawmill 






25 


30 


Verv frequent. 


Grand . 






200 


30 


15 to 20 hours. 


Turban 






30 


30 


Several times a week. 


Riverside 






90 


15 


8 hours. 


Fan 






30 


10 


8 hours. 


Artemisia 






100 


10 


Twice a day. 


Jewell . 






40 


2 


Irregular. 


Grotto . 






25 


25 


4 hours. 


Giant . 






250 


90 


5 days. 


Oblong 






20 


4 


6 hours. 


Splendid 






200 


8 


At intervals every third day. 


Castle . 






100 


50 


24 to 30 hours. 


Economic 






30 




Frequent. 


Sponge 






Sponge-like geyser. 


Punch Bowel 




Beautiful spring, sometimes an active 


i geyser. 


Black Sand Basin 


} 






Specimen Lake . 


Two very interesting objects. Some 


very fine coloring here. 


Morning Glory Spring 


Lovely spring with delicately colorec 


1 rim. 


Biscuit Basin 


Peculiar spot witb geyserite biscuits. 





WYOMING. 



551 



Persons visiting the park should bear in mind that the killing of 
game or destruction, defacing, or removal of any object, however 
small, is expressly forbidden by law, any violation of which is pun- 
ishable by a fine or imprisonment, or both. The park is under the 
control of the United States Government, and a sufficient number of 
troops are kept there the year round to patrol its limits and afford 
a watchful supervision to prevent acts of vandalism, and to enforce 
the regulations governing its use. 

This great park is undoubtedly destined to become prominent as 
a health resort. Within its limits are contained upward of 2000 
springs, many of which have been found to be highly mineralized 
as well as thermal. We present the following table of reactions, 
etc., of thirty-four of these springs, geysers and streams, which we 
have compiled from analyses made in 1883, 1884, and 1885 by 
Messrs. Frank Austin Gooch and James Edward Whitfield : l 

SPRINGS AND GEYSERS OF THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 











Solid contents 






Tempera- 
ture, F. 2 


Reaction. 


per U. S. gallon 
Grains. 


Cleopatra Spring 




159.80° 


Alkaline. 


121.64 


Orange Spring 




145.40 


« 


101.54 


Hot River . 




136.40 


(I 


113.10 


Soda Bath Spring 




64.40 


tt 




Fearless Geyser . 




191.40 


Neutral. 


95.02 


Pearl Geyser 




. 187.20 


a 




Constant Geyser . 




197.60 


Acid. 


94.44 


Coral Spring 




163.40 


a 


111.35 


Echinus Spring . 




195.80 


Acid. 


48.38 


Schlammkessel . 




195.80 


a 


98.52 


Fountain Geyser . 




179.60 


Alkaline. 


81.03 


Great Fount'n Gey'r 


179.60 to 1 


a 


76.37 


Hygeia Spring . 




109.40 


a 


68.79 


Madison Spring . 
Excelsior Spring 




140.00 


C( 


76.95 




197.60 


(t 


85.70 


Old Faithful Geyser 


187.20 to 1 


li 


81.03 


Splendid Geyser . 




199.80 


u 


95.02 


Giantess Geyser . 




199.80 


(( 


82.20 


Bee-hive Geyser . 




199.80 


a 


70.54 


Grotto Geyser 




199.80 


a 


82.78 


Turban and Grand Geysers . 


195.80 


C( 


81.03 


Artemisia Geyser 




192.02 


a 


86.28 


Taurus Geyser 




197.60 


it 


74.62 


Asta Spring 




187.20 


a 


39.05 


Bench Spring 




191.40 


Slightly acid 


27.40 


Chrome Spring . 




197.60 


Neutral. 


166.32 


Alum Creek 


, 


. 


Acid. 


71.12 


Mush-pot Spring 




185.00 


it 


64.13 


Devil's Ink-pot . 


, 


197.60 


u 


197.05 


Firehole River at Marshall's 


44.40 


Alkaline. 


24.26 


Gardiner Riv. ab. Hot Riv. 


44.40 




12.24 


Water supply at Mammoth 








Hot Springs 








15.74 


Soda Springs 




42*. 80 


Acid. 


48.90 


Yellowstone Lake 








99.11 



Bulletin 47 of the United States Geological Survey, 1888. 

Converted from degrees Centigrade. 3 Converted from grammes per kilogramme. 



552 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

Most of these waters, it will be seen, are not only highly thermal, 
but are quite heavily mineralized, the solid contents ranging from 
12.24 to 197.05 grains per gallon. These mineral ingredients con- 
sist chiefly of calcium, sodium, potassium lithium, magnesium, sili- 
con dioxide, sulphur trioxide, carbon dioxide, chlorine, and basic 
oxygen. The chemists also discovered the following ingredients in 
small quantities or traces : Titanium, arsenic, iron, bromine, alum- 
inium, manganese, barium, strontium, rubidium, caesium, ammo- 
nium, hydrogen sulphide, boron, phosphorous, and hydrochloric 
acid. The various combinations of these elements and bases have 
not been fully determined, but the waters may in general terms be 
classed as calcic, alkaline, silicious, saline, and sulphureted. It may 
be stated that the waters for the above examinations were collected 
during the months of July, August, September, and October, and 
the thermometric records represent as a rule the summer tempera- 
tures. It is probable that the waters of the hot-springs show little 
variation in temperature at the fountains during the year. We 
present in full the analysis of the Fountain Geyser, which may be 
regarded as fairly representative of the group. The hypothetical 
combinations have been worked out for the author by E. E. Smith, 
Ph.D., of New York: 1 

FOUNTAIN GEYSER (YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAKE). 

A Ikaline. Muriated-saline. 

One U. S. gallon contains : 

Solids. Grains. 

Sodium chloride 30.47 

Potassium chloride . 2.09 

Sodium bromide . ... . 0.03 

Lithium bicarbonate 1.98 

Sodium bicarbonate ....... 22.46 

Magnesium bicarbonate 0.35 

Calcium bicarbonate ,.,.... 0.33 

Iron bicarbonate 0.035 

Manganese bicarbonate Trace. 

Potassium sulphate 2.48 

Sodium phosphate 0.01 

Sodium tetraborate 1.16 

Sodium arseniate ........ 0.20 

Alumina . 0.96 

Silica 19.33 



Total 81.885 

The water also contains free carbonic acid and a trace of sulphureted 
hydrogen. 

This analysis presents a fairly strong alkaline-saline water. It 
possesses useful properties as an antacid, diuretic, and aperient. In 
addition it contains an appreciable quantity of arsenic, and in con- 

1 The combinations, as estimated by the original analysts, have recently come under our 
observation. The result does not materially differ from those given above. It is probable 
that the proportion of sodium arseniate is somewhat overestimated. 



WYOMING. 553 

tinued dosage should speedily produce the physiological effects of 
that drug. The water of La Bourbole, in France, which contains 
but slightly more arsenic than this geyser, has long been celebrated 
in the treatment of skin diseases, notably in eczema and the other 
rheumides. The Yellowstone waters will no doubt in time be found 
to possess equal virtues in these affections. At the present time the 
waters are used for bathing only at the Fountain Geyser Hotel. 
At this resort the waters are conducted into the hotel building, 
which is supplied with an excellent system of bath-rooms. The 
thermal waters of the park will probably come into high repute in 
the near future in the treatment of gout, rheumatism, and syph- 
ilitic affections. Sonre of the springs contain a considerable pro- 
portion of sulphureted hydrogen, while free hydrochloric acid is 
found in several others. We may expect that all of these different 
waters will at some future time render useful service in practical 
therapeutics. We are informed that intensely hot weather is prac- 
tically unknown in the park. Following is a temperature table of 
the summer and early fall months, made during a recent season : 





Sunrise. 


Mid-day. 


Sunset. 


Mean. 


July . 


. 55° F. 


77° F. 


69° F. 


67° F. 


August . 


. 50 


79 


66 


65 


September . 


. 41 


66 


58 


55 


October 


. 41 


57 


52 


50 



Visitors to the park should be amply prepared for cool weather, 
no matter what the season may be. 



APPENDIX. 

POTABLE WATERS 



The ultimate source of all drinking-water is the rainfall. This 
passes to various parts of the earth's crust, forming collections that 
have been conveniently designated surface, subsoil or ground, and 
underground or deep water. Available deep waters are termed 
phreatic. 

Natural water is never chemically pure, but contains foreign sub- 
stances whose character and quantity determine its sanitary purity 
and fitness for general domestic use. Even the water that rises in 
small vesicles from the earth to form clouds contains a trace of solid 
matter, and as it descends in the form of rain, it gathers additional 
substances from the atmosphere (vide page 21). Rain-water is col- 
lected for use by catchment areas, usually roofs, and is conducted 
through waterways to reservoirs, which are commonly underground 
cisterns. The surface of the earth is a large catchment area by 
which 50 per cent, or less of the rainfall is directly conducted into 
lakes and streams. Here it mingles with water of subsoil and deep 
origin, which has reached the surface through springs. The portion 
of rain and melted snow that does not pass into the surface collec- 
tions enters the somewhat indefinite body of subsoil or ground-water, 
gathering into solution various substances from the soil. Ground- 
water is found in shallow wells, either dug or driven, and in small 
hillside springs. Beneath the geological strata that support this 
hidden, subsoil water-table are collections of deep water. It is the 
portion of the rainfall that has found its way beneath impervious 
strata, either through fissures or at distant points where the strata 
reach the surface, and differs from the subsoil-water in temperature, 
in the small amount of oxygen it contains, and in the general char- 
acter of its ingredients, frequently being highly mineralized. As 
has been previously stated, most mineral waters belong to this class. 
Phreatic waters reach the surface through springs, artesian wells, 
and dug wells. 

Of the foreign substances that are present in natural waters, some 
enhance and others impair its potable quality. Among the former 
are the gases introduced in aeration, and many mineral ingredients, 
while among the latter are poisonous mineral substances, a great 



556 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

excess of saline and earthy matter, many products of industrial 
waste, usually an excess of organic matter, certain microscopic or- 
ganisms which render water unpalatable, and, finally, and by far 
the most objectionable, harmful parasitic and bacterial organisms, 
some of which constitute the veritable essence of infection. It is 
the presence of these forms of life in animal and human refuse 
that renders its introduction into drinking-water particularly objec- 
tionable. 

The quality of water is not alone dependent on the foreign sub- 
stances which it has taken up, but is determined as well by the 
chemical and biological changes which such substances undergo. 
Thus, natural purification from sewage pollution may occur; again, 
on the other hand, water may deteriorate from decomposition of 
organic matter, a change induced by the growth of bacterial and 
microscopic organisms present. 

Natural waters are commonly classed, in respect to their pota- 
bility, as (1) normal and (2) 'polluted, the latter including all waters 
contaminated with sewage and products of industrial waste. It 
does not follow, however, that all normal waters are sanitarily pure; 
as, for example, certain swamp-waters containing much vegetable 
organic matter, which tends to undergo decay, the use of which 
may be followed by epidemics of diarrhoea of mild or severe form. 
Again, it is now recognized that the water of stagnant ponds in 
malarial regions is commonly the carrier of the malarial parasites 
which, moreover, are not introduced through sewage pollution, but 
probably by insects, particularly mosquitoes, which suck the blood 
of malarial subjects and carry the organisms to the surface of the 
water, where these insects are wont to congregate and where they 
die in large numbers. Still other unwholesome normal waters are 
hard waters, producing intestinal derangement, and those containing 
poisonous metals. 

On the other hand, the waters which are en verite the source of 
disease, and to which the sanitarian's attention is particularly 
directed, are polluted waters, especially those polluted with sewage, 
for they may become the carriers of infection, producing rapid and 
fatal epidemics. The two well-recognized, water-borne, infectious 
diseases are cholera and typhoid fever. There are frequent and 
familiar instances where their propagation is known to have been 
entirely due to the use of polluted waters. 

The most common source of the pollution of rain-water is the 
exposure incident to its collection and storage, particularly the 
exposure to sewage-drains and cesspools adjacent to leaky cisterns. 
That such contamination does occur may in some instances be 
demonstrated by the introduction into the cesspool of some coloring 
matter or peculiar chemical and its subsequent recognition in the 
stored rain-water. The exposure of surface-water to pollution is 
dependent on the nature of the water-shed, and in general is pro- 
portional to the population of the territory. Ground-water is 



APPENDIX. 557 

exposed to contamination from the surface of the water-shed and, 
in addition, from the hidden refuse of sewage, cesspools, and privy 
vaults, sources that often escape detection when the locality is super- 
ficially inspected. Even deep waters are occasionally polluted from 
local sources when the rock strata are nearly vertical in position. 

How to readily dispose of sewage and at the same time protect 
from pollution nature's water-supply, is a problem which in large 
centres of population is difficult of solution. The ideal arrange- 
ment, as recently stated by one author, is that a land should be 
looked upon as watered by its smaller lakes, its springs, and its 
brooks, and sewered by its great, especially its navigable, rivers. 
No river or stream should be added to the list of sewage drains 
except by legislative permission. Unfortunately, this ideal condi- 
tion is not found at the present time in many localities. 

It appears, then, that potable water is found in each of the nat- 
ural classes, and, further, that water belonging to each class may 
be polluted : rain-water in its collection and storage; surface-water 
from the water-shed and the admixture of subsoil- water; ground- 
water from various sources, not always readily detected, and, occa- 
sionally, deep-waters from both local and remote sources. Omitting 
for the moment the consideration of the various technical data which 
combine to demonstrate the purity or impurity of water, let us briefly 
consider the methods that may be adopted to render polluted water 
suitable for drinking. 

Not many years ago it was believed that the purification of polluted 
water is readily accomplished by nature, which needs no artificial 
aid; that a stream flowing a few miles purifies itself. It was little 
thought that the inhabitants on the banks of a stream were receiv- 
ing disease through the water from their neighbors above, and in 
turn conveying disease to those below, by themselves polluting the 
stream. It is now recognized that water may flow many miles with- 
out accomplishing purification. Nature's methods, aeration, sedi- 
mentation, soil-filtration, and sunlight, may have little opportunity 
to effect this result where the land is thickly populated, and it is 
frequently desirable to supplement her efforts by artificial purifica- 
tion. 

This is readily accomplished, on a domestic scale, by boiling or 
distillation, which renders the water safe both by removing foreign 
substances and by destroying the disease germs. A measure which 
usually yields a more palatable product is filtration; but, unfortu- 
nately, few of the filters offered in the markets can justly claim to 
accomplish the results most desired, namely, the removal of the 
disease germs. This is true of all the charcoal filters that are 
attached to the water-tap; these, in fact, often infect rather than 
purify the water, though yielding a product acceptable in appear- 
ance. On the other hand, filtration of water through properly kept 
unglazed porcelain candles does remove the bacteria, and filters con- 
structed on this principle may at the present time be bought in the 



558 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

large cities. The filtration is slow and the niters need intelligent 
care to insure efficiency. 

The purification of large bodies of water for public supplies must 
iu some instances be undertaken, and the present success in this 
direction demonstrates that it is feasible. An efficient and practical 
method is filtration through sand-beds. This was undertaken in 
1893 at Lawrence, Mass. , where the water-supply is taken from the 
Merrimac River, nine miles below the city of Lowell. The high 
death-rate at Lawrence from typhoid fever led the municipal authori- 
ties to undertake the artificial purification of this water-supply. A 
filtering bed was constructed, covering an area of two and a half 
acres, and consisting of suitable sand, for a depth of about five feet, 
properly underd rained into a conduit for the filtered water. The 
filtering capacity of this ingenious device is, under one foot head, 
about five million gallons in the twenty-four hours. The water is 
improved (1) by the removal of the suspended matter, (2) by the 
combustion of the organic matter that is readily oxidizable, and (3) 
by the removal of 99 per cent., practically all, of the bacteria. 
The typhoid mortality has been reduced by the use of this filter to 
a figure comparing favorably with that of other cities where pure 
water is supplied to the inhabitants. 

Evidence of impurity is afforded by chemical analysis, micro- 
scopical examination, bacteriological examination, and the history 
and surroundings of the supply. 

Chemical analysis is directed to the detection of organic matter, 
its quality and quantity, of poisonous metals and other objection- 
able mineral substances, and of special impurities, as the products 
of industrial waste. The usual data obtained by chemical analysis 
are : 

Oxygen consumed, which is an index to the amount of organic 
matter. 

Nitrogen, present as " albuminoid " ammonia, free and saline 
ammonia, nitrites and nitrates, which furnishes evidence of the 
quantity of nitrogenous organic matter, its quality and condition, 
and whether it is undergoing change. 

Chlorides, which always accompany organic matter of animal 
origin, and which are, therefore, increased in amount by pollution. 

Total solids, which in good waters do not exceed a certain limit, 
which experience has established for each class of natural waters. 
The appearance of the solids on ignition furnishes evidence of the 
character of the organic matter present. 

Inorganic salts, including poisonous metals and earthy salts, 
which may prove injurious to the processes of digestion and general 
nutrition and render the water too hard for general domestic use. 

The chemical evidence most suggestive of pollution is that fur- 
nished by the nitrogen present. This exists to a considerable extent 
in vegetable and animal organic matter in a highly organized com- 
bination, and when present in water in this form furnishes the 



APPENDIX. 



559 



" albuminoid " ammonia of analysts. In addition, animal waste, 
and, consequently, sewage, contains much nitrogen in the forms of 
free and saline ammonia. When oxidized, ammonia nitrogen enters 
into the formation of nitrites, and ultimately nitrates. It is evi- 
dent, then, that much " albuminoid " ammonia indicates the pres- 
ence of considerable organic matter, while if much free ammonia is 
present as well, and especially if the amount of chlorine is above 
the local normal, we have presumptive evidence of the existence of 
sewage pollution. In such a water, moreover, in which the bacteria 
of animal waste are present, oxidation is rapidly proceeding, and an 
appreciable quantity of the transient nitrite is present. Finally, 
nitrogen in the form of nitrates is the ultimate product into which 
the nitrogen is oxidized, and when present without an increase in 
the other forms, and especially in the absence of bacteriological 
evidence of pollution, indicates remote rather than recent contami- 
nation. 

There are, however, other factors to be considered, without a 
knowledge of which these findings may be misleading. For exam- 
ple, chlorides may be increased by proximity to the sea. Again, 
chlorides and nitrates may be obtained from the strata of earth 
through which the water passes, in which case they furnish no evi- 
dence of pollution at all. Further, nitrates thus obtained may be 
reduced to nitrites, as by reducing organisms of the soil or by the 
action of the zinc-iron couple furnished by galvanized iron collect- 
ing-pipes and storage vessels. It is evident, therefore, that in form- 
ing a judgment of the sanitary purity of a water the general nature, 
history, and surroundings of the supply furnish data quite as impor- 
tant to consider as the amount and quality of the substances held in 
solution, and that without this knowledge the analytical results may 
be misinterpreted. It is very probable that good water is frequently 
condemned on insufficient data. 

The following table shows the usual range of the analytical data 
of pure waters : 

USUAL FINDINGS IN UNCONTAMINATED WATERS. 



One U. S. gallon contains 


Rain. 


Surface. 


Subsoil. 


Deep. 


Nitrogen of free and saline 
ammonia .... 

Nitrogen of albuminoid am- 
monia 

Nitrogen of nitrites 


Grs. 
0.01 to 0.03 

0.004 to 0.01 

None or trace 


Grs. 
None to .002 

0.003 to 0.01 

None 


Grs. 
None to 0.002 

0.003 to 0.007 

None 


Grs. 
Moderate or 
large amount 
0.002 to 0.007 

None or trace 


Nitrogen of nitrates. 


None or trace 


None to 0.1 


0.1 to 0.3 


None to 0.15 


Chlorine 


Trace to 005 


0.05 to 0.5 


0.05 to 0.6 


0.05 to large 
amount 


Total solids .... 


0.02 to 1 .0 


1.0 up 


2.0 up 


3.0 up 



560 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 



RESULTS OF THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER SUPPLIES. 







P 

o 


CD 

O p| oS | O O o3 


O 


5(H 
O 




■o 








fl^'p p .9 'P. 


P GO 


p ot 






Supply. 


'a 

ft 




£ p P 


Nitroge 
album 
ammoi 


8,3 

§E 


g' 3 


p 
o 

o 


3 


One U. S. gallon contains : 


Grs. 


Grs. 


Grs. 


Grs. 


Grs. 


Grs. 


Grs. 


Grs. 


New York City Croton Water 


July 2, 

1897 
Aver'ge 

1895 
June 23, 

1897 
June, 

1897 
June, 

1897 




0. 0006 


0. 0096 


None 


0. 0140 


0.155 


4.66 


Boston, Mass., city supply . 


0.495 


0. 0008 


0. 0116 


0. 00006 


0. 0055 


0.22 


2.70 


Brooklyn, N. Y., Ridgewood Reservoir 




0. 00006 


0. 0062 


None 


0. 1104 


0.904 


4.78 


Hartford, Ct., Reservoir No. 4 




0. 0073 


0. 0244 


Trace 


Trace 


0. 0986 




Hartford, Ct., Reservoir No. 5 . 




0. 0022 


0. 0046 


None 


None 


0. 0174 




Burlington, Vt., Lake Champlain 


0.088 


0. 0017 


0. 0067 


None 


Trace 


0. 0406 


4.06 


Poughkeepsie, N.Y., Hudson River . 




0.133 


0. 0024 


0. 0060 


Trace 


Trace 


0.261 


4.93 


Albany, N. Y., Hudson River 




0. 3306 


0. 0034 


0. 0096 


Trace 


0. 0047 


0.145 




Cohoes, N. Y., Mohawk River 




0. 2059 


0. 0029 


0. 0102 


0. 00012 


0. 0143 


0.232 




Philadelphia, Pa , Schuylkill River . 






0. 0005 


0. 0048 


None 


0. 0267 




7.73 


Cincinatti, 0., Ohio River . 






0. 00014 


0. 0052 




0.015 


0.812 


8.12 


Washington, D. C, Potomac River 




0.059 


0. 0024 


0. 0061 


Trace 


0. 0133 


0. 0638 


9.57 


Richmond. Va., James River 




0. 0959 


0. 0264 


0. 0072 


Trace 


Trace 


0. 0679 


6.09 


Rock Island, 111., Mississippi River . 




0.348 


0. 0012 


0. 0125 


None 


Trace 


0.058 


8.12 


New Orleans, La., Mississippi River . 




0. 332 


0. 0019 


0. 0156 


None 


0. 0046 


0.841 


19.72 


Springfield, Mass 


1893 


0.298 


0. 00043 1 0.0097 

1 


0. 00006 


0. 0015 0. 087 


2.18 



Microscopical examination reveals foreign substances suspended 
in water and microscopic organisms 1 present. The foreign sub- 
stances may suggest the source of contamination of impure waters, 
and the forms of life present may explain peculiarities of appear- 
ance or of odor and taste. This form of examination is more 
frequently of service in the analysis of surface waters. In a 
recent report of the New York State Board of Health we read: 
" Many of the micro-organisms produce, either by their processes 
of growth or by their decay, substances which are detrimental to 
the water, more especially so far as taste and odor are concerned, 
though some of them affect its use for cleaning purposes, and others, 
in too great abundance, seem to affect the health of drinkers of the 
water.' ' 

The Massachusetts State Board of Health has made extensive 
use of the microscopical examination of drinking-waters, and the 
following are illustrative of the opinions which have been influenced 
thereby: Advice to the towns of Hingham and Hull (Accord Pond). 

" Investigations made this year show that the taste and odor were 
due principally to the presence of a minute vegetable organism called 
anabcena, which was found in great abundance either distributed 
through the water of the pond or floating upon the surface as a green 
scum. This organism is seldom present in unpolluted natural ponds 
which have not been raised, but is frequently found in artificial 



1 The term " microscopic organisms " is here used to designate the forms of life, both animal 
and vegetable, which are readily observed under the microscope, and does not include bacte- 
rial organisms. 



APPENDIX. 561 

reservoirs which have been filled with water without removing the 
soil and vegetable matter from the bottom and sides." 

This water, examined in June, showed in each cubic centimetre : 
Diatomacece, 22; cyanophyeece, 17; anabcena, 8; algce, 45. Odor, 
decidedly vegetable, mouldy, and disagreeable. 

Water from Floating Bridge Pond, at Lynn, possessed a distinctly 
disagreeable odor, becoming vegetable and grassy on heating. Ex- 
amined in July, 1894, it showed in each cubic centimetre : 



Diatomacece : 




Infusoria : 




Melasira 


. 62 


Dinobryon cases 


3 


Synedia . 


1 


Peridinium . 


1 


Tabellaria 


. 216 


Trachelomonas 


1 


Cyanophyceae : 




Vermes : 




Anabsena 


. 760 


Anurea . 


2 


Oscillaria 


5 


Monocerca 


1 


Algae: 




Rotifer . 


1 


Arthrodesmus 


6 


Miscellaneous : 




Closterium 


. 160 


Zoogloea 


48 


Staurastrum . 


. 64 








Total . . . 1332 

Regarding this water the report states : ' ' Not of suitable quality 
for domestic use. The principal objection to the water at the pres- 
ent time is that it contains a very large number of microscopic 
organisms, which give the water a greenish turbidity and a disagree- 
able odor, and make it unpalatable." 

The bacteriological examination of water is directed either to the 
detection of specific pathogenic organisms or to the identification of 
the bacteria characteristic of sewage, whose presence is significant 
of sewage pollution. It is not required in practice to identify all 
the bacteria present, since a knowledge of the many organisms 
obtained by contact with the air and soil is without value in deter- 
mining its sanitary purity. A mere knowledge of the number of 
bacteria present, which heretofore has received so much attention, 
is likewise, in most instances, of limited value. The detection of 
specific pathogenic bacteria, on the other hand, cannot be under- 
taken with advantage as a routine procedure; for although the iden- 
tification of a pathogenic organism establishes with certainty the 
infectious nature of the supply, yet the failure to find such a bacte- 
rium still leaves the purity of the water an open question. Bacte- 
rial examination is directed with greatest advantage to the detection 
of the organisms characteristic of sewage, for in reality the question 
of sewage pollution and contamination with pathogenic bacteria are 
one. This procedure is comparatively simple, and with proper pre- 
caution leads to results that are conclusive. 

Human and animal excrement contains the bacillus coli communis, 
which is, therefore, constantly present in sewage, as are also bac- 
teria capable of producing putrefaction. Taking advantage of these 
facts and also of the fact that excrement, and hence sewage, contains 
numerous anaerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria, Dunham has 

30 



562 MINERAL SPRINGS AND WELLS OF UNITED STATES. 

suggested the establishment of the following data as a preliminary 
procedure in the examination of water for evidence of sewage pollu- 
tion : 

1. Number of bacterial organisms in a cubic centimetre. 

a. Growth on nutrient gelatin in air. 

b. Growth on nutrient gelatin in hydrogen. 

2. Test for bacteria of putrefaction. 

3. Tests for bacteria of fermentation. 

The presence of but few organisms capable of growing in an 
atmosphere of hydrogen, in addition to negative putrefactive and 
fermentation tests, indicates the absence of recent sewage pollution. 
Positive results, on the other hand, suggest such pollution, and call 
for isolatiou of the suspicious organisms and their identification by 
means of their morphological and biological characters. With a 
knowledge of the suspicious bacterial forms, the existence or absence 
of pollution is determined. 

The following are illustrative examples of the results of such 
examinations (the figures express the number of bacterial organ- 
isms per cubic centimetre) : 

1. PURE WATERS. 



Source 

Growth in air 
Growth in hydrogen 
Putrefactive test . 
Fermentation tests 



Driven Well. 




Negative. 



Dug Well. Spring, deep. 

459 270 

62 7 

Negative. Negative. 



Spring, deep. 
264 

Negative. 



Specimen 2. The considerable number of anserobics observed were facultative anaerobics 
from the soil. 

2. WATERS OF DOUBTFUL PURITY. 



5 


6 


7 


8 


Source 


Croton Water. 

(Dunham.) 

135 

30 

Positive. 


Old well. 

11,088 

3,520 

Positive. 


Well. 


Sewage. 

(Dunham.) 

51,516 

49,871 


Growth in hydrogen . 
Putrefactive test . 
Fermentation tests . . . 




Positive. 


Positive. 



Specimen 5. Organism identified, bacillus coli communis, proteus vulgaris. 
Specimen 6. Bacteria suggestive of sewage contamination. 
Specimen 7. Bacillus coli communis, bacillus lactis aerogenes. 



To these various technical data should be added a knowledge of 
the history and surroundings of the water-supply. While the detec- 



APPENDIX. 563 

tion of pollution by chemical analysis and bacteriological and micro- 
scopical examination is the province of the chemist and the micro- 
scopist, any person capable of acute observation and logical deduction 
can learn much, frequently all that is necessary, of the nature of the 
supply by careful inspection of its surroundings; yet notwithstand- 
ing this, serious dangers constantly escape recognition. Of the local 
domestic supplies, the leaky cistern is sometimes at fault, but far 
more frequently it is the well, whose cool, sparkling water, refresh- 
ing and inviting, is in truth a receptacle of refuse revolting to the 
mind as it is destructive to the body. In the presence of these 
facts, it is well to remember that nature supplies a vast store of pure 
water, and that its selection for domestic use is, in most instances, 
as convenient as it is desirable. 



IXDEX. 



ABAJONE spring, 280 
Abdominal plethora, 56 
venosity, 56 

causes of, 56 
treatment of, 56 

chloride of sodium 

waters in, 56, 57 
sulphated waters in, 
56, 57 
Abenaquis spring, 328 
Abita spring, 262 

Acid eructations, alkaline carbonated 
waters in, 55 
mineral waters, 30 
waters in diseases of respiratory or- 
gans, 64 

in night-sweats, 64 
in treatment of dysentery, 57 
of summer diarrhoea, 57 
Acids, 38, 40 

hydrochloric, free, 40 
Acute diseases, iron waters in treatment 

of slow convalescence from, 49 
Adams county mineral springs, 384 

springs, 106, 107 
Addison mineral springs, 263 

sulphur springs, 519 
Adirondack mineral spring, 338 
iEtna springs, 107, 108 
Agua de Vida springs, 109, 110 
Aguas Calientes, 108, 109 
Alabama, climatic features of, 83 
mineral springs of, 83-92 
Bailey Springs, 84, 85 
Bladon Springs, 85, 86 
Blount Springs, 86, 87 
Blue Grass Springs, 92 
Butler Springs, 92 
Chandler Springs, 87 
Coffee Springs, 88 
Green Springs, 92 
Healing Springs, 88 
Howard Springs, 89 
Jackson Springs, 92 
Livingston Artesian Well, 90 
Matchless Mineral Wells, 91 
Milhour's Springs, 92 
Shelby Springs, 92 
Tallahatta Springs, 92 
Valhermosa Springs, 92 
White Sulphur Springs, 92 
topographical features of, 83 



Alaska, climatic features of, 93 
mineral springs of, 93 

Hoonah Hot Springs, 93 
Sitka Hot Springs, 94 
springs on Chicaghoff Island, 94 
spring on Davis ave., Sitka, 94 
topographical features of, 93 
Albany, analysis of water supply, 560 

artesian well, 340 
Alburgh springs, 465 
Alcoholic excesses, sulphated saline 

waters in, 51 
Alcvone mineral spring, 228 
Algse, 52 

Alhambra springs, 177 
warm springs, 317 
Alkaline carbonated waters in chronic 
articular rheumatism, 57 
in muscular rheumatism, 57 
in nervous affections, 64 
in scrofula, 63 
chalybeate waters in syphilis, 62 
mineral waters, 31, 44 
muriated waters in chronic laryn- 
gitis, 64 
in clergyman's sore-throat, 
64 
saline mineral waters, 31 

in chronic cystitis, 61 
in enlarged prostate, 61 
in gleet, 61 
in obesity, 65 
in vesical catarrh, 61 
waters in diabetes mellitus, 62 

in diseases of respiratory organs, 

64 
in gout and uric acid diathesis, 

58 
in renal disease, 63 
in skin affections, 61 
in uric acid gravel, 59 
Allandale springs, 275 
Allan's mineral springs, 321 
Alleghany springs, 447, 475 
Allen springs, 111, 260 
Allen's alterative spring, 103 
Allouez mineral springs, 534-536 
Almaden Vichy springs, 177 
Almanaris springs, 545 
Alma magnetic mineral wells, 281 
Alpena magnetic sulphur springs, 282 
Althea springs, 199 



566 



INDEX. 



Alum rock springs, 112, 113 
springs, 381 

waters in diseases of respiratory or- 
gans, 64 
in night-sweats, 64 
in treatment of dysentery, 57 
of summer diarrhoea, 57 
uses of, 40 
Aluminium, occurrence of, in water, 40 
Ambler springs, 422 

Amenorrhea, treatment of, arsenical 
waters in, 54 
iron waters in, 49, 54 
American Carlsbad springs, 224 
Americanus mineral well, 283 
Amherst soda springs, 328 
Amita springs, 260 
Ammonia in drinking water, 558, 559 
Ammonium, occurrence of, in water, 41 
Anaemia, cold baths in, 70 
douche in, 74 

treatment of, arsenical waters in, 54 
iron waters in, 54 
Anaemic conditions, treatment of, iron 

waters in, 49 
Analysis, methods of expressing, 22 

of potable waters, 558 
Anasarca, 65 

general, treatment of, sulphated sa- 
line waters in, 51 
bitter waters in, 65 
Anderson, Dr. Winslow, 66 

on chemical action in produc- 
tion of thermal springs, 24 
on various California springs, 
106 et seq. 
mineral springs, 113-115 
Anti-dyspeptic and tonic springs, 476 

-fat springs, 176 
Antimony, occurrence of, in water, 41 
Apocrenic acid, 52 
Apollo springs', 228 
Aquetong mineral spring, 417 
Arcadian spring, 545 
Arctic springs, 536 
Arethusa springs, 199 
Arizona, climatic features of, 94, 95 
mineral springs of, 95, 96 
Gypsum Spring, 96 
Hot Spring, 96 
Las Tinajas (The Basins), 96 
Mineral Park Bitter Spring, 96 
mortality rate of, 95 
topographical features of, 94 
Arkansas, climatic features of, 97 
lithia springs, 97, 98 
mineral springs of, 97-1 05 
Lithia Springs, 97, 98 
Blanchard Springs, 105 
Blanco Springs, 105 
Dove Park Springs, 98 
Eureka Springs, 99 
Hot Springs, 100, 101, 102 



Arkansas, mineral springs near Hot 
Springs — Allen's Altera- 
tive Springs, 103 
Gillen's White Sulphur 

Springs, 103 
Mountain Valley 

Springs, 103 
Potash Sulphur Springs, 
103 
Lee's Springs, 105 
Mount Nebo Springs, 105 
Pennywit's Sulphur Springs, 

105 
Kavenden Springs, 104 
Searcy Springs, 105 
Warm Springs, 105 
topographical features of, 97 
Arrington mineral springs, 243 
Arrow-head hot springs, 116, 117 
Arsenic, occurrence of, in water, 41 
Arsenical waters, action of, 36, 41 
in asthma, 64 
in chronic malaria, 65 
in diseases of respiratory organs, 

64 
light, in glycosuria, 62 
in pulmonary emphysema, 65 
in scaly skin affections, 61 
in scrofula, 63 
therapeutic use of, 41 
Artesian magnetic mineral spring, 194 
Asthma, arsenical waters in, 64 
Atlanta mineral spring, 204 
Aurora highlands springs, 533 
lithia springs, 228 
saline springs, 397 
springs, 308 
Austin's spring, 433 
Avoca springs, 433 
Avon sulphur springs, 339 
Ayer's Amherst mineral springs, 340 
Azule springs, 117 



BACILLUS coli communis in water, 
561 
Bacteriological examination of water, 561 
Bailey, Prof. E. H. S., on Kansas min- 
eral springs, 242 
Springs, 84, 85 
Ballardville lithia spring, 275 
Ballston Spa, 341 
Balneology, definition of, 17 
Baregine or hydrosin, 52 
Barger's springs, 520 
Barium springs, 373 

in water, occurrence of, 41 
Barre mineral springs, 473 
Bartlett springs, 118, 119 
Baruch, Dr. Simon, 70, 74 
Bath alum springs, 477 

of the ancient Irish, 19 
Scotch, 19 



INDEX. 



567 



Bath, animal, 67 

carbonic acid, 80 
of the Chinese, 19 
cold hip, 70 

water, 67, 68 

contraindications for, 69 
physiological action of, 68 
therapeutics of, 69 
fever, 71 
hot air, 76 

water, physiological action of, 

67, 72 
therapeutics of, 72 
of the Indians, 18 
of the Japanese, 19 
magnetic, 79 
of the Mahometans, 18 
medicated, 67 
vapor, 67 
of the Mexicans, 18 
mud, 67, 79 
peat, 67, 80 

physiological action of the min- 
eral, 80 
purpose of the, 67 
Eoman, 79 
Russian, 75 
of the Saracens, 18 
soda, 97 

temperate, 67, 70 
tepid, 67, 70 
thermal sulphur, 73 
Turkish, 76 
vapor, 75 

physiological action of, 75 
warm, physiological action of, 71 
therapeutics of, 71 
Baxter medical springs, 248 
Bay City springs, 545 
B. B. mineral springs, 309 
Beall springs, 205 
Bear Valley hot springs, 176 
Beaver Dam springs, 447 
Beck's hot sulphur springs, 458 
Bedford alum, iron, and lithia springs, 
478 
chalybeate spring, 401 
springs, 249, 399-401 
Beersheba springs, 434 
Belknap hot medical springs, 393 
Bellbrook magnetic spring, 390 
Bell's mineral wells, 456 
Belmont Hill spring, 280 

springs, 301 
Benson's salt spring, 203 
Bentley springs, 270 
Benton hot springs, 176 
Berkeley springs, 519-522 
Berkshire soda springs, 276 
Bethania springs, 545 
Biborate of soda, occurrence of, in water, 
42 
therapeutic value of, 42 



Bicarborates, alkaline, 44 
Big Bone springs, 250 

mineral springs and flowing wells, 
238 
Birchdale springs, 326 
Black Barren mineral spring, 401 

Hawk springs, 228 
Black well's white sulphur springs, 373 
Bladder and uterine disorders, warm 

water baths in, 72 
Bladon springs, 85, 86 
Blanchard springs, 105 
Blanco springs, 105 
Blankenship's medical springs, 316 
Blank's hot sulphur springs, 176 
Blodgett's springs, 119, 120 
Blount springs, 86, 87 
Blue Grass springs, 92 

Hill mineral springs, 263 
silver spring, 280 

Lick springs, 310 

Ridge springs. 479 

Rock spring, 297, 390 

sulphur springs, 522 

springs, 201, 203 
Bonanza cold springs, 120, 121 

hot springs, 120, 121 
Bon Aqua springs, 447 
Bonner's springs, 248 
Boonville mineral springs, 370 
Booth Bay medicinal mineral spring, 268 
Borated waters in nervous affections, 64 
Boracic springs, 121 
Borax, vide biborate of soda, 42 
Borland mineral well, 522 
Boston water supply, analysis of, 560 
Boswell springs, 393 
Bottled waters, 37 
Boulder hot springs, 318 
Bowden lithia springs, 205-207 
Bowsher mineral spring, 316 
Brackett springs, 517 
Bradford mineral spring, 327 
Brandywine chalybeate spring, 199 
i Branhick's boiling springs, 176 
Bromated waters, effects of, 42 
Bromides, occurrence of, in water, 42 
Bromine, vide bromides 
Bronchitis, treatment of, slow convales- 

ence from, 53 
Brooklyn water supply, analysis of, 560 
Brown's wells, 301 
Bruneau hot springs, 223 
Brunswick white sulphur springs, 473 
Buckingham white sulphur springs, 513 
Buena Vista springs, 250 
Buffalo lithia springs, 480 
Burdett mineral wells, 449 
Burgher's springs, 260 
Burlington, Vt, analysis of water sup- 
j ply, 560 
Burner's springs, 481 
Burnham spring, 280 



568 



INDEX. 



Butler springs, 92 

Butterworth's mineral spring, 284 

Byron springs, 121-124 



CACHECTIC states, treatment of, iron 
waters in, 49 
Cadmium, occurrence of, in water, 43 
Caesium, occurrence of, in water, 43 
Cairo white sulphur springs, 370 
Calcium, occurrence of, in water, 43 

carbonate, occurrence of, in water, 43 
chloride, occurrence of, in water, 43 
phosphate, occurrence of, in water, 

43 
sulphate, occurrence of, in water, 43 
Calcic waters in diabetes mellitus, 62 
in renal disease, 64 
in summer diarrhoea, 57 
in uric acid gravel and calculi, 
59 
Calculi, 59 

Calculous affections, mineral waters in, 
60 
manner of taking, 60 
California, climatic features of, 105, 106 
mineral springs of, 106 

Adams Springs, 106, 107 
^Etna Springs, 107, 108 
Aguas Calientes, 108, 109 
Agua De Vida Springs, 109, 110 
Alhambra Spring, 177 
Allen Springs, 111 
Almaden Vichy Springs, 177 
Alum Rock Springs, 112, 113 
Anderson Mineral Springs, 113, 

114, 115 
Anti-fat Springs, 176 
Arrow-head Hot Springs, 116, 

117 
Azule Springs, 117 
Bartlett Springs, 118, 119 
Bear Valley Hot Springs, 176 
Benton Hot Springs, 176 
Blank's Hot Sulphur Springs, 

176 
Blodgett's Springs, 119, 120 . 
Bonanza Hot and Cold Springs, 

120 
Borax Springs, 121 
Branhick's Boiling Springs, 176 
Byron Springs, 121-124 
Seltzer Springs, 125 
Calistoga Springs. 125, 126 
Campbell's Hot Springs, 176 
Castalian Mineral Springs, 126, 

127 
Coal Valley Springs, 127 
Cook's Springs, 176 
Coronado Springs, 127, 128 
Duncan Springs, 128, 129 
El Paso de Robles Springs, 
129-131 



California, mineral springs of — 
El Toro Spring, 177 
Elsinore Springs, 176 
Eureka Springs, 131 
Felt's Mineral Springs, 132 
Fulton Wells, 132 
Gevsers, The California, 133- 

139 
Geyser Spa, 139 
Gilroy Hot Springs, 140 
Glen Alpine Mineral Springs, 

140-142 
Gordon Springs, 142 
Harbin Hot Sulphur Springs, 

143 
Hibb's Soda Springs, 176 
Highland Springs, 144-146 
Hot Borate Spring, 146 
Hot Mud Springs, 1 47 
Hot Spring on Paoha Islands, 

147 
Hough's Mineral Springs, 148 
Howard Springs, 148 
Isham's Springs, 148 
Klamath Hot Springs, 149 
Lake Tahoe, or Carnelian Hot 

Springs, 149 
Lane Mineral Springs, 150 
Las Cruces Hot Springs, 176 
Little Yosemite Soda Springs, 

177 
Litton Sulphur Springs, 150 
Lower Soda Springs, 177 
Madrone Mineral Springs, 177 
Magnetic Mineral Springs. 177 
Mark West Springs, 151 
Matilija Hot Springs, 177 
Mills Mineral Springs, 177 
Mission San Jose Hot Springs, 

177 
Mono Lake, 152, 153 
Monticito Hot Springs, 177 
Mount Lowe Springs, 177 
Napa Soda Springs, 154-156 
Newsom's Arroya Grande 

Springs, 156 
Nicholas Springs, 177 
Ojai Hot Sulphur Springs, 157 
Owen's Lake, 157 
Pacific Congress Springs, 158 
Paert's Hot Springs, 177 
Paraiso Springs, 159, 160 
Piedmont White Sulphur 

Springs, 160 
San Bernardino Hot Springs, 

161 
San Juan Capistrano Springs, 177 
San Rafael Springs, 177 
Santa Barbara Hot Springs, 162 
Santa Rosa White Sulphur 

Springs, 162 
Santa Ysabel Sulphur Springs, 

163-165 



INDEX. 



569 



California, mineral springs of — 

Saratoga Mineral Springs, 177 
Seigler's Springs, 165 
Seltzer springs, 125 
Shaffer's Hot Springs, 177 
Simmons' Hot Sulphur Springs, 

177 
Skagg's Hot Springs, 166 
Stewart's Hot Springs, 177 
St. Helena White Sulphur 

Springs, 167 
Summit Soda Springs, 167 
Thermal Acid Springs, 168 
Tolenas Springs, 169 
Tule River Springs, 177 
Tuscan (or Lick) Springs, 170 
Ukiah Vichy Springs, 171 
Upper Soda Springs, 172 
Vallejo Sulphur Springs, 177 
Veronica Springs, 177 
Volcanic Mineral Springs, 172 
Warm Sulphur Springs, 177 
Warner's Ranche Springs, 173 
Wilbur Springs, 173 
Witter' s Mineral Springs, 174 
Young's Natural Gas Well and 

Mineral Springs, 175 
Zem Zem Springs, 176 
topographical features of, 105, 106 
Calirrhoe, baths of, 18 
Calistoga springs, 125, 126 
Cameron springs, 235 
Campbell's hot springs, 176 
Camp springs, 207 
Cancer, silicon in, 50 
Cannon's springs, 207 
Can wood's springs, 447 
Canyon City vichy springs, 194 
Capon springs, 523 
Capp's mineral wells, 449 
Carbonate of calcium, 45 
lithium, 45 
magnesium, 45 
potassium, 45 
sodium, 45 
Carbonates, alkaline, 44 

therapeutic value of, 44 
Carbonic acid, 44 
baths, 80 
Carbureted hydrogen, 48 

springs, 228 
Cardiac diseases, 65 

treatment of, organic, sulphated 
saline waters in, 51 
warm water baths in, 72 
Carlile soda and iron springs, 194 
Carlisle springs, 402 
Carroll springs, 274 
Cascade springs, 447 

warm springs, 515 
Castalia springs, 545 
Castalian mineral springs, 126, 127 
springs, 302-304 



Catarrh, uterine, 66 
Catoosa springs, 208-210 
Cayuga mineral springs, 370 
Cedar Bluff sulphur springs, 513 

springs, 316, 385 
Cervical glands, enlargement of, 66 
Chalybeate acid springs, 307 

mineral waters, 30, 32 

springs, 456 

waters, 48 

in chronic malaria, 65 
in nervous affections, 64 
in phthisis, 64 
in scrofula, 63 
Chandler springs, 87 
Charleston artesian well, 423 

springs, 328 
Chase City springs, 514 
Chattolanee springs, 271 
Cherokee magnetic springs, 242 

springs, 427 
Cherry Valley springs, 342 
Chick's springs, 423 
Chico springs, 336 
Chittenango sulphur springs, 343 
Chloride of calcium, 43 

of iron, 49 

lithium, 47 

potassium, 47 

magnesium, 47 

rubidium, 47 

sodium, 46 
Chlorides, 45 

in drinking water, 558, 559 
Chlorine, free, 47 

Chlorosis, treatment of arsenical waters 
in, 54 

treatment of iron waters in, 54 
Chronic infections, treatment of sul- 
phated saline waters in, 51 
Cincinnati, analysis of water supply, 560 

artesian well, 385 
Claiborne springs, 262 
Claremonde chalybeate springs, 211 
Clark's Red Cross Mineral Springs, 
Michigan, 124, 28 ^ 

Riverside mineral springs, 285 

warm springs, 321 
Classification of mineral springs, 28 
American (Walton), 29 
English, 29 
French, 28, 29 
German, 28 
Clay springs, 203 
Claypoole chalybeate spring, 481 
Clear Creek springs, 251 
Clergyman's sore -throat, alkaline muri- 

ated waters in, 64 
Cleveland mineral springs, 381 
Clifton Springs, 344, 514 
Climax springs, 311 
Cloverdale lithia springs, 402 
Coal Valley springs, 127 



570 



INDEX. 



Cobalt, occurrence of, in water, 43 

Cobanet spring, 280 

Coffee springs, 88 

Cohoes, N. Y., analysis of water supplv, 

560 ' 
Cohutta springs, 211 
Cold Bowling springs, 269 
mineral springs, 30, 32 
sulphur springs, 482 
Coldbrook mineral springs, 280 
Coleman springs, 456 
Colemanville mineral springs, 483 
Cole's soda springs, 397 
Colestin soda springs, 394 
Colis springs, 316 
Colonial springs, 345 
Colorado Carlsbad springs, 194 
Colorado, climatic features of, 177, 178 
mineral springs of, 178-194 

Artesian Magnetic Mineral 

Spring, 194 
Canyon City Vichy Springs, 194 
Carlile Soda and Iron Springs, 

194 
Colorado Carlsbad Springs, 194 
Glenwood Springs, 178-182 
Hartsel Hot Mineral Springs, 

194 
Hiawatha Spring, 194 
Hot Sulphur Springs, 182-184 
Idaho Hot Springs. 185 
Liberty Hot Springs, 194 
Manitou Springs, 185-187 
Morrison Springs, 187 
Ouray Springs, 188 
Pagosa Springs, 189 
Parnassus Springs, 194 
Poncho Hot Springs, 190 
Porter's Springs, 194 
Eoval Gorge Hot Springs, 190- 

192 
Shaw's Magnetic Springs, 194 
Springdale Seltzer Springs, 192 
Steamboat Springs, 192 
Tomichi Hot Springs, 194 
Trimble Springs, 194 
topographical features of, 177, 178 
Columbia lithia springs, 276 
springs, 346 

white sulphur springs, 524 
Commercial waters, 37 
Commonwealth mineral spring, 276 
Connecticut, climatic features of, 194 
geological reports, U. S., 178. 199, 

202, 203 
mineral springs of, 194—199 
Althea Spring, 199 
Arethusa Spring, 199 
Kenyon's Mill Spring, 199 
North Haven Pool, 195 
Oxford Spring, 195 
South Farm Mangano- Chaly- 
beate Well, 196 



Connecticut, mineral springs of — 
Stafford Spring, 197 
Stark Mineral Spring, 198 

topographical features of, 194 
Constipation, bitter waters in, 56 

cold baths in, 70 

mineral waters in, 36, 55 

of children, 66 

of pregnancy, Q6 

saline waters in, 55 

sulphated waters in, 55 
Convulsions, hot water baths in, 73 
Cook's springs, 176 
Coontz, Ensign R. E. , U. S. N., on 

Alaska springs, 93 
Cooper's well, 304 
Copper, occurrence of, in water, 43 

poisoning, 66 
Coronado springs, 127, 128 
Corpulency, treatment of sulphated sa- 
. line waters in, 51 
Court House springs, 236 
Cove lithia springs, 514 
Cowhead springs, 381 
Cox, Prof. E. T. , on Indiana springs, 229 
Coyner's sulphur springs, 514 
Coyote springs, 336 
Crab Orchard springs, 32, 252 
Cranston mineral spring, 421 
Crenic acid, 52 

Criswell's sulphur springs, 381 
Crocker springs. 434 
Crockett arsenic lithia springs, 484 
Crurn mineral springs, 386 
Crystal Pock spring, 390 
Crystal springs, 370 
Cumberland spring, 421 
Cystitis, chronic, treatment of, alkaline 
saline waters in, 61 

chalybeate waters in, 61 



DABXEY, PROF. CHAS. W., on 
North Carolina springs, 372 
Daggers springs, 485 
Dalby springs, 456 
Daniel mineral spring, 211 
Dansville springs, 370 
Darien mineral springs, 370 
Darling's mineral springs, 418-420 
Darlington springs, 545 
Dead Sea, Holy Land, 124 
Dearborn spring, 466 
Deep Eock spring, 347 
Delaware, climatic features of, 199 
mineral springs of, 199 

Brandywine Chalvbeate Spring, 
199 
topographical features of, 199 
Denison, Dr. Chas., on Rocky Moun- 
tain Health Resorts, 178 
Denny springs, 518 
Des Chutes hot springs, 394 



INDEX. 



571 



De Soto mineral springs, 261 
Devonian mineral spring, 391 
Diabetes mellitus, mineral waters in, 61 
alkaline waters in, 62 
calcic waters in, 62 
vichy waters in, 62 
saline sulphureted waters 
in, 62 
Eussian baths in, 78 
Turkish baths in, 78 
Diamond mineral springs, 228 
Rock mineral well, 370 
spring, 280 
Diarrhoea, treatment of, acid waters in, 
57 
alum waters in, 57 
calcic waters in, 57 
iron waters in, 57 
District of Columbia, climate of, 199, 
200 
mineral springs of, 200 
topography of, 199, 200 
Dixie springs, 435 
Dixon springs, 228, 316, 436 
Doubling Gap white sulphur springs, 

405 
Douche, the, 73 

physiological action of, 74 
therapeutics of, 74 
Dove Park springs, 98 
Doxtatter's mineral well, 347 
Draper's springs, 447 
Drinking water, 555 

quality of, 556 
Dryden springs, 348 
Duffau's sulphur wells, 456 
Duggan, Dr. J. R., on Georgia mineral 

springs, 204 
Dunbar's mineral springs, 242 
Duncan springs, 128, 129 
Dunseith mineral spring, 382 
Dysentery, acid waters in, 57 
alum waters in, 57 
calcic waters in, 57 
iron waters in, 57 
Dysmenorrhea, arsenical waters in, 54 

iron waters in, 54 
Dyspepsia, 55 

cases benefited by mineral waters, 55 



EASTMAN springs, 286-288 
Eaton Rapids well, 288 
Echo Grove mineral spring, 280 
Eczema, treatment of, alkaline waters 
in, 61 
arsenical waters in, 61 
saline sulphureted waters in, 61 
Eldorado springs, 316, 447 
Electric spring, 280 
Electro-magnetic springs, 390 
Elein spring, 545 
Elgin spring, 467 



Elkmont springs, 447 

Elko hot springs, 325 

Ellendale chalybeate springs, 381 

Ellerbe spring, 381 

El Paso De Robles springs, 129, 131 

Elsinore springs, 176 

Emphysema, pulmonary, arsenical waters 

in, 65 
Empire spring, Saratoga, 32 
Enlarged prostate, treatment of, mild 

alkaline saline waters in, 61 
Equinox spring, 467 
Erkenbrecker's salt well, 387 
Esculapia springs, 253 
Esperanza mineral springs, 349 
Estill springs, 253, 447 
Eureka springs, 99, 131 
Everett crystal spring, 277 
Excelsior springs, 312, 349 



FAIR VIEW mineral spring, 316 
springs, 457 

Farmville lithia springs, 486 

Fauquier white sulphur springs, 487 

Felt's mineral springs, 132 

Female disorders, cold hip bath in, 70 

Fernvale springs, 436 

Ferris hot springs, 318 

Ferro-lithic spring, 212 

Ferruginous waters in treatment of dys- 
entery, 57 
of summer diarrhoea, 57 

Filtration of water, 557, 558 

Flint stone springs, 271 

Florida, climatic features of, 200 
mineral springs of, 200-204 
Benson's salt spring, 203 
Blue Spring (Jackson Co. ), 201 
Blue Spring (Volusia Co.), 203 
Clay Springs, 203 
Green Cove Springs, 203 
Newport Sulphur Springs, 303 
Orange Spring, 203 
Silver Spring, 203 
Suwanee Sulphur Springs, 201 
Tarpon Springs, 204 
White Springs, 202 
Wisson's Iron Springs, 204 
springs, 370 
topographical features of, 200 

Fluorine, 47 

Foley springs, 397 

Foreign substances in water, 555 

Fort Crawford mineral well, 537 

Fountain Park magnetic springs, 387 

Fox springs, 254 

Franklin spring, 212, 370 

French Lick springs, 229 

Fruit Port well, 289 

Frv's mineral spring, 238 

Full habit, 56 

Fulton wells, 132 



572 



INDEX. 



GAINESVILLE springs, 212, 213 
Galbraith springs, 437 
Gallstone, muriated saline waters in, 
57 
sulphated waters in, 57 
Garnet springs, 221 
Garrett spring, 427 
Gastric ulcer, carbonated alkaline waters 

in, 55 
Gaylord and Gulick mineral springs, 406 
Genda springs, 244 
Geneva lithia spring, 31, 350 
Geological Keports of New Hampshire 
on New Hampshire Springs, 
328 
United States, 20, 86, 98, 236, 338 
on springs of Maine, 

262 
on mineral springs of 

Nevada, 325 
on springs of Pennsyl- 
vania, 399 
on Texas springs, 449 
on Washington springs, 

315 
on Wyoming springs, 
546 
Georgia, climatic features of, 204 
Mineral Springs of, 204-221 

Atlanta Mineral Spring, 204 
Beall Spring, 205 
Bowden Lithia Springs, 205-207 
Camp Springs, 207 
Cannon's Springs, 207 
Catoosa Springs, 208-210 
Chalybeate Springs, 210 
Claremonde Springs, 211 
Cohutta Springs, 211 
Daniel Mineral Spring, 211 
Ferro-Lithic Spring, 212 
Franklin Spring, 212 
Gainesville, springs near, 212, 
213 
Deal Spring, 213 
Gower Springs, 212 
New Holland Springs, 213 
Garnet Springs, 221 
Glen Ella Springs, 221 
Gordon Springs, 213 
Indian Spring, 214 
Legg's Springs, 215 
Madison Springs, 215 
Magnolia Spring, 215 
Oconee Chalybeate Spring, 216 
White Sulphur Springs, 216 
Ponce de Leon Spring, 216 
Porter Springs, 217 
Powder Springs, 217 
Eowland Springs, 218 
Thundering Spring, 218 
Trentham Spring, 218 
Warm Springs, 219 
Watson's Springs, 220 



Georgia, topographical features of, 

204 
Gettysburg springs, 407 
Geysers, definition of, 25 

phenomena of, 26 

Prof. Benson's theory, 26 
Prof. Tyndall's theory, 26 
Geyser spa, 139 
Gibson wells, 447 
Gihon springs, 545 
Gillen's white sulphur spring, 103 
Gilroy hot springs, 140 
Girard mineral well, 248 
Given's hot springs, 223 
Gladstone spring, 420 
Glairine, 52 

Gleet, alkaline saline waters in, 61 
Glen Alpin mineral springs, 140-142 

Alpine springs, 438 

Ella springs, 221 

Flora springs, 228 

springs, 351-354 

Summit springs, 32, 408 
Glenn springs, 424, 438 
Glenola springs, 489 
Glenwood springs, 178-182 
Glover's springs, 447 
Glycosuria, chronic, light arsenical waters 
in, 62 
mineral waters in, 62 
Godbold mineral well, 305 
Golconda hot springs, 325 
Goulding spring, 277 
Gordon springs, 142, 213 
Gout, hot-water baths in, 73 

rheumatic, lithiated alkaline waters 
in, 58 

iodo-bromated waters in, 59 
sulphureted waters in, 59 

and the uric-acid diathesis, 58 
Graham's springs, 447 
Grand Haven mineral spring, 290 
Gravel-stones, 59 
Gray spring, 417 
Great Bear spring, 354 
Green Cove springs, 203 

Lawn springs, 224 

mineral springs 390 

springs, 92 
Greenbrier white sulphur springs, 518, 

525, 527 
Greencastle springs, 230 
Greenup, or Cumberland, springs, 228 
Greenwood Sanitarium well, 235 
Gunpowder springs, 456 
Gypsum springs, 96 



HACKETT springs, 538 
Haggenbush springs, 313 
Harbin hot sulphur springs, 143 
Harkins sulphur springs, 236 
Harriman sulphur spring, 316 



INDEX. 



573 



Harris lithia springs, 425 
Harrodsburg springs, 255 
Hartford cold spring, 269 

water supply, anaylsis of, 560 
Hartsel hot mineral springs, 194 
Harvard crystal spring, 280 
Haynes mineral spring, 473 
Haywood white sulphur springs, 376 
Hazel-dell springs, 307 
Healing springs, Ala., 88, N. C, 381, 

Va., 493. Vide Hot springs, Va. 
Heart, diseases of, treatment of, mineral 
waters in, 65 
treatment of, Schott-Nauheim 
method of, 81, 82 

functional disturbances of, 65 
Heavy mineral waters, 32 
Helena hot springs, 321 
Hemorrhoidal diathesis, 56 
Hemorrhoids, treatment of, sulphated 

saline waters in, 51 
Hiawatha springs, 194 
Hibbs' soda springs, 176 
Hickman's springs, 260 
Highgate spring, 468 
Highland springs, 144-146, 264 
Hinson's springs, 439 
Hodgkin's disease, treatment of, arsenical 
waters in, 54 
iron waters in, 54 
Holly spring, 420 
Holston springs, 490 
Hoonah hot springs, 93 
Hopkinton mineral springs, 280 
Horn's springs, 439 
Hot borate springs, 146 

mud springs, 147 
Hot springs, 96, 490-496 

of Salt Lake City, fluctuations 
of temperature in, 25 
Hough's mineral springs, 148 
Howard springs, 89, 148, 440 
Howell's mineral springs, 260 
Howland springs, 390 
Hubbard springs, 496 
Hubbardstown well, 290 
Hudson hot springs, 333 
Hughes springs, 456 
Huguenot springs, 514 
Hunter's hot springs, 319 

Pulaski alum springs, 496 
Hurricane springs, 448 
Hydriatrics, definition of, 17 
Hydrogen sulphide, 47 
Hydro-therapeutics, definition of, 17 

importance of, 35 

scientific basis for, 36 
Hygienic mineral springs, 225 
Hynson's natural iron spring, 457 



ICTERUS, warm-water baths in, 72 
Idaho, climatic features of, 221 



Idaho, hot springs, 185 

mineral springs of, 221-223 
Bruneau Hot Springs, 223 
Given' s Hot Springs, 223 
Idan-ha Spring, 221 
Warm Springs, 222 
Warm Sulphur Springs, 223 
springs, 448 

topographical features of, 221 
Illinois city artesian well, 228 
climatic features of, 223 
mineral springs of, 223-228 

Alcyone Mineral Springs, 228 
American Carlsbad Springs, 224 
Apollo Springs, 228 
Aurora Lithia Springs, 228 
Black Hawk Springs, 228 
Carbureted Springs, 228 
Diamond Mineral Springs, 228 
Dixon Springs, 228 
Glen Flora Springs, 228 
Green Lawn Springs, 224 
Greenup, or Cumberland, 

Springs, 228 
Hygienic Mineral Springs, 225 
Illinois City Artesian Well, 228 
Magnesia Springs, 228 
Mini-Ni-Yan Springs, 226 
Perry Springs, 227 
Red Avon Springs, 228 
Renna Wells Spring, 228 
Sailor's Springs, 228 
Sanicula Springs, 228 
Schuyler County Springs, 228 
Tivoli Spring, 228 
Versailles Springs, 328 
Zonian Springs, 227 
topographical features of, 223 
Impurity, evidence of, 558 
Indian mineral springs, 451 

springs, Ga., 214, Ind., 230, Mass., 

280, Mo., 316 
Territory, climatic features of, 235, 

236 
mineral springs of, 236, 237 
Court-house Springs, 236 
Harkin's Sulphur Springs, 236 
Kia li-a-gee Springs, 236 
Oil Springs, Chickasaw Nation, 

236 
Oil Springs, Choctaw Nation, 236 
Secor's Mineral Springs, 237 
Springs near Claremore Station, 

236 
Springs northeast of Tahlequah, 

236 
Springs at Tulsa, 236 
Sulphur Springs, Chickasaw 
Nation, 236 
topography of, 235, 236 
Indiana, climatic features of, 229 
mineral springs of, 229-235 
Cameron Springs, 235 



574 



INDEX. 



Indiana, mineral springs of — 

French Lick Springs, 229 
Greencastle Springs, 230 
Greenwood Sanitarium Well, 

235 
Indian Springs, 230 
Indiana Mineral Springs and 

Mud Baths, 231 
Kickapoo Magnetic Springs, 232 
King's Mineral Springs, 235 
La Fayette Artesian Well, 235 
Lodi Artesian Well, 233 
Magnetic Mineral Spring, 234 
Magnetic Mineral Well, 235 
Millburn Springs, 235 
New Middletown Mineral 

Spring, 235 
Trinity Springs, 235 
West Baden Springs, 234 
mineral springs and mud baths, 231 
topographical features of, 229 
Iodides in water, 42 
Iodine. Vide Iodides. 
Iodo-bromated waters in gout, 59 
in scrofula, 63 
in syphilis, 62 
-magnesian springs, 545 
Iola mineral well, 248 
Iowa acid spring, 242 

climatic features of, 237 
mineral springs of, 237-242 

Big Mineral Springs and Flow- 
ing Wells, 238 
Cherokee Magnetic Springs, 242 
Dunbar's Mineral Springs, 242 
Fry's Mineral Spring, 238 
Iowa Acid Spring, 242 
Lineville Mineral Springs, 239 
Linwood Spring, 242 
Ottumwa Medical Springs, 242 
Storm Lake Mineral Spring, 241 
Sulphur Springs, 242, 
White Sulphur Springs, 241 
topographical features of, 237 
Iron, 48 

lithia springs, 497 
occurrence of, in the body, 4S 

in waters, 48 
therapeutic value of, 48 
waters in amenorrhea, 49 
in anaemic states, 49 
contraindications for, 49 
in debilitating catarrhs of 
uterus, 49 
of vagina, 49 
dosage of, 49 
excess of, injurious, 49 
indications for, 49 
should be taken guardedly by 

plethoric persons, 49 
in slow convalescence, 49 
time for taking, 49 
in various cachexias, 49 



Irondale springs, 527 
Irwin, Dr. John A., on gout and alkaline 
waters, 58 
on iron waters, 49 
on Saratoga geysers, 26 
waters, 367 
Isham's springs, 148 
Iuka mineral springs, 307 

TACKSON, Dh. CHAKLES T., on 
o Geology of State of Maine, 263 

springs, 92, 381 
Jaundice, due to gallstones, treatment of, 

muriated saline waters in, 57 

sulphated waters in, 57 
Jemez hot springs, 336 
Jewell county lithium spring, 248 
Jordan alum springs, 514, 

Dr. John D., climatic table, 99 
Jordan's white sulphur springs, 498 

KALIUM springs, 332 
Kansas, climatic features of, 242 
mineral springs of, 242-248 
Arrington Mineral Springs, 

243 
Baxter Medical Springs, 

248 
Bonner's Springs, 248 
Geuda Springs, 244 
Girard Mineral Well, 248 
Iola Mineral Well, 248 
Jewell County Lithium 

Spring, 248 
Louisville Mineral Springs, 

245 
Manhattan Artesian Wells, 

245 
Mineral Spring, Atchison, 

County, 248 
Woodyville Mineral 

Springs, 246 
Tar Spring, 248 
Topeka Mineral Wells, 246 
Waconda Spring, 247 
State Board of Agriculture, re- 
port of, 242 
topographical features of, 242 
Katahdin springs, 269 
Kennedy, Dr. Stiles, on Michigan Min- 
eral Springs, 281 
Kentucky alum springs, 260 

climatic features of, 248, 249 
mineral springs of, 249-260 
Allen Springs, 260 
Anita Springs, 260 
Bedford Springs, 249 
Big Bone Spring, 250 
Buena Vista Springs, 250 
Burgher's Springs, 260 
Chalybeate Springs, 260 
Clear Creek Springs, 251 



INDEX. 



bib 



Kentucky, mineral springs of — 

Crab Orchard Springs, 252 
Drennon Springs, 253 
Esculapia Springs, 253 
Estill Springs, 253 
Fox Springs, 254 
Harrodsburg Springs, 255 
Hickman's Springs, 260 
Howell's Mineral Springs, 260 
Indian Spring, 260 
Kentucky Alum Springs, 260 
Kutawa Mineral Springs, 260 
Latonia Springs, 255 
Louisville Artesian Well, 255 
Lower Blue Lick Springs, 256 
Miller's Mineral Well, 260 
Olympian Springs, 257 
Paroquet Springs, 260 
Kock Castle Springs, 258 
St. Patrick's Well, 260 
Sebree Springs, 260 
Sulphur Springs, 260 
Washington Bell's Sulphur 

Springs, 260 
White Sulphur and Tar Spring, 

259 
White Sulphur Well, 260 
Young's Springs, 260 
topographical features of, 248, 249 

Kenyon's Mill spring, 199 

Kerr, Prof., on North Carolina Springs, 
372 

Keystone mineral spring, 264 

Kia-li-a-gee springs, 236 

Kickapoo magnetic springs, 232 

Kidneys, diseases of, 63 

King's mineral springs, 235 

Kingston springs. 448 

Killebrew and Safford on Tennessee 
springs, 433 

Klamath hot springs, 149 

Kneipp system, 80, 81 

Krebs, 71 

Kuttawa mineral springs, 260 

Kyle's hot springs, 325 



T A FAYETTE artesian well, 235 

Jj springs, 307 

La grippe, treatment of, slow convales- 
cence from, 53 

Lake Como lithia springs, 514 

Park white sulphur springs, 313 
Tahoe or Carnelian hot springs, 149 
View hot springs, 395 

Landreth's, mineral well, 316 

Lane mineral springs, 150 

Laryngitis, chronic, alkaline muriated 
waters in, 64 

Las Cruces hot springs, 176 

Las Vegas hot springs, 334 

Latonia springs, 255 

Lead in mineral waters, 49 



Lead poisoning, 66 
Lebanon springs, 355 
Lebens wasser, 545 
Lee's springs, 105 

Leffingwell, Mr. W. B., on South Da- 
kota springs, 428 
Legg's springs, 215 
Leland spring, 280 
Lemon springs, 376 
Leroy springs, 547 
Leucorrhoea, 6Q 

Leukaemia, treatment of, arsenical waters 
in, 54 

iron waters in, 54 
Len a-pe magnetic springs, 390 
Leslie well, 291 
Liberty hot springs, 194 
Liebreich, Prof. Oscar, 36 
Light mineral waters, 32 
Lime, salts of, vide Calcium. 
Lincoln artesian well, 323 
Line spring, 440 
Lineville mineral springs, 239 
Linkville springs, 397 
Linwood spring, 242 
Lissner's mineral springs, 320 
Lithium carbonate, 45 

chloride, 47 

in mineral waters, 49. Vide Alka- 
line Carbonates. 
Little Yosemite soda springs, 177 
Litton seltzer springs, 150 
Liver, chronic congestion of, treatment 
of, muriated waters in, 57 

sluggish state of, treatment of, sul- 
phated saline waters in, 51 
Livingston artesian well, 90 
Locomotor ataxia, the temperate bath 

in, 71 
Lodi artesian well, 233 
Londonderry lithia spring, 328 
Lotus springs, 313 
Louis spring, 316 
Louisiana, climatic features of, 260 

mineral springs of, 260-262 
Abita Spring, 262 
Claiborne Springs, 262 
De Soto Mineral Springs, 261 
Watch Springs, 262 
White Sulphur Springs, 261 

topographical features of, 260 
Louisville artesian well, 255 

mineral springs, 245 
Lower Blue Lick springs, 256 
Lower soda springs, CaL, 177, Oregon, 395 
Lubec saline spring, 269 
Lumbago, treatment of, alkaline waters 
in, 58 

arsenical waters in, 58 

iron waters in, 58 
Lunenburgh chalybeate spring, 473 
Lupus ulceration, silicon in, 50 
Ley den, Prof.. 70 



576 



INDEX. 



McALLISTEK'S soda springs, 396 
McElroy's spring, 417 
McEwen's springs, 448 
McNutt, Prof. W. F., on Mono Lake, 

California, 152 
McPherson, Dr, John, on classification 

of mineral waters, 28 
Madison springs, 215 
Madrone mineral springs, 167 
Magnesia springs, 228 
Magnesium carbonate, 45 
chloride, 47 

in mineral waters, 49. Vide Car- 
bonate of Magnesium. 
Magnetic mineral springs, 177, 234 

well, 235 
Magnolia spring, 215 
Maine, climatic features of, 262 
mineral springs of, 262-269 

Addison Mineral Springs, 263 
Blue Hill Mineral Spring, 263 
Booth Bay Medicinal Mineral 

Spring, 268 
Cold Bowling Springs, 269 
Crystal Springs, 269 
Hartford Cold Spring, 269 
Highland Spring, 264 
Katahdin Springs, 269 
Keystone Mineral Spring, 264 
Lubec Saline Spring, 269 
Paradise Spring, 265 
Pine Spring, 269 
Poland Spring, 266 
Pownal Spring, 267 
Bosicrucian Springs, 269 
Summit Mineral Springs, 269 
Underwood Spring, 268 
Wilson Spring, 269 
Windsor Mineral Spring, 269 
topographical features of, 262 
Malaria, chronic, treatment of, arsenical 
waters in, 65 

chalybeate waters in, 65 
sulphureted waters in, 65 
Manhattan artesian wells, 245 
Manitou soda springs, 31 

springs, 185-187 
Manganesium, occurrence of, in mineral 
waters, 50 
properties of, 50 
Mardela springs, 272 
Mark West springs, 151 
Maryland, climatic features of, 259 
mineral springs of, 269-274 
Bentley Springs, 270 
Carroll Springs, 274 
Chattolanee Springs, 271 
Flint Stone Springs, 271 
Mardela Springs, 272 
Spa Spring, 274 
Strontia Mineral Spring, 273 
Takoma Springs, 274 
Windsor Springs, 274 



Maryland, topographical features of, 269 
Massachusetts, climatic features of, 274 
mineral springs of, 274-280 
Abajone Spring, 280 
Allandale Springs, 275 
Ballardville Lithia Spring, 275 
Belmont Hill Spring, 280 
Berkshire Soda Springs, 276 
Blue Hill Silver Spring, 280 
Burnham Spring, 280 
Cabanet Spring, 280 
Coldbrook Mineral Springs, 280 
Columbia Lithia Springs, 276 
Commonwealth Mineral Spring, 

276 
Diamond Spring, 280 
Echo Grove Mineral Spring, 280 
Electric Spring, 280 
Everett Crystal Spring, 277 
Goulding Spring, 277 
Harvard Crystal Spring, 280 
Hopkinton Mineral Springs, 280 
Indian Spring, 280 
Leland Spring, 280 
Massasoit Spring, 277 
Middlesex Mountain Spring, 

280 
Milford Springs, 280 
Moose Hill Spring, 280 
Mount Pleasant Mineral 

Springs, 278 
Nobscot Mountain Spring, 278 
Bobbin's Spring, 280 
Sheep Bock Spring, 279 
Simpson Spring, 280 
topographical features of, 274 
Massanetta springs, 499 
Massasoit spring, 277 
Massena springs, 356 
Matchless mineral wells, 91 
Matilija hot springs, 177 
Medical lake, 516 
Medicinal value of mineral waters, 34 

skepticism regarding, 34 
Meisenheimer's sulphur springs, 381 
Melrose spring, 441 
Menstruation, cold hip-baths in, 70 
Mercurial-poisoning, 66 
Metallic-poisoning, chronic, 66 

treatment of, sulphated saline waters 
in, 51 
Michigan, climatic features of, 281 
mineral springs of, 281-297 

Alma Magnetic Mineral Wells, 

281 
Alpena Magnetic Sulphur 

Spring, 282 
Americanus Mineral Well, 283 
Blue Bock Spring, 297 
Butterworth's Mineral Spring, 

284 
Clark's Bed Cross Mineral Well,. 
284 



INDEX. 



577 



Michigan, mineral springs of — 

Clark's Eiverside Mineral 

Springs, 285 
Eastman Springs, 286-288 
Eaton Kapids Wells, 288 
Fruit Port Wells, 289 
Hubbardstown Well, 290 
Grand Haven Mineral Spring, 

290 
Leslie Well, 291 
Midland Magnetic Well, 297 
Moorman Mineral Well, 291 
Mt. Clemens Mineral Springs, 

292 
No-Che-Mo Spring, 297 
Otsego Mineral Springs, 297 
Owosso Spring, 293 
Plymouth Eock Mineral Well, 

294 
Spring Lake Well, 294 
St. Clair Springs, 295-297 
St. Louis Springs, 297 
Wyandotte White Sulphur 

Springs, 297 
Zauber Wasser Spring, 297 
State Medical Society, report on 

St. Louis Spring, 297 
topographical features of, 281 
Microscopical examination of potable 

water, 560 
Middlesex mountain spring, 280 
Middletown mineral springs, 469 
Midland magnetic well, 297 

mineral springs, 391 
Midway warm springs, 459 
Mild mineral waters, 32 
Milford springs, 280, 328 
Milhour's springs, 92 
Millboro springs, 500 
Millburn springs, 235 
Miller's mineral well, 260 
Mill's mineral springs, 177 
Mineral H ill hot white sulphur spring, 325 
spring 441 
ingredients, combination of, in 
waters, 36 
gaseous, 38 
potency in artificial waters, 36 

in natural waters, 36 
solid, 38 
Park bitter springs, 96 
springs, classification of, 28 
cold, 30, 32 
origin of, 21 

sources of mineralization of, 21 
waters, acid, 30 
alkaline, 31 

saline, 31 
American works on, 19 
chalybeate, 30,_32 
definition of, 17 
in diabetes mellitus, 61 
in diseases of the heart, 65 



[ Mineral waters, duration of use of, 35 
foreign work on, J 9 
gases in, 38 
in glycosuria, 62 
heavy, 32 

history of, 17, 18, 19 
lead in, 49 
light, 32 
lithium in, 49 
magnesium in, 49 
manganesium in, 50 
medicinal value of, 34 
mild, 32 

neutral or indifferent, 32 
nitrogen in, 50 
organic ingredients of, 51, 52 

sources of, 52 
potassium in, 50 
rationale of their use, 35 
in renal disease, 63 
solids in, 38 
strong, 32 

therapeutic value of, 34, 53 
uses of, among ancients, 17, 
18 

Mini-Ni-Yan springs, 226 

Minnequa springs, 409 

Mission San Jose hot springs, 177 

Mississippi, climatic features of, 300 
mineral springs of, 300-307 
Belmont Springs, 301 
Brown's Weils, 301 
Castalian Springs, 302-304 
Chalybeate Acid Springs, 307 
Cooper's Well, 304 
Hazel- Dell Springs, 307 
Godbold Mineral Well, 305 
Iuka Mineral Springs, 307 
La Fayette Springs, 307 
Mount Pleasant Mineral Spring, 
307 < P *' 

Ocean Springs, 305 
Quitman Red Sulphur Springs, 

307 
Eobinson Mineral Spring, 307 
Stafford Mineral Springs, 306 
Stovall's Springs, 307 
Winston Springs, 307 
White's Springs, 307 
topographical features of, 300 

Missouri, climatic features of, 307 
mineral springs of, 307-316 
Aurora Springs, 308 
B. B. Mineral Springs, 309 
Blankenship's Medical Springs, 

316 
Blue Lick Springs, 310 
Bowsher Mineral Springs, 316 
Cedar Springs, 316 
Climax Springs, 311 
Colis Springs, 316 
Dixon Springs, 316 
Eldorado Springs, 316 



37 



578 



INDEX. 



Missouri, mineral springs of — 
Excelsior Springs, 312 
Fairview Mineral Spring, 316 
Haggenbush Springs, 313 
Harriman's Sulphur Spring, 316 
Indian Springs, 316 
Lake Park White Sulphur 

Springs, 313 
Landreth's Mineral Well, 316 
Lotus Springs, 313 
Louis Spring, 316 
Mineral Springs, 316 
Montesano Springs, 313 
Moorsville Mineral Springs, 316 
Paris Chalybeate Springs, 314 
Eandolph Medical Springs, 316 
Keiger Spring, 316 
Eocheport Sulphur Springs, 316 
Silo am Springs, 316 
Spalding Springs, 316 
Sweet Springs, 315 
Zodiac Springs, 316 
topographical features of, 307 

Montana, climatic features of, 316 
mineral springs of, 316-321 

Alhambra Warm Springs, 317 
Allan's Mineral Springs, 321 
Boulder Hot Springs, 318 
Clark's Warm Springs, 321 
Ferris Hot Springs, 318 
Helena Hot Springs, 321 
Hunter's Hot Springs, 319 
Lissner's Mineral Springs, 320 
Puller Springs, 321 
White Sulphur Springs, 321 
topographical features of, 316 

Mono Lake, 124, 152, 153 

Montebello springs, 470 

Montessano springs, 313 

Montgomery white sulphur springs, 501 

Monticito hot springs, 177 

Montvale springs, 441 

Moody, Dr. W. A., on Bailey Springs, 
Ala. , 85 

Moodyville mineral springs, 246 

Mooresburg springs, 448 

Moorsville mineral springs, 316 

Moorman mineral well, 291 

Moose Hill spring, 280 

Morrison springs, 187 

Moultonborough mineral spring, 328 

Mount Lowe springs, 177 
Nebo springs, 105 
Pleasant mineral springs, 278 

Mountain springs, 410 
valley springs, 103 

Mt. Clemens mineral springs, 292 
Pleasant mineral spring, 307 
Vernon springs, 377 

Muriated saline waters in scrofula, 63 
waters in diseases of respiratory 
organs, 64 

Mustcash spring, 391 



1UAPA soda springs, 154-156 

IN Nashville sulphur spring (artesian), 

448 
Nauheim baths, artificial, 82 

springs of, 81 
Nebraska, climatic features of, 322 
mineral springs of, 322, 323 

Lincoln Artesian Well, 323 
Saratoga Sulphur Spring, 323 
Victoria Mineral Springs, 322 
topographical features of, 322 
Nee-Ska-Ka mineral spring, 545 
Nephritis, 63 

Nervous disturbances, carbonic-acid baths 
in, 80 
system, diseases of, 64 

alkaline carbonated waters 

in, 64 
borated waters in, 64 
chalybeate waters in, 64 
sulphated saline waters in, 
64 
Neurasthenia, carbonic-acid baths in, 80 
cold baths in, 70 
douche in, 74 
Neutral or indifferent mineral waters, 

32 
Nevada, climatic features of, 323 
mineral springs of, 323-325 
Elko Hot Springs, 325 
Golconda Hot Springs, 325 
Kyle's Hot Springs, 325 
Mineral Spring, 325 

Hill Hot White Sulphur 
Spring, 325 
Shaw's Hot Springs, 325 
Steamboat Springs, 325 
Sulphur Springs, 325 
Thermal Springs, 325 
Walley's Hot Springs, 324 
Whelen's White Sulphur and. 
Mineral Springs, 325 
topographical features of, 323 
New Hampshire, climatic features of, 325 
mineral springs of, 325-329 
Abenaquis Spring, 328 
Amherst Soda Springs, 328 
Birchdale Springs, 326 
Bradford Mineral Spring, 327 
Charleston Springs, 328 
Londonderry Lithia Spring, 328 
Milford or Ponemah Springs, 

328 
Moultonborough Mineral 

Spring, 328 
Pack Monadnock Lithia Spring, 

329 
Sulpho-chalybeate Spring, 329 
Unity or Unitoga Springs, 329 
White Mountain Mineral 

Spring, 329 
Yocum Spring, 329 
topographical features of, 325 



INDEX. 



579 



New Jersey, climatic features of, 329 
mineral springs of, 329-332 
Kalium Springs, 332 
Pine Grove Mineral Spring, 332 
Pine Lawn Spring, 330 
Spa Spring, 332 
Schooley's Mountain Springs, 
330 
topographical features of, 329 

New Mexico, climatic features of, 332 
mineral springs of, 332-337 
Aztec Spring, 337 
Chico Springs, 336 
Coyote Springs, 336 
Hudson Hot Springs, 333 
Jemez Hot Springs, 336 
Las Vegas Hot Springs, 334 
Ojo Caliente (Hot Springs), 335 
Selden Hot Springs, 336 
topographical features of, 332 

New Middletown mineral spring, 235 
Orleans, La. , analysis of water sup- 
ply, 560 

Newport sulphur springs 203 

New Saratoga springs, 545 

Newson's Arroyo Grande springs, 156 

New York, climatic features of, 337 
mineral springs of, 337-370 

Adirondack Mineral Spring, 338 
Albany Artesian Well, 340 
Avon Sulphur Springs, 339 
Ayer's Amherst Mineral 

Springs, 340 
Ballston Spa, 341 
Boonville Mineral Springs, 370 
Cairo White Sulphur Springs, 

370 
Cayuga Mineral Springs, 370 
Cherry Valley Springs, 342 
Chittenango Sulphur Springs, 

343_ 
Chlorine Springs, 370 
Clifton Springs, 344 
Colonial Springs, 345 
Columbia Springs, 346 
Crystal Springs, 370 
Dansville Springs, 370 
Darien Mineral Springs, 370 
Deep Rock Spring, 347 
Diamond Rock Mineral Well, 

370 
Doxtatter's Mineral AVell, 347 
Dryden Springs, 348 
Esperanza Mineral Springs, 349 
Excelsior Spring, 349 
Florida Springs, 370 
Franklin Springs, 370 
Geneva Lithia Spring, 350 
Glen Springs, 351-354 
Great Bear Spring, 354 
Lebanon Springs, 355 
Massena Springs, 356 
Nunda Mineral Springs, 370 



New York, mineral springs of — 

Oak Orchard Acid Springs,^356 
Reid's Mineral Spring, 370 
Richfield Springs, 357-359 
Saratoga Springs, 359-368 
Sharon Springs, 368 
Slaterville Magnetic Springs, 

369 
Spencer Springs, 370 
Table Rock Mineral Spring, 

370 
Verona Mineral Springs, 370 
Victor Spring, 370 
topographical features of, 337 
water-supply, analysis of, 560 

bacteriological examination of, 
562 
Nicholas springs, 177 
Night-sweats, acid waters in, 64 

alum waters in, 64 
Nitrates in drinking water, 559 
Nitrites in drinking water, 559 
Nitrogen, occurrence of, in mineral 

waters, 50 
Nobscot Mountain spring, 278 
No-Che-Mo spring, 297 
North Carolina, climatic features of, 371 
mineral springs of, 371-381 

all-healing springs, 372 
Alum Springs, 381 
Barium Springs, 373 
Blackwell's White^' Sulphur 

Springs, 373 
Bromine-arsenic Springs, 374 
Cleveland Mineral Springs, 381 
Cowhead Springs, 381 
Criswell's Sulphur Springs, 381 
Ellendale Chalybeate Springs, 

381 
Ellerbe Spring, 381 
Haywood White Sulphur 

Springs. 375 
Healing Springs, 381 
Hot Springs, 375 
Jackson Springs, 381 
Lemon Springs, 376 
Misenheimer's Sulphur Springs, 

381 
Mt. Vernon Springs, 377 
Panacea Springs, 378 
Park's Springs, 377 
Piedmont Springs, Stokes 

County, 321 
Piedmont Springs, Burke 

County, 381 
Rocky River Springs, 379 
Seven Springs, 381 
Shaw's Healing Springs, 379 
Shocco Springs, 380 
Sparkling Catawba Springs, 380 
Sulphur Springs, 381 
Warren White Sulphur Springs, 
381 



580 



INDEX. 



North Carolina, mineral springs of — 
Yadkin MineralSprings, 381 
topographical features of, 371 
North Dakota, climatic features of, 382 
mineral springs of, 382 
Acid Sprtng, 382 
Artesian Well, 382 
Dunseith Mineral Spring, 382 
Salt Springs, Pembina County, 

382 
Salt Springs, Walsh County, 382 
Sulphur Springs, 382 
Wamduska Lake, 382 
topographical features of, 382 
North Haven pool, 195 
Nunda mineral springs, 370 
Nye lithia springs, 502 



OAK Orchard Acid Springs, 356 
Obesity, alkaline- saline waters in, 65 
saline sulphated waters in, 65 
Ocean springs, 305 
Ochee spring, 421 
Oconee chalybeate spring, 216 
white sulphur spring, 216 
(Edema of lower extremities, sulphated 

saline waters in, 51 
OEdipus, sulphur baths of, 18 
Ohio, climatic features of, 383 
magnetic spring, 390 
mineral springs of, 383-391 

Adams County Mineral Springs, 

384 
Bellbrook Magnetic Spring, 390 
Blue Rock Spring, 390 
Cedar Springs, 385 
Cincinnati Artesian Well, 385 
Crum Mineral Springs, 386 
Crystal Rock Spring, 390 
Devonian Mineral Spring, 391 
Electro-magnetic Springs, 390 
Erkenbrecker's Salt AVell, 387 
Fountain Park Magnetic 

Springs, 387 
Green Mineral Spring, 390 
Howland Spring, 390 
Len-a-pe Magnetic Springs, 390 
Magnetic and Saline Springs, 

391 
Midland Mineral Springs, 391 
Mustcash Spring, 391 
Magnetic Spring, 390 
Partlebaugh Mineral Springs, 

391 
Puritas Mineral Springs, 391 
Rex Mineral Spring, 391 
Stryker Mineral Springs, 388 
Sulpho-saline Spring, 389 
Sulphur Lick Springs, 391 
Tawawa Springs, 390 
Wewaka Spring, 391 
Wyandot Magnetic Well, 390 



Ohio, mineral springs of — 

Yellow Springs, 390 
topographical features of, 383 

Oil springs, 236 

Ojai hot sulphur springs, 157 

Ojo Caliente hot springs, 335 

Oklahoma, climatic features of, 391 
mineral springs of, 391 
topographical features of, 391 

Old sweet springs, 519, 528 

Oliver springs, 442 

Olympian springs, 257 

Orange springs, 203 

Oregon, climatic features of, 391 
mineral springs of, 391-397 

Aurora Saline Springs, 397 
Belknap Hot Medical Springs, 

393 
Boswell Springs, 393 
Cole's Soda Springs, 397 
Colestin Soda Springs, 394 
Des Chutes Hot Springs, 394 
Foley Springs, 397 
Lake View Hot Springs, 395 
Linkville Springs, 397 
Lower Soda Spring, 395 
McAllister's Soda Springs, 396 
Mineral Springs, 397 
Payton or Snowden Spring, 397 
Siskiyou Spring 397 
Sofataire Springs, 397 
Warm Springs, 396 
Wilhoit's Soda Springs, 396 
White Sulphur Springs, 397 
Wolfer's Mineral Spring, 397 
topographical features of, 391 

Organic ingredients of mineral waters, 
51, 52 

Orkney springs, 514 

Osceola springs, 514 

Otsego mineral springs, 297 

Ottenburn magnesia and lithia springs, 
514 

Ottumwa medical spring, 242 

Ouray springs, 188 

Overall mineral wells, 451 

Owen's Lake, 157 

California, 124 

Owosso spring, 293 

Oxford spring, 195 

Oxygen in mineral waters, 50 



PACIFIC Congress springs, 158 
Pack Monadnock lithia spring, 329 
Paconian springs, 514 
Paert's hot springs, 177 
Pagosa springs, 1 89 
Palmyra mineral springs, 538-541 
Paludal cachexia, 65 
Panacea springs, 378 
Paradise spring, 165 
Paraiso springs, 159, 160 



INDEX. 



581 



Paris chalybeate springs, 314 
Parker mineral springs, 410 
Park's springs, 377 
Parnassus springs, 194 
Paroquet springs, 260 
Partlebangh mineral springs, 391 
Patterson's springs, 448 
Pavilion spring, 411 
Payton spring, 397 

Peale, Dr. Albert C, on classification of 
mineral waters, 30 
on Colorado springs, 178 
on Kansas mineral springs, 242 
on Mississippi springs, 301 
on North Carolina springs, 372 
on Salt Lake springs, 25 
on springs of Utah, 458 
on Tennessee springs, 433 
Pennsylvania, climatic features of, 398 
mineral springs of, 398-417 

Aquetong Mineral Spring, 417 
Bedford Springs, 399-401 

Chalybeate Spring, 401 
Black Barren Mineral Spring, 

401 
Carlisle Springs, 402 
Cloverdale Lithia Spring, 402 
Cresson Springs, 403 
Doubling Gap White Sulphur 

Springs, 417 
Frankfort Mineral Springs, 405 
Gaylord and Gulick Mineral 

Springs, 406 
Gettysburg Springs, 407 
Glen Summit Springs, 408 
Gray Spring, 417 
McElroy's Spring, 417 
Minnequa Springs, 409 
Mountain Springs, 410 
Parker Mineral Spring, 410 
Pavilion Spring, 411 
Ponce de Leon Springs, 412 
Pulaski Natural Mineral 

Springs, 417 
Rosscommon Spring, 413 
Saegerstown Mineral Springs, 

414 
Susquehanna County Mineral 

Springs, 414 
Three Springs, 415 
Tuscarora Lithia Spring, 416 
White Sulphur Springs, 416 
W T ildwood Springs, 417 
Wolford's White Sulphur 

Springs, 417 
Yellow Springs, 417 
topographical features of, 398 
Penny wits' sulphur springs, 105 
Peritoneal transudations, treatment of, 

sulphated saline waters in, 51 
Perry springs, 227 

Philadelphia, Pa., analysis of water sup- 
ply, 560 



Phosphate, calcium, 43 
Phreatic water, 555 
Phthisis, chalybeate Avaters in, 64 
cold baths in, 70 
Russian baths in, 79 
Turkish baths in, 79 
Pickwick white and red sulphur springs, 

448 
Piedmont springs, 381, 457 

white sulphur springs, 161 
Piffard, Dr. Henry G., 50 
Pine spring, 269 

Grove mineral spring, 332 
Lawn spring, 330 
Mountain springs, 514 
Pinkham mineral spring or well, 518 
Pityriasis, alkaline waters in, 61 
arsenical waters in, 61 
saline sulphureted waters in, 61 
Pleuritic transudations, treatment of, 

sulphated waters in, 51 
Pleurodynia, arsenical waters in, 58 

iron waters in, 58 
Plymouth Rock mineral well, 294 
Pneumonia, treatment of slow convales- 
cence from, 53 
Poisoning, chronic metallic, 66 
Poland spring, 266 

springs of Maine, 32 
Polluted waters, 556, 563 
Pollution, evidence of, 558, 559 
Ponce de Leon spring, 216, 412 
Portal obstruction, 56 
Porter springs, 217 
Porter's springs, 194 
Potable water, 555 

bacteriological examination of, 

561 
microscopical examination of, 

560 
normal, 556 
polluted. 556 
usual findings in, 5-39 
Potash sulphur spring, 103 
Potassium carbonate, 45 
chloride, 47 

in mineral waters. Vide Carbonate 
of potassium. 
Poncho hot springs, 190 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., analysis of water 

supply, 560 
Powder springs, 217 
Powhattan lithia and alum springs, 503 
Pownal spring, 267 

Psoriasis, treatment of, alkaline waters 
in, 61 
arsenical waters in, 61 
saline sulphureted waters in, 61 
Pulaski natural mineral springs, 417 
Puller springs, 321 
Puritas mineral springs, 391 
Pyrosis, treatment of, alkaline carbon- 
ated waters in, 55 



582 



INDEX. 



Q 



UITMAN red sulphur springs, 307 



RAIN-WATER, pollution of, 556 
Randolph medical springs, 316 
Ravenden springs, 105 
Rawley springs, 503 
Rawlins sulphur springs, 546 
Red Avon springs, 228 
Boiling springs, 443 
springs, 452 

sulphur springs, 52, 530 
Reedy Creek springs, 426 
Reid's mineral spring, 370 
Reiger spring, 316 

Renal diseases, treatment of, alkaline 
waters in, 63 
calcic waters in, 64 
mineral waters in, 63 
Renna Wells spring, 228 
Respiratory organs, diseases of, 64 
acid waters in, 64 
alkaline waters in, 64 
alum waters in, 64 
arsenical waters in, 64 
chalybeate waters in, 64 
muriated waters in, 64 
sulphur waters in, 64 
Rex mineral spring, 391 
Rhea springs, 448 

Rheumatism, acute articular, slow con- 
valescence from, change 
of surrounding in treat- 
ment of, 53 
mineral waters in treatment 
of, 53 
cold baths in, 70 
hot water baths in, 73 
Russian baths in, 78 
Turkish baths in, 78 
treatment of, alkaline carbonated 
waters in, 57 
arsenical waters in, 58 
iron waters in, 58 
lithic waters in, 57 
warm water baths in, 72 
Rheumatoid arthritis, lithiated alkaline 

waters in, 58 
Rhode Island, climatic features of, 418 
mineral springs of, 418-421 

Cranston Mineral Spring, 421 
Cumberland Spring, 421 
Darling's Mineral Springs, 418- 

420 
Gladstone Spring, 420 
Holly Spring, 420 
Ochee Springs, 421 
Warwick Neck Mineral Springs, 
421 
topographical features of, 418 
Richfield springs, 357-359 
Richmond spring, 545 



Richmond, Va., analysis of water sup- 
ply, 560 

Rives, Dr. W. C, on Schott-Nauheim 
Baths, 81 

Roanoke Red sulphur springs, 504-506 

Robbins spring, 280 

Robinson mineral spring, 307 
springs, 444 

Rochefort sulphur springs, 316 

Rockbridge alum springs, 506-508 
baths, 514 

Rock Castle springs, 258 
Enon springs, 508 

Rockingham Virginia springs, 514 

Rock Island, 111. , analysis of water sup- 
ply, 560 

Rocky River springs, 379 

Rome, bathing establishments of, 18 

Rosborough springs, 457 

Rosicrucian springs, 269 

Rosscommon spring, 413 

Round Spring, Aurora, Mo., 32 

Rowland springs, 218 

Royal Gorge hot springs, 190-192 

Rubidium chloride, 47 

Russian bath, 75 

therapeutics of, 78 



QAEGERSTOWN mineral springs, 414 
U Sailor's springs, 228 
St. Clair Springs, Michigan, 124, 295 
Croix mineral springs, 545 
Helena white sulphur springs, 167 
John mineral spring, 545 
Louis springs, 297 
Patrick's well, 260 
Saline mineral waters, 31 
springs, 518 

sulphated waters in obesity, 65 
sulphureted waters in diabetes mel- 
litus, 62 
in skin affections, 61 
waters, muriated, in catarrh of bile 
ducts, 57 
in jaundice, 57 
in symptomatic gastric dis- 
turbances, 57 
intestinal disturbances, 
57 
sulphated, 51 

in catarrh of bile ducts, 

57 
in jaundice, 57 
in symptomatic gastric dis- 
turbances, 57 
intestinal disturbances, 
57 
Salt Lake hot springs, 460 

sulphur springs, 531-533 
Salvator mineral springs, 541 
San Bernardino hot springs, 161 
Sanicula springs, 228 



INDEX. 



583 



San Juan Capistrano springs, 177 

Rafael springs, 177 
Santa Barbara hot springs, 162 

Eosa white sulphur springs, 162 

Ysabel sulphur springs, 163-165 
Saratoga mineral springs, 177 

springs, 26, 27, 359, 368, 547 

sulphur spring, 323 
Scapulodynia, alkaline waters in, 58 

arsenical waters in, 58 

iron waters in, 58 
Schooley's Mountain spring, 330 
Schott method at Glen Springs, N. Y., 
353 

-Nauheim treatment, 81, 82 
Schuyler County springs, 228 
Scrofula, treatment of, alkaline carbon- 
ated waters in, 63 
arsenical waters in, 63 
chalybeate waters in, 63 
iodo-bromated waters in, 63 
muriated saline waters in, 63 
Searcy springs, 105 
Sea water, 124 

Sea-Wright magnesia spring, 514 
Seebree, Dr. L. D., on meteorological 

conditions at Manitou springs, 186 
Secor's mineral springs, 237 
Seigler's springs, 165 
Selden hot springs, 336 
Seven springs, 381, 509 
Shafer's hot springs, 177 
Shannondale springs, 533 
Sharon springs, 368, 514 
Shaw's healing springs, 379 

hot springs, 325 

magnetic springs, 194 
Shealteil mineral springs, 545 
Sheboygan mineral well, 541 
Sheep Rock spring, 279 
Shelby springs, 92 
Sheldon springs, 471 
Shenandoah alum springs, 514 
Sheridan springs, 545 
Shocco springs, 380 
Shower-bath. Vide Douche. 
Silicon, 50 

in albuminous conditions of urine, 
50 

in cancer, 50 

in lupus ulcerations, 50 

in saccharine conditions of urine, 50 
Siloam springs, 316 
Silver springs, 203 
Simmon's hot sulphur springs, 177 
Simpson spring, 280 
Siskiyou spring, 397 
Sitka hot springs, 94 
Skagg's hot springs, 166 
Skin, absorptive power of the, 67 

diseases of the, cold baths in, 70 
hot air baths in, 78 
hot water baths in, 73 



Slacket's wells, 457 
Slaterville magnetic springs, 369 
Smith, Dr. Ernest E., Tables of Combi- 
nations by, 379, 552 
Soda springs, 518 
Sodium carbonate, 45 

chloride, 46. Vide Sulphate and 
carbonate of sodium. 
Solfataire springs, 397 
Sour springs, 40 

South Carolina, climatic features of, 
421 
mineral springs of, 421-427 
Ambler Springs, 422 
Charleston Artesian Well, 423 
Cherokee Springs, 427 
Chick's Springs, 423 
Garrett Spring, 427 
Glenn Springs, 424 
Harris Lithia Springs, 425 
Reedy Creek Springs, 426 
West Springs, 426 
topographical features of, 421 
South Dakota, climatic features of, 427 
hot springs, 428-431 
mineral springs of, 427-432 

Acid Springs on Beaver Creek, 

431 
Acid Springs near Buffalo Gap, 

431 
Artesian Well at Clarke Centre, 

431 
Artesian Well at St. Lawrence, 

431 
Mineral Springs in Bon Homme 

County, 431 
Mineral Springs in Fall River 

County, 432 
Mineral Springs near Pierre, 

432 
Wessington Springs, 432 
topographical features of, 427 
Farm mangano-chalybeate well, 196 
Saratoga springs, 444 
Spa, selection of, 36 

spring, Md., 274, N. J., 332 
Spalding springs, 316 
Sparkling catawba springs, 380 

springs, 545 
Sparta mineral wells, 542 
Spencer springs, 370 
Spermatorrhoea, cold hip-bath in, 70 
Springfield, Mass., analysis of water 
supply, 560 
seltzer springs, 192 
Spring Lake well, 294 
Springs, sour, 40 
Stafford, Miss., springs, 32 
mineral springs, 306 
spring, 197 
Stark mineral spring, 198 
Steamboat springs, 192, 325 
Stewart's hot springs, 177 



584 



INDEX. 



Stomach, atonic states of, treatment of, 
chlorinated waters in, 

55 
carbonated waters in, 
55 
catarrh of, 65, 70 
Storm Lake mineral spring, 241 
Stovall's springs, 307 
Stribling springs, 514 
Strong mineral waters, 32 
Strontia mineral spring, 273 
Strumous diathesis. Vide Scrofula. 
Stryker mineral spring, 388 
Subsoil, or gronnd water, 555 
Sulfuraria, 52 
Sulphate of calcium, 43 
of iron, 49 
of magnesium, 50 
of potassium, 50 
of sodium, 50 
Sulphated or bitter waters in gout and 
uric-acid diathesis, 58 
saline waters, 51 

in alcoholic excesses, 51 
in chronic infections, 51 
contraindications for, 51 
in corpulency, 51 
as a diuretic, 51 
in general anasarca, 51 
in hemorrhoids, 51 
indications for 51 
as a laxative, 51 
in metallic poisoning, 51 
in oedema of lower extremi- 
ties, 51 
in organic cardiac disease, 

51 _ 
in peritoneal transudations, 

51 
in pleuritic transudations, 

51 
as a purgative, 51 
in nervous affections, 64 
in sluggish states of liver, 

51 
time for taking, 51 
Sulpho chalybeate spring, 329 

-saline spring, 389 
Sulphureted hydrogen gas Vide Hydro- 
gen sulphide, 
waters in chronic malaria, 65 
in gout, 59 
Sulphur Lake, 518 
Lick springs, 391 
springs, 242. Vide Hydrogen sul. 

phide. 
waters in diseases of respiratory 
organs, 64 
Summit mineral springs, 269 

soda springs, 167 
Surface water, 555 

pollution of, 556 
Susquehanna county mineral springs, 417 



Sutherland springs, 453 
Suwanee sulphur springs, 201 
Sweet chalybeate springs, 509 

springs, 315 
Swineford arsenic lithia spring, 514 
Synthetic waters, 37 

potencv of mineral ingredients 
in, 36 
Syphilis, hot water bath in, 73 

treatment of, iodo-bromated waters 
in, 62 
light alkaline-chalybeate waters 
in, 62 
Syracuse, New York, salt well, 124 



TUBES MESENTERICA, 66 

1 Table Rock mineral spring, 370 

Takoma springs, 274 

Tallahatta springs, 92 

Talley's springs, 510 

Tarpon springs, 204 

Tar springs, 248 

Taste and odor of water, 560 

Tate spring, 445 

Tawawa springs, 390 

Taylor, Mr. Bayard, on Ozark Mountain 
Scenery, 308 

Tennessee, climatic features of, 432 . 
mineral springs of, 432-448 
Alleghany Springs, 447 
Austin's Spring, 433 
Avoca Springs, 433 
Beaver Dam Springs, 447 
Beersheba Springs, 434 
Bon Aqua Springs, 447 
Canwood's Springs, 447 
Cascade Springs, 447 
Crocker Springs, 434 
Dixie Springs, 434 
Dixon Springs, 436 
Draper's Springs, 447 
Eldorado Springs, 447 
Elkmont Springs, 447 
Estill Springs, 447 
Fernvale Springs, 436 
Galbraith Springs, 437 
Gibson Wells, 447 
Glen-Alpine Springs, 438 
Glenn Spring, 438 
Glover's Springs, 447 
Graham's Springs, 447 
Hinson's Springs, 439 
Horn's Springs, 439 
Howard Springs, 440 
Hurricane Springs, 448 
Idaho Springs, 448 
Kingston Springs. 448 
Line Spring, 440 
McE wen's Springs, 448 
Melrose Spring, 441 
Mineral Hill Spring, 454 
Montvale Springs, 441 



INDEX. 



585 



Tennessee, mineral springs of, — 
Mooresburg Springs, 448 
Nashville Sulphur Spring (Ar- 
tesian), 448 
Oliver Springs, 442 
Patterson's Springs, 448 
Pickwick White and Red Sul- 
phur Springs, 448 
Red Boiling Springs, 443 
Rhea Springs, 448 
Robinson Spring, 444 
South Saratoga Springs, 444 
Tate Spring, 445 
Unaka Springs, 446 
Upper Red Boiling Springs, 446 
Wayland's Springs, 448 
Wood's Springs, 448 
Wright's Epsom Lithia Well, 
447 
topographical features of, 432 
Texas, climatic features of, 448 
mineral springs of, 448-457 
Bell's Mineral Wells, 456 
Burdett Mineral Wells, 449 
Capp's Mineral Wells, 449 
Chalybeate Springs, 456 
Coleman Springs, 456 
Dalbv Springs, 456 
DufJau's Sulphur Wells, 456 
Fairview Springs, 457 
Gibson Wells, 450 
Gunpowder Springs, 456 
Hughes' Springs, 456 
Hvnson's Natural Iron Spring, 

457 
Indian Mineral Springs, 451 
Overall Mineral Wells, 451 
Piedmont Springs, 457 
Red Springs, 452 
Rosborough Springs, 457 
Slacket's Wells, 457 
Springs of San Saba County, 

453 
Sulphur Springs, Brazos Co., 

456 
Sulphur Springs, Hopkins Co. r 

453 
Sutherland Springs, 453 
Thorp's Springs, 456 
Tioga Mineral Wells, 457 
White Sulphur Springs, 45*7 
Wootan Wells, 455 
sour springs, 454 
topographical features of, 448 
Thermal acid springs, 168 
springs, 30 

of Arkansas, 23 
of California, 23 
definition of, 23. Vide also 

Hot Springs, 
of Georgia, 23 
of New York, 23 
of North Carolina, 23 



Thermal springs, phenomena of, 23 

production of, chemical action 
in, 24 
faulting of geological strata 

in, 25 
interior heat in, 24 
mountain corrugation in, 24 
volcanic action in, 24 
of Rocky Mountain States, 23 
of San Bernardino, Cal., 23 
of Virginia, 23 

of Yellowstone National Park, 
23 
wells, 518 
Thorp's springs, 456 
Three springs, 415 
Thundering spring, 218 
Thyroid cachexia, arsenical waters in, 54 

iron waters in, 54 
Tioga mineral wells, 457 
Tivoli springs, 228 
Tolenas springs, 169 
Tomichi hot springs, 194 
Topeka mineral wells, 246 
Trentham spring, 218 
Trimble springs, 194 
Trinity springs, 235 
Triplet well, 533 
Tule River soda springs, 177 
Tumors, fibroid, 66 
Turkish bath, 76 

physiological action of, 78 
therapeutics of, 78 
Tuscan springs, 170 
Tuscarora lithia spring, 419 
Typhoid fever, cold baths in, 69 



UKIAH Vichy springs, 171 
Unaka springs, 446 
Underground or deep water, 555 
Underwood spring, 268 
United States gallon standard, 22 

advantages of as standard 

of measure, 22 

measurement of, .22 

geological reports, 20 

Unity or Unitoga springs, 329 

Upper red boiling springs, 446 

soda springs, 172 
Uric-acid diathesis, 58 

gravel and calculi, 59 

rationale of action of 

waters in, 59 
treatment of, alkaline 
waters in, 59 
calcic waters in, 59 
Urine, silicon in albuminous conditions 
of, 50 
in saccharine conditions of, 50 
Utah, climatic features of, 457 
hot springs, 460 
mineral springs of, 457-464 



5SQ 



INDEX. 



Utah, mineral springs of, — 

Beck's Hot Sulphur Springs, 458 
Hot Springs of Box Elder 

County, 462 
Midway Warm Springs, 459 
Salt Lake Hot Springs, 460 
Utah Hot Springs, 460 
Virgin Hot Springs, 462 
Warm Springs, 462 
Wasatka Mineral Springs, 463 
topographical features of, 457 
Uterine catarrh, treatment of, iron 
waters in, 49 
disorders, 6Q 

hot- water baths in, 73 
warm-water baths in, 72 



VAGINAL catarrh, treatment of, iron 
waters in, 49 
Valhermosa springs, 92 
Vallejo sulphur springs, 177 
Valvular lesions, 65 
Vapor baths, medicated, 67 
Variety springs, 514 
Vermont, climatic features of, 464 
mineral springs of, 464-473 
Alburgh Springs, 465 
Barre Mineral Springs, 473 
Brunswick White Sulphur 

Springs, 473 
Dearborn Spring, 466 
Elgin Spring, 467 
Equinox Spring, 467 
Hayne's Mineral Spring, 473 
Highgate Spring, 468 
Lunenburgh Chalybeate Spring, 

473 
Middletown Mineral Springs, 

469 
Montebello Springs, 470 
Sheldon Springs, 471 
Sulphur Springs, 473 
Mineral Springs, 472 
Wilden Spring, 473 
topographical features of, 464 
Verona mineral spring, 370 
Versailles springs, 228 
Vesical catarrh, treatment of, mild alka- 
line saline waters in, 61 
Vichy waters in diabetes mellitus, 62 
Victoria mineral spring, 322 
Victor spring, 370 
Virgin hot springs, 462 
Virginia, climatic features of, 473 
magnesian lithia springs, 514 
mineral springs of, 473-514 
Alleghany Springs, 475 
Anti-dyspeptic and Tonic 

Springs, 476 
Bath Alum Springs, 477 
Bedford Alum, Iron, and Lithia 
Springs, 478 



Virginia, mineral springs of, — 

Blue Bidge Springs, 479 
Buckingham White Sulphur 

Springs, 513 
Buffalo Lithia Springs, 480 
Burner's Springs, 481 
Cedar Bluff Sulphur Springs, 

513 
Chase City Springs, 514 
Clay ford Chalybeate Springs, 

481 
Clifton Springs, 514 
Cold Sulphur Springs, 482 
Colemanville Mineral Springs, 

483 
Cove Lithia Springs, 514 
Coyner's Sulphur Springs, 514 
Crockett Arsenic Lithia Springs, 

484 
Dagger's Springs, 485 
Farmville Lithia Springs, 486 
Fauquier White Sulphur 

Springs, 487 
Glenola Springs, 489 
Healing Springs, 490. Vide 

Hot Springs. 
Holston Springs, 490 
Hot Springs, 490-496 
Hubbard Springs, 496 
Huguenot Springs, 514 
Hunter's Pulaski Alum Springs > 

496 _ 
Iron Lithia Springs, 497 
Jordan Alum Springs, 514 
Jordan's White Sulphur 

Springs, 498 
Lake Como Lithia Springs, 514 
Massanetta Springs, 499 
Milboro Springs, 500 
Montgomery White Sulphur 

Springs, 501 
Nye Lithia Springs, 502 
Orkney Springs, 514 
Osceola Springs, 514 
Otterburn Magnesia and Lithia 

Springs, 514 
Paconian Springs, 514 
Pine Mountain Springs, 514 
Powhattan Lithia and Alum 

Springs, 503 
Bawley Springs, 503 
Boanoke Bed Sulphur Springs, 

504-506 
Rockbridge Alum Springs,. 
506-508 
Baths, 514 
Bock Enon Springs, 508 
Bockingham Virginia Springs, 

514 
Sea Wright Magnesia Springs^ 

514 
Seven Springs, 509 
Sharon Springs, 514 



INDEX. 



587 



Virginia, mineral springs of, — 

Shenandoah Alum Springs, 514 
Stribling Springs, 514 
Sweet Chalybeate Springs, 509 
Swineford Arsenic Alum Spring, 

514 
Talley's Springs, 510 
Variety Springs, 514 
Magnesian Lithia Springs, 514 
Waukesha Lithia Springs, 514 
Wallawhatoola Alum Springs, 

514 
Warm Springs, 494. Vide Hot 

Springs. 
Washington Springs, 511 
Wolf Trap Lithia Springs, 514 
Yellow Sulphur Springs, 512 
topographical features of, 473 
Waukesha lithia springs, 514 
Volcanic mineral springs, 172 



WACONDA spring, 247 
Wallawhatoola alum springs, 514 
Walley's hot springs, 325 
Walton, Dr. George E., 86 

on classification of mineral 

waters, 29 
on Harrodsburg, Ky., springs, 

249 
on Mardala, Ky., springs, 257 
on Michigan Mineral Springs, 

281 
on Tennessee springs, 433 
Wamduska Lake, 382 
Warm sulphur springs, 177 
Warner, Mr. Charles Dudley, on scenery 

about Richfield, 358 
Warner's Ranche springs, 173 
Warren white sulphur springs, 381 
Warwick Neck mineral springs, 421 
Wasatka mineral springs, 463 
Washington Bell's sulphur springs, 260 

climatic features of, 514 
Washington, D. C, analysis of water 
supply, 560 
mineral springs of, 514-518 
Brackett Springs, 517 
Cascade Warm Springs, 515 
Denny Springs, 518 
Medical Lake, 516 
Pinkham Mineral Spring, or 

Well, 518 
Saline Springs, 518 
Soda Springs, 517 
Sulphur Lake, 518 

Spring, 518 
Thermal Wells, 518 
Wetemis Mineral Springs, 517 
springs, 511 

topographical features of, 514 
Watch springs, 262 
Water, potable, 555 



Water phreatic, 555 

subsoil or ground, 555 
supply at Lawrence, Mass., 558 
history of, 559, 562 
protection of, 557 
purification of, 557, 558 
surface, 555 

underground or deep, 555 
therapeutic properties of, 39. Vide 
baths. 
Watson's spring, 220 
Waukesha mineral springs, 543-545 
Wautoma mineral spring, 545 
Way land's springs, 448 
Webb, Dr. R. D., on Livingston, Ala., 

Artesian Well, 91 
Weber, Dr. Herman, 34, 36, 66 

on classification of mineral 

waters, 29 
on mineral waters in gravel and 
calculi, 59 
Webster salt sulphur springs, 533 
Wessington springs, 432 
West Baden springs, 234 

springs, 426 
West Virginia, climate of, 518 
mineral springs of, 518-533 

Addison sulphur Springs, 519 
Aurora Highland Springs, 533 
Barger's Springs, 520 
Berkeley Springs, 519, 520, 522 
Blue Sulphur Springs, 522 
Borland Mineral Well, 522 
Capon Springs, 523 
Columbia White Sulphur 

Springs, 524 
Greenbrier White Sulphur 

Springs, 518, 525, 527 
Irondale Springs, 527 
Old Sweet Springs, 519, 528 
Red Sulphur Springs, 530 
Rose Hill (Hart) Well, 531 
Salt Sulphur Springs, 531-533 
Shenandoah Springs, 533 
Triplet Well, 533 
Webster Salt Sulphur Springs, 
533 
topography of, 518 
Wetemis mineral springs, 517 
Wewaka spring, 391 
Whelan's white sulphur and mineral 

springs, 325 
White Mountain mineral spring, 329 

springs, 202 
White sulphur springs, Ala., 92, Iowa, 
241, Louisiana, 261, Montana, 
321, Oregon, 397, Penna., 
416, Texas, 457 
and tar springs, 259 
well, 260 
White's springs, 307 
Wilbur's springs, 173 
Wilden springs, 473 



588 



INDEX. 



Wild wood springs, 417 

Wilhoit's soda springs, 396 

Wilson spring, 269 

Windsor mineral spring, 269 
springs, 274 

Winston springs, 307 

Wisconsin, climatic features of, 533 
mineral springs of, 533-545 

Allouez Mineral Springs, 534- 

536 
Almanaris Springs, 545 
Arcadian Spring, 545 
Arctic Springs, 536 
Bay City Spring, 545 
Bethania Springs, 545 
Castalia Springs, 545 
Darlington Springs, 545 
Elein Spring, 545 
Fort Crawford Mineral Well, 

537 
Gihon Springs, 545 
Hackett Springs, 538 
Iodo-magnesian Springs, 545 
Lebens Wasser, 545 
Nee ska-ra Mineral Spring, 545 
New Saratoga Springs, 545 
Palmyra Mineral Springs, 538- 

540 
Kichmond Spring, 545 
St. Croix Mineral Springs, 545 
St. John Mineral Spring, 545 
Salvator Mineral Springs, 541 
Shealtiel Mineral Springs, 545 
Sheboygan Mineral Well, 541 
Sheridan Springs, 545 
Sparkling Spring, 545 
Sparta Mineral Wells, 542 
Waukesha Mineral Springs, 

543-545 
Wautoma Mineral Spring, 545 
topographical features of, 533 

Wisson's iron springs, 204 
H 



Witter's mineral springs, 174 

Wolfer's mineral springs, 397 

Wolford's white sulphur springs, 417 

Wolf-trap lithia springs, 514 

Woodin, Dr. I. J., on Owen's Lake 
Springs, 157 

Wootan wells, 455 

Wood's springs, 448 

Wright's Epsom Lithia well, 447 

Wyandot magnetic well, 390 

Wyandote white sulphur springs, 297 

Wyoming, climatic features of, 545 
mineral springs of, 545-547 
Leroy Springs, 547 
Kawlins Sulphur Springs, 546 
Saratoga Springs, 547 
topographical features of, 545 



YADKIN mineral springs, 381 
Yellow springs, 390, 417 
sulphur springs, 512 
Yellowstone National Park, 547 
altitude of, 548 
dimensions of, 547 
geographical location of. 

547 
geysers of, 550 
mineral springs of, 550 
scenic features of, 547 
topographical features of, 
547 
Yocum spring, 329 

Young's natural gas well and mineral 
springs, 175 

ZAUBER wasser spring, 297 
Zem Zem springs, 176 



Zinc, 51 

Zodiac springs, 316 

Zonian springs, 227 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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